Classical music originally refers to classical music works passed down from ancient times, and later refers to all model music works that combine profound ideological content with perfect artistic form. In this sense, this concept is not limited by time and region. Highly artistic folk or professional music from different historical eras and countries and nations can be called classical music.

In European and American music, the concept of classical music has many interpretations:

① Specifically refers to the German and Austrian music from the second half of the 18th century to the 1920s with J. Haydn and W.A. Mozart And the music represented by L. van Beethoven is the so-called "Viennese classical music" (also known as "Vienna classical music" or "Vienna classical music"). Here, the concept of classical music is narrow, it has geographical and historical categories, and refers specifically to specific music styles and genres (see Vienna Classical Music).

② From the historical period of Vienna classical music forward to the music of C.W. Gluck, G.F. Handel and J.S. Bach, and even further back to the professional music of various countries since the European Renaissance. In this sense, the concept expands the scope of geography and time, breaking through the limitations of specific musical styles and genres.

③It extends from the historical period of Vienna classical music to European and American professional music at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, including the creations of composers of the Romantic school and the nationalist school. In this sense, classical music and modern music after the late 19th and early 20th centuries form two corresponding concepts. The main difference between the two lies in the musical language and artistic means. The former follows traditional creation techniques such as mode, tonality, and harmony function system, while the latter breaks through this traditional creation method.

④ Include modern professional music that is not purely entertainment since the late 19th and early 20th centuries within the scope of the concept of classical music. In this sense, the concepts of classical music and serious music are combined into one, and the corresponding concept is light music, pop music or other popular music that is purely entertainment.

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Polka

The word "polka" means "half step" in Czech, describing one foot and another Alternate quickly in 2/4 time. It was originally a Czech peasant dance that developed in the former East Bohemia in Czechoslovakia. Although it should have developed from Czech folk dances, Bohemian historians believe that it was invented by a peasant girl to entertain herself on Sundays.

In 1833, polka entered the Prague dance hall for the first time. In 1840, a Prague dance teacher performed polka in Paris with great success, which suddenly made polka break into Paris salons and ballrooms. A rapidly approaching polka fever has aroused many young people who have no experience with dancing. All dance academies came together to teach polka, but they still could not meet people's requirements for learning dance.

In the mid-19th century, polka spread to Britain and the United States, and together with waltz, replaced country dance and cotyline dance. Polka fever made other Central European dances also become popular, such as gallop, polonaise, redova, mazurka, scotik, etc. whose dance steps are relatively simple and easy to learn. Gallop's dance steps are similar to those of waltz and polka, but the rhythm is similar to polka, in 2/4 time. The partners dance quickly and only occasionally spin. Polonaise's main beat is 3/4, with a moderate speed. It is a solemn and majestic queue dance, often used at the opening of masquerade parties. But it may be precisely because of its queue format that it has never become popular in dance halls that mainly focus on duet dance. The Bohemian Redova consists of three basic steps: the pursuit step, the ordinary waltz step and the two-speed waltz step. Its music is a slow waltz. The mazurka is originally a Polish folk dance that uses waltz music, but often has an accent on the second or third beat. Dance steps include three basic components: jumping steps, sliding steps and heel strikes, and the combination of movements is relatively complex. Skotisk is a German folk dance that consists of two dance steps: sliding and jumping. The rhythm is 2/4 and 4/4 time. Due to the popularity and popularity of these dances, some dances that are a combination of the above dances in different orders and proportions have appeared in the ballroom, which has greatly enriched the varieties and styles of ballroom dances.

But any dance inevitably has its ups and downs.

Even the polka, the longest-lived of Central European dances, inevitably came to an end. New dances such as ragtime and jazz in the 20th century overwhelmed polka with their new vitality and appearance. Today, outside of Poland, we can only glimpse the polka among Polish immigrants in the United States and in some classical ballets. Polka is no longer popular in dance clubs.

