In the twenty-five years of Daoguang (1845), he went to Beijing to take the exam, and was educated by Zeng Guofan when he was young. Fortunately, Li Hongzhang joined the team of Zeng Guofan, a Hunan university student, at the "time of B and C" (i.e. 1845- 1846) after he failed in the first exam, which laid the foundation for his lifelong career and thought.
In the twenty-seventh year of Daoguang (1847), he was a scholar, second-class thirteen, and changed to Jishi Shu, imperial academy. At the same time, Zeng Guofan emphasized the study of the world when he was a student. In the 30th year of Daoguang (1850), imperial academy was dissolved, and imperial academy was authorized to edit, and the Wuying Hall was built inside.
In the third year of Xianfeng (1853), the Taiping Army under Shunjiang in Wuhan occupied Anqing and killed Governor Jiang. Li Hongzhang fought against Taiping Army and Nian Army in central Anhui successively with Zhou Tianjue, Li, Lu, Fu Ji and other Qing officials.
Li Hongzhang led the troops with a scholar, and he has the record of "beating energy with waves" and the notoriety of "Hanlin turned into a green forest". After several years of service, he gradually learned how to be a general, not to win or lose for a while, and not to be brave.
In the summer of the 11th year of Xianfeng (186 1), the leader of Xixiang Yong ying learned that Zeng Guofan was appointed as the governor of Liangjiang, and when Li Hongzhang, an Anhui native, presided over confidential information in the shogunate, he recommended Li Wenan's former chief of staff Zhang Shusheng to Li Hongzhang and Zeng Guofan, explaining the situation in Anhui and expressing his determination to defect.
I praised it after reading it, and personally instructed that "independence in Jiangbei, true ancestors were born". Due to these foundations of Yingzhou Yingyong and Li Hongzhang's various local relationships, the formation and recruitment of Huai Army went smoothly.
On November 18th, the first year of Tongzhi (1862), Luo, garrison commander of Changshu Taiping Army, surrendered. Li Hongzhang took the opportunity to lead the Huai army to launch a campaign of recovery and stability.
1863 to 1864, Li Hongzhang led the Huai army to capture Suzhou, Changzhou and other places, and together with the Xiang army basically eliminated the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
In the fourth year of Tongzhi (1865), on April 24th, the commander-in-chief of the anti-Nian army was completely annihilated in Heze, Shandong. The Qing court appointed Li Hongzhang as an imperial envoy and led his troops to destroy the Nian Army.
After the collapse of the Nian Army, the Qing court restored Li Hongzhang's demotion for many times, rewarded him with the title of Prince Taibao, and awarded him the assistant to the Governor of Huguang.
Since he became the governor of Zhili in the 1970s, the greater his responsibility, the broader his vision. Looking at the development of countries all over the world, Li Hongzhang felt that China was poor and weak because of its poverty, and reached the understanding that "being rich makes the country strong" and "being rich first makes the country strong", and shifted the focus of the Westernization Movement to "seeking wealth".
In the 13th year of Tongzhi (1874), Li Hongzhang played an important role in the coastal defense plan. He systematically put forward the idea of ordering armored ships, forming the North, East and South Sanyo fleets, supplemented by the idea of coastal defense and land defense, and formed China's modern coastal defense strategy.
On June 23rd (July 25th in Gregorian calendar), Japanese warships raided Akio Toyoda and sank the Japanese troop carrier Goldman Sachs, and the Sino-Japanese war broke out. In the end, important naval bases such as Lushun and Weihai fell, and Beiyang Navy was destroyed.
190 1 year (the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu), the "Xin Chou Treaty" was signed. Li Hongzhang signed back and vomited blood? -"purple-black, with large lumps", "excessive phlegm and cough, insufficient diet", diagnosed as gastric vascular rupture. Then he died in Beijing and was given a teacher, a first-class marquis and a literary loyalty.
Extended data:
Brief introduction of Li Hongzhang's life;
1, form the Huai army.
Huai Army was a Han army recruited by Li Hongzhang and trained by Huai Yong under the guidance of Zeng Guofan in the late Qing Dynasty. It is the predecessor of the modernization of China's army, and was once the main national defense force of the Qing Dynasty. ?
Because soldiers and generals mainly come from Jianghuai area in Anhui Province, they are called "Huai Army". 186 1 year (the eleventh year of Xianfeng), the Taiping army marched into Shanghai, and the Qing army stationed in Shanghai could not resist, and British foreign aid did not arrive. At that time, Zeng Guofan was the governor of the two rivers, in charge of military affairs in Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang and Jiangxi provinces. The Xiang army was stationed in Anqing, and local officials and gentry in Shanghai sent representatives to him for help.
Zeng Guofan used the Xiang system to carry out the plan of Huai Yong, and his right-hand man Li Manhongzhang volunteered to recruit Huai Yong. 1March, 862 (February of the first year of Tongzhi), an army was formed in Anqing, called "Huai Yong", also known as "Huai Army". Later, the Huai army broke through the jurisdiction of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom on a British ship and went to Shanghai to cooperate with the British and American troops against the Taiping Army.
2. Suppress the Nian Army
Nian Jun (1853- 1868) is an anti-Qing peasant armed force active in parts of Anhui, Jiangsu, Shandong and Henan north of the Yangtze River, which was in the same period as the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
The Nian Army Uprising lasted fifteen years from 1853 to 1868, and its history was divided into two stages. 1from the spring of 853 to1March of 863, it was an early nian army, followed by a late nian army.
After the rise of the Nian Army, the leaders were Zhang Wang Luo Xing (Zhang Lexing) and Sun Kuixin. The leading figures in the period of Nian Army included Zhang Yujue of Liang, Young Wowang, Gong Deshu of Yong, Zunlai, Ren Zhu of Lu and Li Yuntai of Wei. They are in contact with the Taiping Army, and their whereabouts are erratic and unpredictable.
Nian Army cavalry galloped in Anhui, Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu, Hubei, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Hebei for more than ten years, with a total strength of 200,000 in its heyday.
1865, after Zhong You, the prince of the Qing army in Horqin, was destroyed, the Qing army devoted itself to twisting the army, using the forces of Xiang Army, Huai Army and several provinces, using the terrain to "draw a river to enclose the land", which was divided into west twisting, left calming, east twisting and Li Hongzhang's destruction.
3. Create a naval division
Beiyang Navy, or beiyang fleet and Beiyang Navy, was formally established in 1888. It is the modern naval fleet established by China and the strongest and largest of the four modern navies established by Qing Dynasty. There are 25 main warships, 50 auxiliary warships, 30 transport ships and more than 4,000 officers and men.
Beiyang Navy was formally established in Liu Gongdao, Ahava, Shandong Province on 1888 (14th year of Guangxu reign) 17 February 17, and the Qing government allocated 4 million taels of silver for naval construction every year. The strength of the fleet was once the first in Asia.
1894-1895 The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 was completely annihilated, marking the bankruptcy of the Westernization Movement. 18 On April 7th, 1995, the Qing government was forced to sign the Sino-Japanese treaty of shimonoseki.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Li Hongzhang