Haikou Crater National Geopark
Haikou Crater National Geopark
xiuying district is located in the west of Haikou City, Hainan Province, and is one of the four county-level districts under the jurisdiction of Haikou City. Qiuhai Avenue in the east, Chengmai County in the west, Ding 'an County in the south and Qiongzhou Strait in the north. It covers an area of 512 square kilometers and has a permanent population of 29,. At the end of 24, the registered population was 252,, including 83,8 non-agricultural people. Xiuying district has six towns of Changliu, Haixiu, Xixiu, Shishan, Yongxing and Dongshan, and two streets of Haixiu and Xiuying. District People's Government is located in Xiuhua Road, zip code: 57311. Administrative division code: 4615. Area code: 898. Pinyin: Xiuying Qu.
the territory is rich in resources and convenient in transportation. There is a beautiful west coast strip park stretching for 2 kilometers; There is the largest port in the province-Haikou Port; It is the starting point of the west and middle routes around Haikou to Sanya. Haikou Railway Passenger Station and South Freight Station of Guangdong-Hainan Railway were built within the jurisdiction; There is a high-tech industrial park that gathers high-tech in Haikou; There are vast high-quality agricultural and sideline products parks. Holiday Beach, Tropical Ocean World and Crater Theme Park are good places for citizens to spend their holidays and relax. Places of interest include Qiu Jun's tomb.
physical geography
topographic geology
typical volcanic landforms are dominant in the area.
Ma 'anling crater is located in Shishan Town, west of Qiongshan City, 2 kilometers away from Fucheng, so it is named after its saddle shape. There is a "sea pavilion" on the ridge for visitors to watch the Qiongzhou Strait with rippling blue waves, overlooking the true face of the crater and enjoying the beautiful scenery of Baili Litchi Garden. According to the test, Ma 'anling crater was the largest crater group during the volcanic eruption between 27, and 1 million years ago, and it was also one of the most complete dead craters in the world.
the northern peak is 222.2m above sea level, and the southern peak is 186.75m above sea level. There are more than 3 isolated hills around it, all of which are craters or volcanic cones formed by volcanic eruption, echoing Ma 'anling from a distance, forming a strange landscape with peaks and cones centered on Ma 'anling. In addition, due to the movement of underground magma during volcanic eruption, there are criss-crossing underground caves, which are called "natural underground volcanic cave museum" by geological experts.
Ma 'anling is located 15km southwest of Haikou City. It is a saddle-like terrain formed by the connection of two volcanoes. A large-scale one in the south looks like a wind furnace, which was called the wind furnace ridge in ancient times. Fengluling has an elevation of 222.8m, a specific height of 13m, a circular base and a base diameter of about 6m m.. There is a crater with an inner diameter of 12m and a depth of 69m, with a narrow mouth wall of only 2-3 m. The inner wall of the crater is steep (4-65 o) and the outer slope is gentle (36). It can be divided into crater bottom, crater inner slope, crater wall, volcanic cone outer slope, slope foot scarp and other landform parts. There is a "V"-shaped open channel left in the northeast of the crater, which is the outlet of lava slurry overflowing from volcanic eruption at that time. The steep wall of crater is mainly composed of stomatal olivine basalt and pyroclastic rocks. Pumice, shell lava and rope lava can be seen in the lava flow of the volcano. In the pyroclastic rocks at the base of the crater, volcanic aggregates, volcanic breccia, volcanic slag, volcanic ash and other pyroclastic materials are mixed and distributed. At the southern foot of Fengluling, there are a pair of parasitic volcanoes, which are like a pair of glasses, so they are named Yanjingling. Among them, the one near the east is mainly jet, and the one near the west once had lava overflow. The northern cone of Ma 'anling (also known as Baoziling) is small in scale, with an elevation of 189m and a specific height of only 4 m. There is also a circular crater with an inner diameter of 9m and a depth of 6 m. The cone is composed of volcanic slag and basalt. The northern cone is about 5m away from the southern cone, which can be regarded as the external parasitic volcano of Ma 'anling main body (southern cone). There