In ancient times, the area east of the West Lake in Hangzhou today is a vast beach, a land repelled by tides and salt water. On the vast alluvial plain in the northwest of West Lake, it is a place where primitive residents live together and multiply. 1935, in Liangzhu, more than 20 kilometers northwest of Hangzhou, there were cultural sites in the late Neolithic period from about 3300 BC to 2250 BC. Archaeologists unearthed stone tools such as axes, knives, knives, sickles, shovels and trowels, as well as black pottery such as pots, beans, plates and reeds, which archaeology called "Liangzhu culture". Later, carbonized rice clots were found in the ruins of rice fields near Zhongshan, west of Liangzhu. At the foot of Laohe Mountain, which is closer to the urban area than Liangzhu, five stove bases with stewed soil, ashes, animal bones and pottery pieces were found before and after liberation, as well as a large number of stone tools and jade articles. The above archaeological findings reflect the life and production activities of primitive residents in Hangzhou around 5000 years ago at the foot of Laoheshan Mountain and its west.
In the pre-Qin period, the urban area of Hangzhou was still a sandbar with ebb and flow, which belonged to the territory of wuyue at that time. In the seventh year of Chu Weiwang (333 BC), after the demise of Chu, it became the territory of Chu.
2. Qiantang County in Qin Dynasty
In the 25th year of Qin Shihuang (the first 222 years), Huiji County (governing Wuxian, now Suzhou) was established in the hometown of wuyue. Hanhuiji County governs 26 counties, among which Qiantang County is the earliest organizational system in Hangzhou history. In the thirty-seventh year of Qin Shihuang (2 10 BC), he crossed Danyang to Qiantang during his southern tour. In Zhejiang, although the water wave is evil, it is in the west 120, and it is narrow. Zhejiang is Qiantang River. At that time, because the West Lake was still connected with the rivers and seas and the vast Qiantang River, it had to go back to Jiangxi 120 and make a transition to Shaoxing at today's narrow river in Fuyang. According to legend, at the foot of today's Baoshi Mountain, there is still a relic of the "Qin Shihuang Cable Boat Stone". According to Yuan Dynasty pottery, "It is said that this stone is Qin Shihuang Cable Boat Stone. Gai was then the ear of Zhejiang. There was no such name as West Lake. The first emperor wanted to board a boat for a meeting, but was blocked by the wind and waves, so he parked the boat here. According to legend, Mount Tai is now the place where Qin Shihuang crossed the river and climbed mountains, hence the name "Qin Wangshan". The above shows that the water surface of Zhejiang near Qiantang County in Qin Dynasty is quite vast.
The geographical location of Qiantang County was first recorded in Qian Tangji written by Liu Daozhen, who was the commander of Qiantang County during the Liu, Song and Yuanjia Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties (424-453): "Once upon a time, the county was near the river, and the base was still there." Later, Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty wrote a note to Shuijing, saying, "There is a Lingyin Mountain in the east of Zhejiang. ..... Tang's hometown at the foot of the mountain is rich, and he goes to the south of Zhejiang. The abandoned site of Qiantang or the ancient county of Qiantang at the foot of Lingyin Mountain they refer to the site of Jian County in the early Qin Dynasty more than 600 years ago. There is no famous Lingyin Mountain among the mountains of the West Lake today, but Lingyin Temple in the southeast of Beifeng was built in the first year of Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (326). Before Liu Daozhen wrote Qian Tangji, according to the convention of naming temples after mountains, it can be inferred that Lingyin Mountain may be the location of Lingyin Temple at that time. Wulin Bay in Qin Dynasty (the predecessor of West Lake) went deep into the west of today's West Lake, near the east foot of Beifeng, which also accords with the fact that the county government is "under Lingyin Mountain" and the county territory is "near the river".
In the Western Han Dynasty, Qiantang County once became the governor's office in the west of Huiji County. During the founding of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (122- 1 17), it was further promoted to Kuaiji County. Wang Mangshi (9-23 years) was renamed Quanting County (3). During the Guangwu period of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the original name of Qiantang was restored. Qiantang County, Huiji County, downloaded "Geography of Hanshu": "Wulin Mountain, Wulin water flows out, and the east flows into the sea". Wulin Mountain refers to the mountain of West Lake. At that time, the water from the mountains of the West Lake (Wulin water) did not flow into the lake, but into the sea. It can be seen that Wulin Bay was still connected with the sea in the Western Han Dynasty, and Hangzhou area has not yet become land.
3. The formation of West Lake and the formation of land in Hangzhou.
Liu Daozhen's "Qian Tangji" says: "The seawall pond is located in the east of the county, and the county suggested that Cao Hua build this pond to prevent seawater" 5. Hua Xin was a local official of Huiji County in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Liu Daozhen traces back to the seawall he founded, "County East Yili", which shows that Qiantang County moved eastward from Lingyin Mountain to a place about one mile away from the river or the sea. Qian Tangji also said: "Ming Sheng Lake is 200 paces south of the county seat, and there is Shimushan in the west of the county seat". According to Ming Sheng Lake in West Lake and Shimu Mountain in Baoshi Mountain, it shows that in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Qiantang County moved to Wulinmen at the foot of Baoshi Mountain in the north of West Lake. The seawall built by Huaxin in the east of the county seat is about the first river course in Hangzhou today.
Since the construction of Qiantang in China, the original Wulin Bay was finally isolated from the sea, and the West Lake was thus formed. Since then, the formation of land in Hangzhou has begun. After that, it spread eastward with the sediment deposition in Qiantang River estuary.