Polka

Polka

A counter dance in 2/4 time that was popular in Europe in the 19th century. Both Poland and Czechoslovakia considered it derived from their cultural traditions. The steps of a polka-rhythm dance popular in the Czech countryside in the 1830s provided the basis for polka. This is a lively dance. The dancers stand face to face. The male partner’s right hand holds the female partner’s waist, and his left hand stretches sideways to hold the female partner’s right hand. In this posture, they dance in pairs around the dance hall. Rotate in the clockwise direction. There are two main dance steps: one is a one-legged bouncing step, which can move forward, backward or rotate, called the polka step; the other is a movement where the heels and toes hit the ground alternately. In 1840, polka was brought to Paris by professional dancers and performed at the Odeon Theater; Paris dance masters adapted it into a dance with 5 patterns (see country dance), which was deeply loved by the public. In 1844, Celarius, a dance teacher in Paris, brought it to London and spread it throughout the UK. Polka was danced at dances from Windsor Castle to small towns. At the same time, performative variations emerged in theaters in Paris and London. A variation of 3/4 time called Redova dance created by F. Cerrito and A. Saint-Leon is also very famous. Polka dance was also used in operas such as "The Betrayed Bride" by composer B. Smetana and "Schwanda the Piper" by J. Weinberger.

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Heavy metals can be roughly divided into:

1. Traditional heavy metals, such as "Kiss", "Scorpion", etc.;

< p>2. "Boogie Metal" is popular music in the heavy metal world. Its melody is generally more beautiful, and its lyrics often involve "sex", "fun", "love", etc. The singers are often sexy, Idol singers, such as the familiar "Bon Jovi", "Poison", "Arrow Smith", etc., have only one sign that distinguishes this type of heavy metal from other heavy metals: whether it is commercial. Some heavy metal bands may not start out as "boogie metal," but once they become a commercial icon, they become "boogie metal."

3. Speed ??Metal;

4. Punk Metal;

5. Thrash Metal;

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6. Death Metal;

7. Grunge (junk music) and so on.

Speed ??metal: In rock music, rhythm is a very important part. In fact, changes in rock music style are largely determined by changes in rhythm. From the earliest blues to rhythm and blues, to blues rock, to today's various styles of rock music, rhythm is like a skeleton, supporting the music from beginning to end. Heavy metal is no exception, but what makes heavy metal different from other music styles is that heavy metal relies heavily on the extension and change of techniques. Then the combination of rhythm and technique becomes the most important part of heavy metal. As the strength of heavy metals gradually became harder and the speed gradually increased, speed metal (Speed ??Metal) appeared. The hallmark is that every band has a very good guitarist. The speed of speed metal has reached the limit of human beings playing musical instruments. Expressions such as "raindrop-like rhythm" can no longer describe the speed of speed metal. Musicians often use speed to achieve the desired intensity and effect. The most famous speed metal band is Metallica.

Punk metal: It inherits and develops the basic ideas of punk, and uses metal playing techniques and orchestration methods to promote punk's views, which allows punk consciousness to still survive in the metal era. Punk metal has strong political intentions and a sense of rebellion that is far stronger than that of general heavy metal music. Such as the early Alice Cooper (Alice Cooper) and the recent Extreme (Extreme).

There is a difference between punk metal and metal punk. Punk metal is still heavy metal in the end, while metal punk is punk music that absorbs the wildness, violence, and distortion effects of heavy metal music. But it removes the most distinctive feature of heavy metal music: the guitar solo. In turn, pursue a raw, rough effect. Such as Ramones, Big Black, etc.

Grunge: It belongs to the heavy metal style, but it is different from other heavy metal music. It actually developed the honest, direct, original and anti-traditional characteristics of punk rock in the 1970s. Its music originates from the punk music of the 1970s, and also accepted heavy metal music. The post-punk noise music of the mid-1980s is also the source of its style. It is different from any heavy metal, and its cold, weird, and noisy style gives people a refreshing feeling. The image of Groge members is also different from that of heavy metal. Goatees, round shirts, plaid shirts, and toplessness seem to have become the image symbols of the Seattle sound. Representative bands include Nirvana, Soundgarden, Pearl Jam, and Alice In Chains. Death Metal: "Death Metal" is music that is too extreme to be taken seriously. It not only scrapes your calloused eardrums with noise, avant-garde classical music, jazz and industrial noise, but also amplifies them with amplifiers and roars them out with the power of a meat grinder. Extreme times lead to extreme music, which roars out concepts of aggression and insanity in eerie tunes.