is a 1-meter-long lava tunnel on the mountainside of Beicone, which is divided into two floors, with skylights, underground pools, lava stalactites and so on. The landscape is unique and has high development value. There is a lava collapse pit and a lava slag cone with a specific height of about 1m on both sides of the highway on the northeast side of Ma 'anling, with exposed dark red lava slag. Ma 'anling is a multi-volcano, which is caused by multiple eruptions of lava. The parasitic volcanic cone is caused by a small amount of magma breaking through the weak part of the volcanic passage and moving again after the volcanic activity is intermittent. Ma 'anling is not far from Qiongzhou Strait. When the ship sails into xiuying port, Haikou, you can see its abrupt peaks. Ma 'anling Volcano is not only the highest mountain in Shishan Volcano Group Geopark in Hainan, but also the highest mountain around Haikou Prefecture (city). On a clear day in Wan Li, climbing Ma 'anling Volcano makes people feel relaxed and happy, and there are many high-rise buildings near Haifu City, such as proud as a peacock, overlooking Qiongzhou Strait, with blue sea and blue sky and little fish sails. Looking to the south, the volcanoes are one after another, continuous and magnificent, while the mountains are dotted with tropical fruit forests, villages are located, and the smoke from the kitchen is curling, which makes people think. Ma 'anling Volcano is the center of the latest volcanic eruption in Qiongbei Volcano Area. There are six volcanoes, one lava tunnel and one collapse pit in the area of less than 2km2 in Fiona Fang, which is rare at home and abroad and has high scientific research, popular science and tourism appreciation value. In 1996, the celebration of one of the main venues in China, world tourism day was well received by tourism officials and experts from more than 2 countries. Ma 'anling volcano is built as the main scenic spot of the park.
Changdaoling is located about 3km southeast of Ma 'anling. The elevation is 187m, the base diameter is 25－35m, the inner diameter is 2m, and the crater depth is 7-8m. The shape of Changdaoling is similar to that of Ma 'anling, but the inner diameter and depth of the crater are more than Ma 'anling, so the crater is more spectacular and mysterious. In particular, there is a collapse pit next to the crater, in which the landscape of lava spines and lava stalactites remains quite complete, and there is also a Meisheling volcanic cone of the same type next to Changdaoling. Therefore, this area is a relatively dense volcanic landscape area next to Ma 'anling in crater park, and it is close to Ma 'anling volcano (which belongs to Ma 'anling volcanic group in the region), which has high tourism development value.
Ji' anling is located about 2km north of Huoshan Mountain in Ma 'anling. The elevation is 85-1m, the specific height is 3-4m, and the base diameter is 65m. The crater has an inner diameter of 35－45m and a depth of 42m. There is a parasitic volcanic cone on the southwest side of the crater, with a specific height of 4m and a bottom diameter of 1m, and its crater has an inner diameter of 4m and a depth of 6 m. Parasitic volcanoes are composed of volcanic slag and volcanic ash. The parasitic volcano of Ji 'anling volcano is an internal parasitic volcano, which is different from the external parasitic volcano of Ma 'anling. Ji 'anling is characterized by large scale, and the inner wall and bottom of the crater are full of crops.
Shuangchiling is the smallest Mar volcano in the Ma 'anling-Leihuling volcanic group, but it consists of two Mar volcanoes. Located about 3km to the west of Ma 'anling in Shishan, the elevation is 15m (Xiling) and 93m (Dongling), the inner diameter is 13－3m, and the depth is 15m. The surrounding volcanic rock wall is composed of tuff with obvious bedding, and its outer slope is gentle, with an outward inclination of about 1, and its inner slope is steep, with an inclination of 5-65. The Huguangyan in Shuangchiling and Zhanjiang belong to the same period of volcanic eruption. Twin twin craters are rare and have development value.
haoxiuling is the Mar volcano, which is located about 2m south of Shuangchi Mountain. It is the only crater lake with perennial water accumulation in the volcanic geological park, with a water surface of several hundred square meters and a water depth of more than 1.5m. There is a section on the northeast bank of the lake with clear bedding, which is quite ornamental.
