First, the duality of Cao Cao in history and politics In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, warlords scuffled, eunuchs and consorts dominated the state affairs, and there was a school of "lice were born in the first place, all surnames died, bones were exposed in the wild, and chickens crowed thousands of miles away". The tragic situation of "leaving everything behind, breaking people's hearts" (Cao Cao's "A Journey to the Miles") seriously damaged the social economy, made the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasants develop to a very sharp point, and the Yellow Scarf Uprising broke out. Because of the class nature, Cao Cao must be afraid and hostile to the peasant uprising. He has participated in suppressing the Yellow turban insurrectionary army for many times, with outstanding achievements, only for three years (i.e. 192). However, since Cao Cao represented the interests of small and medium landlords instead of big landlords, big noble and big bureaucratic groups, he was able to implement the enlightened measures of "eliminating the strong and reducing the people", which undoubtedly promoted the development of productive forces at that time and played a certain progressive role. At this point, he is bound to be hated by big noble, big bureaucrats and big landlord groups. Of course, since Cao Cao was the ruler of the landlord class, when his ruling position was consolidated, he gradually compromised with the big landlords, big bureaucrats and big landlord groups and gradually transformed into them. Obviously, Cao Cao is a dual character in politics. From the people's point of view, the suppression of the Yellow Scarf Army is reviled by the people, while the implementation of persuasion, restraining arrogance and reducing burdens is supported by the people; From the aspects of big noble, big bureaucrats and big usurper groups, his policies such as "attacking powerful countries, restraining mergers" and "reclaiming land" have damaged their interests to some extent. And from the aspect of maintaining feudal political rule, it met the needs of big noble, big bureaucrats and big landlords. Because of the duality of Cao Cao's history and politics, his social opposition comes not only from the broad masses of peasants who were suppressed by him and connected with the Yellow Scarf Uprising Army, but also from the interests of the ruling class. Therefore, it laid a strong primitive social foundation for Cao Cao's praise and criticism. According to literature, history and other relevant information, as early as when there was no prospect, some people respected Korea and demoted Cao. Second, the artistic image conceals the historical image. Due to the dual historical and political background of Cao Cao, the great success of Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms turned Cao Cao's image from a historical figure into an artistic model. Because the artistic model is shaped by the author's emotional color and tendency, the artistic image is not unified with the true colors of historical figures. As we all know, Cao Cao in Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a universal and fully typified artistic image of the feudal ruling class, and a typical image of a traitor who is ruthless and deceives the king. Luo Guanzhong is a master of narrative writing. He portrays the characters vividly in a few short sentences, such as: "I would rather teach the world to fail than teach the world to fail me. This sentence reveals the inner world of such characters. Describing the image of Cao Cao with details such as killing innocent civilians in Xuzhou, borrowing warehouse officials, and killing the Lv Boshe family with good for evil aroused people's resentment against Cao Cao. However, the so-called romantic figures of the reactionary ruling class in past dynasties have never said anything vicious or done anything vicious. They fettered thousands of people in Qian Qian. Why did the world scold Cao Cao alone? Obviously, it was Luo Guanzhong's great success in shaping Cao Cao's artistic image in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which concealed his true colors. In addition, Cao Cao's "sinister and treacherous" white-faced traitor image has taken root in China, thus affecting the correct evaluation of Cao Cao as a historical figure to some extent. In the Q&A Preface of the History of the Three Kingdoms, Wei in Qing Dynasty pointed out: "Few people in the world read the History of the Three Kingdoms and got the outline of Luo Guanzhong's romance. "So, the image people get from literary works is one-sided with the real Cao Cao in history. This intentionally or unintentionally affected people's correct evaluation of Cao Cao in history. Of course, the reason why Luo Guanzhong wants to portray Cao Cao as such an image is also inseparable from Cao Cao's political duality and other factors. Historical data shows that. The story of the Three Kingdoms spread before there was no generation, and it was fixed by supporting Liu against Cao. Especially because of Zhuge Liang's superhuman wisdom and military ability, people and writers are not allowed to oppose Liu's tendency to oppose Cao. In particular, many of Cao Cao's thoughts and behaviors are contrary to Confucianism and the cultural and ideological tendency of taking Han as authentic. Moreover, because The Romance of the Three Kingdoms was written with "seven points of fact and three points of fiction", the historical image of Cao Cao is consistent and inconsistent. Because Luo Guanzhong has grasped the essential characteristics of historical figures, it is easy to confuse artistic image with historical image. Thirdly, Cao Cao's outstanding contribution to China's cultural development was in the Jian 'an era. Although the three countries are divided, the cultural center of China is concentrated in the literati group centered on Cao Shi and his son. Jian 'an literature occupies a very important position in the history of China literature, especially the poetry circle centered on Cao Zhi and his son, which broke the silence and prosperity of Chinese poetry for more than 400 years, not only five-character poems, but also four-character poems. Judging from Cao Cao's more than 20 existing Yuefu poems, most of them are vigorous in style. Compared with many literati works in the Han Dynasty, their four-character poems Guishou, Guancanghai, Short Song, Dugu, Tu Bu Tong, and five-character poems Hao, Dujiu Liquor Store and Kuhan Xing are obviously better than those in the Han Dynasty. His poems not only absorbed the rich and simple features of the folk songs of Han Yuefu, but also had impassioned tragic artistic conception. Because of his historical and political position, his works had a great influence on the development of Jian 'an literature at that time. So Mr. Lu Xun once called him "the founder of reform articles", and his prose also has the characteristics of "simplicity" and "freedom". Therefore, he is the mediator of cultural innovation in China. It can be said that without the transformation and innovation of the style of writing by Wei, Jin and Cao Shi, there would be no cultural development in China in the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, Cao Cao made an indelible contribution to the development of China culture. Among them, "Short Songs" and "Guithough Shou" were used as mottos or quotations by people with lofty ideals in past dynasties because of their strong philosophical and influential nature, which shows that Cao Cao's deep influence on China culture is rare. Fourth, Cao Cao, an unlucky strategist, should be said to be quite accomplished in military talent. However, due to bad luck, as Zhou sighed, "Without Zhuge Liang, who is familiar with the art of war and is good at coping with emergencies, Cao Cao will definitely dominate the world soon. It can be seen from Zhuge Liang's long-term alliance that Zhuge Liang attaches great importance to Cao Cao's military talent. The article said, "Cao Cao is not as famous as Yuan Shao, but Cao Cao Can overcame his weakness to become a strong man, not only because of the weather, but also because of the suppression of others." And pointed out that "can not compete with it" shows that Cao Cao's military talent is very capable. There are indeed some dialectical thoughts in Cao Cao's military thoughts in history. He once pointed out: "There is no constant potential in the army, but the water is unpredictable. When the enemy changes, we must not disperse first. Therefore, the enemy is in the heart and the opportunity is in the eye. "That is to say, the strength of power is not fixed. As long as we know the enemy's situation and seize the opportunity, we can win more with less and win more with weakness. He can successfully win Lu Bu, defeat Yuan Shang, win over Zhang Lu, and win over the birds and Huan, which shows his command ability, military strategic thinking and being good at using the brains of counselors to make decisions. Every military event, he will convene hundreds of officials to discuss, listen to different opinions, be good at coachable, and attach great importance to the role of counselors and think tanks. For example, in the battle of Guandu, Yuan Shao's former adviser Xun or Guo Jia was reused.