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Jazz music

In the 1920s, it developed from early Ragtime and Blues. , has a free improvisational style, exciting rhythms, and distinctive syncopation. It is beautiful music that is subtle and cannot be accurately notated.

Among many popular musics, jazz is the earliest and most influential music genre in the world. Jazz is actually American folk music. European church music, African American violin and banjo traditional music combined with African chants and African American labor chants formed the original "folk blues", and "ragtime" and "folk blues" constituted early jazz.

Signal song: The signal song is the piece of music at the beginning of each theme in a movement. In layman's terms, it is the music of the beginning.

Waltz

About Waltz (Waltz), also known as "Waltz", originated from a folk three-beat dance in northern Austria. The waltz is divided into fast and slow steps. During the dance, two people rotate in pairs. After becoming popular in the Vienna court in the 17th and 18th centuries, it gradually gained speed and was first used in urban social dances. It became popular in European countries in the 19th century. Most of the waltzes that are popular nowadays are Vienna-style waltzes with a tempo of Allegro. They are characterized by bright and bright rhythms and smooth melody. In the accompaniment, one chord is commonly used in each measure, and the emphasis on the first beat is more prominent. The famous waltzes include John Schitt's Rouse's "The Blue River", Weber's "Invitation to Dance", etc.

About Barcarolle:

The famous "city on the water" Venice has a long, flat-bottomed boat called a "gondola". Barcarolle originated from the songs sung by gondola boatmen and is widely popular in Italy. It became a favorite romantic lyric genre in the 19th century. The melody of the barcarolle is simple, fluent, and leisurely. It is usually in 6/8 time. The strong and weak beats alternate and rise and fall regularly, describing the swaying of the ship. The barcarolle in the second act of French composer Offenbach's opera "The Tales of Hoffmann" is a typical Venetian gondola barcarolle.

In addition to vocal music, barcarolle also has instrumental music. The barcarolle in instrumental music is a kind of lyrical sketch. Like the barcarolle in vocal music, it has a singing lyrical melody and a swaying accompaniment pattern, and is often written in 6/8 time. Among Mendelssohn's piano music "Songs Without Words", there are three "Venetian Gondola Songs", the first of which "Songs Without Words in G Minor" was written in Venice in 1830. The music is fresh, fluent, beautiful and vivid; the melodious melody and swaying rhythm run through the whole song, creating a musical image of a boat rippling on the water.

There is also a barcarolle in Tchaikovsky's piano suite "The Four Seasons".

In 1876, Tchaikovsky was invited by Bernard, the publisher of the St. Petersburg monthly "Novelist", to write a piano piece for the music supplement of "Novelist" every month. Bernard selected twelve poems according to the order of the twelve months and provided them to Tchaikovsky as the titles of the twelve pieces of music. Among them, June used a poem by Pleseev:

Go to the river bank - the waves there will splash on your heels,

The mysterious melancholy stars will Shine upon us.

Tchaikovsky wrote a barcarolle based on this poem. The whole song is divided into three sections. The first and third sections have the same theme. The melody is affectionate and slightly sad, like a romantic song. Although the 6/8 time signature is not used, the 4/4 time signature swings from strong to weak. It also embodies the image of a rippling boat. The tempo becomes faster in the middle section, the rhythm becomes more active, and it changes from a minor key to a major key, and transitions from four beats to three beats, creating the image of "the mountains roar and the valleys respond, the wind rises and the water surges"; the singing and the sound of oars merge into one. , you can also hear the sound of splashing waves. The melody of the third section adds a supporting part at the end of each section, and the original "solo" becomes a "duet"; the singing voices rise and fall, making the performance more vivid and dynamic. Finally, the boat gradually moved away, and the gentle lapping of the waves disappeared into the distance.