Leihuling is located near Yongxing Town, southeast of Ma 'anling crater. The elevation is 168m, the specific height is 9m, the bottom diameter is 9m, and the slope is 3. There is a crater with a diameter of 28m, a bottom diameter of 5-1 m and a depth of 8m, with an inner slope of 5 and a notch in the northeast. The width of the volcanic wall is 2-3m. It is mainly composed of pyroclastic rocks, and lava rocks are seen in crater walls and craters. The cone of Leihuling is pyroclastic rock, about 42m thick, with tuff and basalt about 5m behind it, separated by weathering crust (2m), and the transition is basalt and porous basalt with a thickness of about 35m. Therefore, Leihuling is the result of two volcanisms. Leihuling is named after crouching tiger, and its crater is nearly twice as large as Ma 'anling crater, so it is more magnificent. The crater ring wall is stepped, and the bottom is wide and flat, just like a natural stadium. From the top of the crater to the bottom of the crater, there are fruit trees, sugar cane, cassava and other crops planted by local farmers, which are idyllic. There are two lava tunnels on the northwest side of Lei Hu Ridge, with the openings 3 meters apart. The mouth of the cave in the north is narrow, the belly of the cave is wide, the twists and turns are deep, and the pyroclastic rocks on the wall of the cave are jagged, strange and indescribable. The mouth of the cave on the south side is 1 meters wide and 5 meters high, and it is arched. There are holes in this cave, there are holes on the cave, there are holes under the cave, and the holes are connected, which is magical and unpredictable. There are three ancient wells at the waist of Leihuling Ridge, and there is an ancient temple in Song Dynasty on the ridge, and the ridge is surrounded by the largest litchi forest in Hainan Island, which has high tourism value.
Qunxiuling is located in the southeast of Leihuling, 2km away from Yongxing Town. The elevation is 168m, the specific height is 9m, and the bottom diameter is 9m. The crater is a funnel-shaped concave land with a bottom diameter of 5-1 m and a depth of 7-8 m, with a steep inner slope (44-65) and a notch in the northeast direction. The slope of the cone is 35-45, and the north slope of the notch is relatively gentle (25-3). Because of the existence of the gap, the terrain is asymmetrical in the northeast-southwest direction, while the northwest-southeast direction is symmetrical. Volcanic ejecta is covered in irregular concentric circles according to the sequence. From the periphery to the top of the cone, stomatal basalt, pyroclastic rock, basalt and pumice are distributed in turn. The pyroclastic rocks cover an area of 2-4km2 and have a thickness of 12-2m. The materials include volcanic bombs, volcanic slag, volcanic gravel, volcanic sand and volcanic ash, which are different in size, piled up in disorder and fresh and loose. Some volcanic bombs are like preserved eggs, and their shells (3-5 mm thick) are easy to peel off, and they are mostly distributed far from the crater; Some are like spindles, with elongated and twisted structures at the tail, which are mostly distributed near the crater. Volcanic slag is very much like slag, shining in the hot sun, making people feel as if they are on a newly extinguished volcano. Volcanic gravel is dominated by basalt, mixed with granite and Shi Ying block. Volcanic sand and volcanic ash are charred sandstone and dust, which are loose and form a clastic sand layer under the action of water flow. The biggest feature of Qunxiuling is that "the volcanic slag is very much like slag, shining under the scorching sun, making people feel as if they are on a newly extinguished volcano", which is quite irritating to tourists.
Luo Jing Plate is located about 6km south of Yongxing, with an elevation of 93m, but it is a low-level crater on the basalt platform, with an inner diameter of 9-1 m and a depth of 35m, which looks like a giant sports ground. The bottom of the crater is flat, and a lava dome is raised in the center, with a height of 7-8m. In the middle of the lava mound, there is a crater with a diameter of 7-11m and a depth of 3-4m, and the accumulated water forms a pond. The bottom field is radial, and the slope is terraced and annular, so it looks like a sports ground, especially like a small basin. Luo Jing plate is not only beautiful in shape, but also very pleasant in rural scenery, which has high tourism development value.
Ruhuangling is located about 4km south of Yongxing, near Luo Jing Plate. The elevation is 17m, the inner diameter is 14-2 m, the depth is 25m, it is oval, with a gap in the northeast direction, the lithology is mainly basalt, and the crater wall is pyroclastic rock. Near the Ruhuangling is an extremely flat and large area of land, covered with green grass, just like a natural large football field.
