Zhuge Liang's main works: "The Master Before", "The Master After" and "The Master Before/The Master before". Font size: Kong Ming. Era: Wei and Jin Dynasties. Ethnic group: Han. Birthplace: Langya Yangdu (now Yinan, Shandong). Date of birth: 181. Time of death: October 8, 234. Also known as: Wolong, Zhuge Wuhou, Zhuge Kongming. Main achievements: Longzhong decision-making; assisting Liu Bei in capturing Jingyi and establishing the Shu Kingdom; stabilizing Nanzhong and the five Northern Expeditions.

For more details about Zhuge Liang, we will introduce it to you from the following aspects:

1. Zhuge Liang’s poems

"The Former Discipline", "The Later "Come out the teacher's watch", "Go out the teacher's watch/Previously go out the teacher's watch".

2. Memorial Buildings

Wuhou Temple and Wuhou Temple in Wuhou District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province. In 1991, with the approval of the government, Wuhou District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province was officially established, and the district name Taken from the Wuhou Temple in the jurisdiction (originally the Zhaolie Temple of the Han Dynasty, Zhaolie was the posthumous name of Liu Bei after his death). Wuhou Temple was named after Zhuge Liang was granted the title of Marquis of Wuxiang during his lifetime. It merged with Zhaolie Temple in the early Ming Dynasty and became one of the famous historical tourist attractions in Sichuan. Nanyang Wuhou Temple, also known as "Zhuge Liang Temple", is located in Wolonggang, Wolong District, Nanyang City, Henan Province. It was first built in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. It was built by Huang Quan, the former Shu general who surrendered to the Wei Dynasty, on Wolonggang, where Zhuge Liang worked. It commemorates the Three Kingdoms A group of large ancestral halls for Zhuge Liang, a famous thinker and military strategist during the period. The Wuhou Temple in Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province, is located in Mian County (Mian County). It was built in 263 AD. It is the earliest Wuhou Temple (about 50 years earlier than the Wuhou Temple in Chengdu), so it is known as "The First Wuhou Temple in the World" temple".

Longzhong Longzhong Scenic Area is located in Xiangcheng District, Xiangyang City, a national historical and cultural city, 13 kilometers away from Xiangyang City, with a total area of ??209 square kilometers and a history of more than 1,700 years. Zhuge Liang, an outstanding statesman and military strategist during China's Three Kingdoms period, lived in seclusion here for ten years during his youth. The popular "Longzhong Dui" and Liu Bei's "Three Visits to the Thatched Cottage" both happened here. Longzhong Scenic Area has rich cultural landscapes and beautiful natural environment. The "Ten Scenes of Longzhong" were formed in the Ming Dynasty, namely Caolu Pavilion, Gonggengtian, Sangutang, Xiaohong Bridge, Hexagonal Well, Wuhou Temple, Half Moon Stream, Laolong Cave, Liangfu Rock, and Baokushi. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Longzhong Academy, Zhuge Thatched Cottage, Yinxiao Villa, Tonggu Tower, Corridor, Star Observation Tower, Checkerboard Stone, Qintai, and Peacock were successively built or newly built. Village, Monkey Mountain and many other scenic spots. Dong Biwu, the older generation of proletarian revolutionaries, wrote an inscription to Longzhong during his lifetime: "Zhuge is famous throughout the universe, and Longzhong's scenic spots will always be quiet." It was listed as a national key scenic spot in 1994 and a national key cultural relic protection unit in 1996. Some scholars claim that Zhuge Liang's self-described "I am a commoner, working in Nanyang" refers to Longzhong, Deng County, Nanyang County (today's Xiangcheng District, Xiangyang City). The famous historical book "Han Jin Chun Qiu" records that "Liang's family was located in Deng County in Nanyang, twenty miles west of Xiangyang City, and his name was Longzhong." Some scholars do not agree with this statement. According to the "Unification of the Ming Dynasty" records: "Zhuge Liang, Langya "People plow Nanyang and travel to Longzhong", indicating that Wollongong in Nanyang is where Zhuge Liang plows.

Zhuge Liang’s Tomb Zhuge Liang’s Tomb Wuhou is a national key cultural relics protection unit, namely Zhuge Liang’s tomb. It is located at the foot of Dingjun Mountain in Mian County (Mian County), Shaanxi Province. Every year, people in Mian County celebrate Qingming Festival On that day, I went to visit Zhuge Liang and visit Dingjun Mountain; in October 2008, the Three Kingdoms Cultural Festival was held in Mian County.

