Christian liturgical music named after Pope Gregory I is called Gregorian chant

Opera is a combination of music (vocal and instrumental music), drama (script) A comprehensive art that integrates performance), literature (poetry), dance (folk dance and ballet), stage art, etc., usually composed of arias, recitatives, duets, choruses, overtures, interludes, dance scenes, etc. (Sometimes speaking and reciting are also used).

The "Powerful Group" is also known as the "Powerful Five Group", "Powerful Five Group", "Five-member Group", etc. In the 1860s, the "Powerful Group" (i.e., the New Russian School of Music) composed of progressive young Russian composers was a main force in the creative team of Russian national vocal music. The historical characteristic of the "Powerful Group" is that it is not a musician group simply united by friendship, but a fighting collective composed of progressive young artists with the same ideas at that time. The "powerful group" is a social and cultural force that emerged under the conditions of the rise of social movements in Russia in the 1860s. The activities of the "Powerful Group" in music, like the activities of the advanced Russian intellectuals at that time in other different cultural fields, contributed to the establishment and prosperity of Russia's national culture, and made great contributions to the reactionary forces and reactionary culture of the Tsar at that time. struggle. What’s more interesting about the “Qiangqiang Group” is that they were not trained in professional music study and life, but started on the path of professional music creation based on their love for music, love for the motherland and love for the people.

The Reformation refers to a reform carried out by Christianity from the 16th to the 17th century. It was a bourgeois reform by the bourgeoisie under the cloak of religion. The representative figure of the reform was Martin Luther. , Calvin, Zwingli and others, as well as the developed Protestant sects.

Realist opera: At the end of the 19th century, the opera art based on realist ideas founded by Mascagni and Puccini as representatives was based on real life and reflected the lives of the lower classes in society. Real society has a certain significance of exposure and resistance. Realist opera is an opera genre that emerged in Italy in the late 19th century under the influence of realist literature. Realist operas describe the poor lives of small people at the bottom of society, and strive to truly reproduce the reality of social life and expose the dark side of society. Acts of violence and murder often occur in realist operas driven by primitive emotions. The drama develops urgently and rapidly, the stage characters have outstanding personalities, the description of the living environment is colorful, the music is closely related to folk songs and dances, and the melodies are easy to remember and catchy. Mascagni's one-act opera "Cavalier" and Leoncavallo's two-act opera "Pagliacci" are typical representatives of Italian realist operas. These two works are often performed on the same stage, so there are "Cavalier" and "Pagliacci". "Harlequin". Puccini's "La Belle Embroider", "Tosca" and "Madame Butterfly" are also representative works of realist operas.

The Mannheim School was the most important music genre in the early classical period. It was composed of artists who gathered in the Mannheim area of ??Germany at that time. They established the earliest symphony orchestra "Mannheim". Orchestra", and under the guidance of J.W. Stamitz (1717-1757), it became a symphony orchestra with superb skills, excellent quality and well-known throughout Europe.

The contribution of the Mannheim School in the history of music

(1) In terms of structure, it established the basic structural layout of the classical symphony. In the Italian opera overture, the fast-slow-fast structure On the basis of this, a fast fourth movement was added, forming a symphony suite form of Allegro-Andante-Minuet-Allegro Finale. (2) In terms of performance style, the emotional amplitude changes of "crescendo" and "decrescendo" in the band's performance were carefully arranged, which was forward-looking at the time. (3) In terms of creation, it focuses on the main-key music style, attaches great importance to the melody part centered on the violin, strengthens the color effect of wind instruments, abolishes the writing method of band continuo in the Baroque period, and pioneers the use of total melody parts. Create in the form of spectrum.

(4) In terms of band organization, a fairly complete symphony orchestra was formed, with 56 members in 1756, making it the largest and best orchestra in Europe at that time