Xianren Cave is located in Rongtang Village, Shishan Town. It is named after the legend that Taoist priests practice immortality in the cave. The fairy cave is divided into upper and lower sections, and there is a hole in the lower section, which is confusing and confusing. Most of the road sections in the cave are dark, which makes people afraid to step forward. They can only explore the prospects with the help of torches and flashlights. I saw all kinds of lava emulsion hanging on the rock wall, which seemed to fall, which was amazing. This cave is strange in rocks and water, and you can hear the sound of water droplets at any time. Water droplets cause different tones on rocks of different shapes, forming a very beautiful rhyme. The upper section of Xianren Cave is divided into dozens of lava tunnels due to the collapse of the cave at most, so it is also called "seventy-two caves". Some of these caves are like interconnected spider webs; Some are like open underground restaurants; Others are like bizarre castles and palaces. Sunlight shines through the skylight formed by the collapse of the tunnel, making the scenery in the dark cave clear and spectacular.
Wolong Cave is located near Rucailing in Shishan Town. It is famous for its flatness and width. It can accommodate more than 1, people by driving two large trucks at the same time. The road in the cave is flat, the rock wall is smooth and shiny, the air is fresh, and it is warm in winter and cool in summer.
Climate characteristics
xiuying district has a tropical island monsoon climate with abundant sunshine and rainfall, with an average annual temperature of 23.8 degrees Celsius and an average rainfall of 1592.7mm..
Historical evolution
On October 16, 22, the State Council approved (Guo Han [22] No.92): xiuying district, Xinhua District and Zhendong District of Qiongshan City and Haikou City were abolished, and xiuying district, Longhua District, qiongshan district and Meilan District of Haikou City were established with the original administrative divisions of Qiongshan City and xiuying district, Xinhua District and Zhendong District of Haikou City. Xiuying district has jurisdiction over the administrative area of former xiuying district in Haikou City, Shishan Town, Yongxing Town, dongshan town Town and Zuntan Town in Qiongshan City, and the west area bounded by Haiyu Middle Line Highway, and the District People's Government is located in Xiuhua Road.
attachment: the original xiuying district covers an area of 147 square kilometers, with a population of 12,. The administrative division code is 4614 and the postal code is 57311. It governs 2 streets, 1 town and 4 townships: Xiuying Street, Haixiu Street, Changliu Town, Xinhai Township, Rongshan Township, Haixiu Township and Fengnan Township. The district government is located in Xianlie Road.
by the end of p>1995, xiuying district had an area of 14.43 square kilometers, a permanent population of 119,5, and governed 1 town, 4 townships and 2 sub-district offices.
in p>2, xiuying district administered 2 streets, 1 town and 4 townships. The total population is 156,155, and the population of each township is Xiuying Street 37479 Haixiu Street 33261 Changliu Town 3131 Rongshan Township 22384 Fengnan Township 6318 Xinhai Township 6335 Haixiu Township 1968 (according to the data of the fifth census; Unit: Person)
In p>22, Xinhai Township, Bailong Township, Rongshan Township and Fengnan Township merged to form Xixiu Town; Cancel Haixiu Township and set up Haixiu Town. By the end of the year, xiuying district had an area of 511.5 square kilometers. The population is nearly 3,. It has jurisdiction over 6 townships, 2 sub-district offices, 16 neighborhood committees and 69 village committees. The district government is located in Xiuhua Road.
by the end of p>23, xiuying district had an area of 5.115 million square kilometers. The permanent population is 33,, and the registered population is 249,2. It has jurisdiction over 6 townships, 2 sub-district offices, 69 village committees and 16 neighborhood committees. The district government is located in Xiuhua Road. (Overview of Administrative Districts)
At the end of p>24, the area of xiuying district was 495.67 square kilometers. The registered population is 252,, including 83,8 non-agricultural people. Jurisdiction over 6 towns, 2 sub-district offices, 69 village committees and 16 neighborhood committees. The district government is located in Xiuhua Road.
cultural relics
Xiuying Fort
Xiuying Fort is located in the southeast of Xiuying Port Area in Haikou City, which is a grand military facility in ancient Hainan. The original seawater area on the north side of the battery has been filled by the subsequent reclamation project. Nowadays, there are many high-rise buildings around the fort, but the silent giant gun can remind people of Haikou's past suffering history.
in p>189, in order to resist the invasion of the French army, the Qing government ordered all the troops to guard against the coastal ports. Zhang Zhidong, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, ordered Xiuying Fort to be built after Lin Qiong inspected the situation in Haikou. The battery building is leaving