3. Inventions and Creations

Wooden Cow and Flowing Horse explains the wooden man-powered walking transport device with a moving cargo box. Source: "Three Kingdoms, Shu Chronicles, Zhuge Liang's Biography" by Chen Shou of Jin Dynasty: "Brightness is better than ingenuity, profits and losses are continuous, wooden ox and flowing horse are all unexpected." The record of "wooden ox and flowing horse" in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms": Suddenly one day, long and long Shi Yangyi came in and said: "Now that the grain and rice are all in Jiange, it is inconvenient for people to carry them with cattle and horses. What can I do?" Kongming said with a smile: "I have been planning for a long time. The former built up the wood and the big wood bought by Xichuan. It is very convenient to teach people to make wooden cows and horses to transport grain and rice. The cattle and horses do not need water and can be transported day and night." Everyone was shocked and said: "Since ancient times, there has been no such thing as a wooden cow and a horse. I don't know what the prime minister's magic method is. , Create this strange thing?" Kong Ming said: "I have ordered it to be made according to the law, but it is not complete yet.

Now I will first write down the method of making a wooden cow and flowing horse. The dimensions are square and round, the length and width, and the width and width. You can look at it clearly. "Everyone was overjoyed.

The mantou said that Zhuge Liang defeated Meng Huo's troops and returned to the court, but they could not cross the Lu River. According to custom, 49 human heads were sacrificed. The next day, Zhuge Liang wrapped the flour dough with meat and made it into the shape of a human head. They were used to replace human heads in sacrifices. Since then, many sacrifices have included steamed buns in addition to pigs, cows, and sheep. Another note: Steamed buns originally referred to replacing the heads of captive barbarians used for sacrifice, so they are called barbarian heads. Later, the mantou was used to avoid taboos, and then the steamed buns were added to the food side to become today's steamed buns.

Kongming lanterns are also called sky lanterns. According to legend, they were invented by Zhuge Kongming (also known as Zhuge Liang) during the Three Kingdoms period. At that time, Zhuge Kongming was besieged by Sima Yi and could not send troops out of the city to ask for help. Kongming made a floating paper lantern and tied it with a message for help. Later generations called this kind of lantern the Kongming Lantern. One theory is that the shape of this lantern resembles the hat worn by Zhuge Kongming, hence its name.

Zhuge Liangnu During the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang of the Shu Kingdom made a repeating crossbow, called the Yuanrong Crossbow. It can fire ten arrows in a short period of time and is very lethal, but its size and weight are too large to be used by individual soldiers. It is mainly used to defend cities and camps.

Eight formations and eight formations respectively. Named after the sky, earth, wind, cloud, dragon, tiger, bird, and snake, plus the central army, there are nine large formations. The central army is composed of sixteen small formations, and the surrounding eight formations are each composed of six small formations. There are sixty-four small formations in total. Among the eight formations, the sky, the earth, the wind, and the clouds are the "four positives", the dragon (green dragon), the tiger (white tiger), the bird (suzaku), and the snake (_téng snake). ) are the "Four Wonders". In addition, there are 24 arrays deployed in the rear for maneuverability. It is said that there are 365 variations of Zhou Tian. In addition, it is said that there are Kongming Locks, wooden beasts, and mines.

4. Artistic Achievements

Calligraphy Zhuge Liang lived in an era when the art of Chinese calligraphy was maturing. Zhuge Liang loved calligraphy and trained hard in his youth. He can write in a variety of calligraphy styles, including seal script, eight-point script, and cursive script. Liang Tao Hongjing of the Southern Dynasty was a great calligrapher. His "Swords and Swords Record" records: "In the first year of Shu Zhangwu (AD 221), Xin Chou mined Jinniu Mountain. Eight iron swords are made of iron, each three feet and six inches long, and are the style corners of Kongming's book. ". Yu Li's "Ancient Ding Lu" records: "Zhuge Liang killed Wang Shuang, returned Dingjun Mountain, cast a tripod, and buried it in Hanchuan. The text said: Dingjun Ding. He also made eight formations of cauldrons and sunk them into the water of Yong'an, all with large seal scripts. "In the second year of the late Emperor Zhangwu (AD 222), he cast a tripod in Hanchuan, named Kehan ??tripod, and placed it in the Bing cave. He also cast a tripod in Wudan Mountain, Chengdu, named Shouchan tripod; and A tripod was cast at Jianshan Pass and was named Jianshan tripod. And the small seal script is all traced by Wu Hou. "" In the third year of Zhangwu (AD 223), he made two tripods, one for King Lu, and the text said: "Wealth, prosperity, and prosperity are suitable for the king." ’; One with the King of Liang, the article said: ‘Great auspiciousness, suitable for the Duke. ’ The ancient official script, three feet high, is all traced by Marquis Wu. "The Garden of Ancient and Modern Dharma Books" written by Zhou Yue during the Northern Song Dynasty also recorded: "The first master of Shu tried to make three tripods, all of which were made in eight parts of the seal script of Marquis Wu, and they were extremely exquisite." ". Tao Hongjing of the Southern Dynasties was only more than 200 years away from Zhuge Liang. His experiences and accounts should be based on facts. Volume 13 of "Xuanhe Shupu" of Xuanhe Neifu, Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty, records: Zhuge Liang "is good at painting and also likes to write. Although the cursive script is not called a book, if you find its relics in the world, you must treasure it." He also said: "There is a cursive script in the collection of the Imperial Palace today: "Yuan She Tie". "This shows that by the end of the Northern Song Dynasty (1119-1125 AD), Zhuge Liang's calligraphy works were still collected in the palace. The Southern Song Dynasty Chen Si's "Short History of Shu" records: Zhuge Liang "was good at eight points of seal script and official script. Today's calligraphy has "Xuan Mo" Tai Chi, mixed with words such as yin and yang, "special work". Zhuge Liang never forgot calligraphy in his busy government affairs and military activities. "Changde Mansion Chronicles" records: "Wolong Ink Pool is located in Wolong Temple, thirty miles west of Yuanjiang County. According to popular legend, Zhuge Wuhou of the Han Dynasty came to this temple because of its name. "The time when Zhuge Liang was active in Changde was after the Battle of Chibi. The war was very tense and frequent, but he still did not forget to paint at the pond.