4. In the late Six Dynasties, Qiantang County became a county.
During the Six Dynasties, due to the benefits of mountains, rivers and lakes in Qiantang County, many northerners moved south and settled here. In the 4th year of Xiao Qi Yongming in the Southern Dynasty (486), when the rebel army led by Tang Yuzhi in Tonglu County captured Qiantang County, it was "suppressed by Liu Pu and burned Guo Yi". Liu Pu, located on the Qiantang River at the foot of Phoenix Mountain, is an important ferry connecting north and south. It shows that a large area south of Qiantang County has been developed. Tang Yuzhi proclaimed himself the emperor in the capital of Qiantang County, "taking the new city as the womb and the county as the womb". At that time, there was a city village in Qiantang County, between Zhongshan North Road and Huancheng West Road in the northwest of Hangzhou. Although the scope is relatively narrow, it has been formed. Later, in the third year of Liang Taiqing (549), Qiantang County was changed to Linjiang County, and Chen Shi changed Qiantang County to Qiantang County, rising to the county level.
Second, Hangzhou in Sui and Tang Dynasties
1. Hangzhou City and Yuhang County in Sui Dynasty
In the early Sui Dynasty, Zhou Cun County was abandoned, and Chenping was established in the ninth year (589). Qiantang County moved to Yuhang County when it changed to a state. Because of its name Hangzhou, the name of Hangzhou began to be seen here, Qiantang County became a subordinate county of Hangzhou. The following year (590), moved to Qiantang City. In the 11th year (59 1), Emperor Wendi of Sui sent Su Yang to quell Yang Baoying's rebellion in Hangzhou, and "moved to the west of Liu Pu and built it according to the mountain city" (5), that is, from the eastern foot of Fenghuang Mountain to the north. Its range is about east to the west of Yanqiao River (now Zhongshan Road), west to the east bank of West Lake (now Hubin Road and Nanshan Road), and north to Qiantangmen (now near Six Parks). The city wall is long and narrow from north to south, "thirty-six miles and ninety steps a week" (6). At that time, in view of Wu Shan forcing Linjiang,
There is a mountain (1) outside the tribal tiger city, so the east wall around Wushan is an inward concave arc.
After Su Yang established Zhoucheng in Liu Pu, Qiantang became a big county with vital local traffic and became the seat of the state capital, which was the first time that Zhoucheng appeared in Hangzhou history.
After Yang Di ascended the throne, he changed the state to county. In the third year of Daye (607), Hangzhou was changed to Yuhang County, and Qiantang became a county in Yuhang County. Yang Di has dug a canal system with Luoyang as the center, and Hangzhou has become the destination of the Jiangnan Canal and the hub of southeast transportation, and its status has changed greatly. As the saying goes, "With the compassion of land and sea, treasures gather strangely, so merchants gather" (2), which laid the foundation for the prosperity of Hangzhou in the future.
2. The excavation of six wells in Hangzhou and the renovation of West Lake in Tang Dynasty.
At the beginning of Zhenguan (627), Hangzhou belonged to Jiangnan Road. In the 21st year of Xuanzong Kaiyuan (733), it was changed to Jiangnan East Road. During the period of Su Zong (756-762), he set up a garrison in Hangzhou. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, during the reign of Emperor Zhaozong (888-904), Hangzhou was promoted to the position of viceroy.
Hangzhou in the Tang Dynasty began to prosper with the economic development in the south of the Yangtze River. The Tang government attached great importance to the water conservancy construction in Hangzhou. In the first year of Xuanzong Kaiyuan (7 13), the seawall was rebuilt in Haiyan for 62 kilometers to resist the impact of tidal waves on Hang Cheng. During the reign of Emperor Zong (762-779), Li Mi, the secretariat of Hangzhou, dug six wells to solve the problem that Hangzhou was not suitable for drinking: Guo Xiang Well (west of Jingting Bridge on Jiefang Road today, later called Guo Xiang Well because Li Mi was promoted to prime minister), Xijing Well (south of Yan 'an Road today) and Jinniu Well (today). These six wells are not drilled through the ground, but through the method of "opening the yin sinus", that is, between Yongjinmen and Qiantangmen, a sluice is set along the lake, a ditch is dug in the ground, and the lake water is led to the well with bamboo pipes. The so-called "well" is an underground reservoir with a large volume. Because well water comes from the West Lake, and the water source of the West Lake comes from mountain springs, the water quality is very good, thus ensuring the drinking water demand of urban residents. Since then, "food is the most important thing for the people, and they will be rich one day." In the second year of Changqing (822), when Bai Juyi was appointed as the secretariat of Hangzhou, he dredged six wells built by Li Bi, and built a lake embankment near Hanshiqiao outside Qiantangmen (now around the Children's Palace) to increase the water storage of the West Lake and further ensure the water source of the six wells.
The construction of six wells and the renovation of the West Lake have created conditions for the development of the city. Hangzhou's economy is booming and its population is increasing rapidly. According to "Lin 'an Main Road Records", "since the display of Qiantang County, Sui waste county belongs to Hangzhou, with 15,380 households; There were 3577 1 household and 153729 people in the Tang Dynasty. In Kaiyuan, there are 86,258 households. /kloc-in the past 0/00 years, the registered permanent residence has increased nearly 5 times. At that time, the Wulinmen area in the north of the city became an important cargo distribution center because of the navigation of the Grand Canal. Jianggan area in the southeast of the city has become a dock for overseas trade. There are many boats in the river and many shops in the city. The so-called "30,000 rooms in 20 miles" has become a southeast metropolis. By the time of Xianzong (806-820), Hangzhou was already "50 yuan for 100,000 households", accounting for a quarter of the national fiscal revenue12 million.