Painting Zhang Yanyuan of the Tang Dynasty wrote in "Records of Famous Paintings of the Past Dynasties": "Both Zhuge Wuhou and his son were good at painting. "Zhang Yanyuan also recorded the situation of painting collection and sales at that time in his book "On Painting".

He said: "Nowadays, it is divided into three ancient times to determine the high and low. Taking the three kingdoms of Han and Wei as the older ones, Zhao Qi, Liu Yao, Cai Yong, Zhang Heng, Cao Mao, Yang Xiu, Huan Fan, Xu Miao, Cao Buxing, and Zhuge Liang "Flow is true." Zhang Yanyuan described the selling prices of paintings by some modern painters such as Yan Liben and Wu Daozi at that time: "A screen is worth 20,000 gold, and a screen is worth 15,000 gold." He also said that the works of painters from the Han and Wei Dynasties (that is, the ancient times) were already "important treasures for the country and the family" in the Tang Dynasty and "treasures of the ancient times." From Zhang Yanyuan's account, we can roughly see Zhuge Liang's historical status and artistic achievements in the history of Chinese art. The "Huayang Guozhi" written by the Eastern Jin Dynasty historian Chang Xu records: "In South China, the custom is to conquer witches and ghosts. They like to curse alliances, throw stones and weeds, and officials often use curses to kill alliances. Zhuge Liang made a map for the barbarians. He first painted the sky, earth, sun and moon. In the Changcheng Mansion, he first painted a dragon, a dragon, a barbarian, an ox, a horse, a camel, and a sheep. Later, he painted the chief officials of the ministry, riding a flag on a horse and carrying a flag, patrolling to comfort the barbarians. It’s very important.” From the above records, we can see that Zhuge Liang does have extraordinary painting talents. His paintings are based on both real life (such as the lives of ethnic minorities in South China) and magical and rich imagination (such as divine dragons, etc.), with magnificent compositions and broad scenes.

Music Chapter Zhuge Liang is proficient in music, likes to play the piano and sing, and has high musical accomplishment. This aspect has many records in ancient books. Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms: Zhuge Liang's Biography" records: "Xuanzu, Liang worked hard to cultivate Longmu, so that he could chant for Liang's father." Xi Chizhi's "Old Records of Xiangyang Elders": "There is Kongming's former residence in Xiangyang? The west of the house faces mountains and water. Kong Ming often climbed it and played "Liang Fu Yin" on the harp, so the mountain was named Leshan. "Of course there is Wolong Yin, which is really a masterpiece through the ages. "Zhongxing Bibliography" records: "One volume of "Qin Jing" was written and compiled by Zhuge Liang. The beginning of the qin and the sound of the seven strings are the meaning of the image of the thirteen emblems. "Xie Xiyi's "Qin Lun" also records: "Zhuge Liang wrote "Yin of Liang Fu". "Yu Di Zhi" records: "Wuhou Temple in Dingjun Mountain." There is a stone harp inside, and when you brush it, the sound is very clear and clear. It is said to have been left by Marquis Wu." From the above records, it is enough to see that Zhuge Liang has a very comprehensive cultivation and high artistic achievements in music. He is good at vocal music - he can sing; he is also good at instrumental music - he is good at playing the harp; at the same time, he also creates music and lyrics, and can also make musical instruments - making lyres and stone harps. Not only that, he also wrote a monograph on music theory - "Qin Jing".