The concept of music\the function of music and the knowledge of blood and heart
The English word musicology came from 1909 and is related to the French musicologie and Italian musicologia①. The word music is older. English music comes from French musique, German musik, Latin musica, Greek μουζα and μουοικη τεκνη. The Greek word means the art of the Muses or belongs to the Muses②. Muses refer to the nine goddesses in charge of literature, art, astronomy, etc. in the Greek mythology system. Among them, Euterpe is good at flute and Polyhymnia is good at singing. They are both regarded as the goddess of music③. Today music refers specifically to music art④.
Music is the organization and construction of sounds (art). Sound perception depends on the auditory sense, and sound is produced by the vibration of objects⑤. According to the classification of sound sources, music is now divided into vocal music and instrumental music; and the word "music" commonly used in Chinese refers to vocal music and instrumental music respectively. According to various texts, "yin" originally refers to spoken sounds, then refers to singing or singing, and then refers to all sounds in general; "yue" originally refers to Jiangu (乐／
楽/ / / / / /, Hanging bells or not hanging bells)⑥, later refers to musical instrument playing (including the music played) or comprehensive singing and dancing activities, and based on this, derived meanings such as joy, happiness, and harmony.
1. Musical feelings and aspirations
The word "乐" has a well-known meaning of joy and happiness, and this usage is also found in "Book of Rites and Music". Why did "music" evolve from the shape of elephants and drums to sonatas, songs and dances with joy and happiness? Because "drums do not predict the five tones but are the masters of the five tones", "drums are used to detect music and are the leader of the group's music", and "drums are built to be the festival of music"⑦. The drum has the rhythmic function of commanding the sound of the crowd and commanding the people, and this function is actually based on the function of the drum's thunderous sound to invigorate people's blood. This is what the "Huangdi Neijing" calls "thunder energy flowing through the heart", and "Legends of Music" It is said that "the sound of drums and whistles is joyful, joyful means standing up and moving, and moving means moving the crowd." Beating drums and dancing is a normal life of our ancestors, especially at large group gatherings, so there are still words such as "encourage" and "inspiring" to this day (the "beating the fou and singing" in the opening ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games still used drums) , the appearance is just like the bronze ice mirror from the tomb of Zeng Hou Yi).
In the late Wei Dynasty, Ji Kang's "Soundless Music Theory"⑧ is the same as Hanslick's "On the Beauty of Music"⑨ in Austria in the 19th century. It is believed that sound itself has no emotional content (quality), and it only has a soothing form. (Text) and the effect of touching restlessness. Human perception, blood, and emotions can be stimulated to produce or appear, so Ji Kang said: "The sound is the master of restlessness and tranquility; the master of sorrow and joy is the master of emotion." "Shuji - restlessness and tranquility - sorrow and joy" The connection is the interaction between the restlessness and tranquility of sound and the restlessness and tranquility of the human blood and life rhythm, and the restlessness and tranquility of the blood and life rhythm are naturally related to people's emotions or moods, so "restlessness-sadness and joy" are completely "stimulus-response" "Physical→Physiological→Psychological" process, Kong Yingda's "Theory of Sympathy of Mind and Matter" in "Le Ji" states that "Things come and feel one's heart, and then they move in response to thoughts and emotions."
This process of "sympathy between mind and matter" determines that specific music composition and music form (sound) can stimulate specific "physical → physiological → psychological" effects, coupled with the "accumulation" and "thinking" of people's spiritual consciousness "("Music Sound Instrument")⑩, so the psychological effects of music are rich, specific and profound. On the contrary, a person's psychological and physiological potential energy can also be vented or released by participating in music activities with specific rhythms. Therefore, Ji Kang said that "songs are used to describe aspirations, and dances are used to express feelings." Why young people or particularly active young people like to participate in intense and dynamic music activities and singing activities with obvious rhythms and straightforward lyrics? This is actually due to the sympathetic mechanism of "blood-heart" and "physiology-psychology" under the effect of sound. .
Therefore, fashionable popular music or dynamic singing and dancing have their own value and the people they rely on.
This kind of music has a positive function in venting and releasing the psychological and physiological tension in people's strong blood. It can promote people's psychological and physiological balance, and is conducive to alleviating the high physiological potential energy and psychological potential energy in people's bodies and minds, especially young people, "to To calm one's mind and smooth one's ambition" (Volume 141 of "Tongdian"), "to harmonize one's temperament and smooth one's blood" ("Taihe Zhengyin Pu"). When young people achieve physical and psychological peace and smoothness, this will have a promoting effect on the peace and happiness of themselves and society.
2. Music transforms emotions and harmonizes
Music not only has the function of directly promoting the cathartic release or stimulation of people's excitable "psycho-physiological" potential energy, but also improves the blood-qi psychology. In addition to its functions, there are also richer and more delicate psychological functions. This function is not simply to vent or stimulate, but to gradually transform people's consciousness and human nature like staining, edifying, and moisturizing, completing an internalized type. Shaping of psychological consciousness. Of course, this shaping process completely relies on specific and rich musical stimulation (perception), and a good-quality psychological shaping completely depends on a well-composed or good-form music.
Blood Qi is the basis of heart knowledge (spirit). When Kong Yingda discussed the category of "blood Qi Xin Zhi" in "Le Ji", he said: "People have heart knowledge due to blood Qi, so blood Qi Xin Zhi knows in succession." Life. The normal state of health is the peaceful and regular movement of blood energy, rather than continuous, uncontrolled intensity or excitement. Therefore, compared with the aforementioned basic functions of sensing blood and expressing emotions, ancient Chinese philosophers had a deeper understanding of the nurturing function of music in shaping people's good psychological qualities, and they paid more attention to this function or value than the former. Therefore, Confucian classics such as "Legends of Music" always emphasize the value or function of "music" in shaping psychological personality: "The rituals and music made by the previous kings were not to satisfy the desires of the people, but to teach the people their likes and dislikes. The righteousness of human nature."
"Vocal music penetrates people deeply and transforms people quickly, so the former king was dedicated to writing about it" ("Xunzi·Music Theory"). "Therefore, music stirs the blood, circulates the spirit, and harmonizes the heart." ("Historical Records·Book of Music") Kong Yingda wrote in "Book of Music": "Good music touches people, and people turn into good, and evil music touches people, and people turn into good." Followed by evil, music comes from people and returns to people, just like rain comes from mountains and returns rain to mountains, fire comes from wood and returns to burnt wood. "{11} The music created and performed by people comes from human hearts and human beings, but. Music, in turn, shapes the human heart and the behavior it dictates. The function or charm of classical music is not to directly inspire and vent people's excited blood psychology, but to obtain the transcendence of blood psychology and achieve peace, tranquility, tranquility, richness and beauty of physical and mental pleasure and health.
The Roman philosopher Boethius said that the harmony of music lies in the harmony of sound, the harmony of body and mind, and the harmony of the universe {12}. "Legends of Music" says: "The sound is produced by the sound, the music is composed by the harp, the stems are moved, the feathers are decorated, and the flutes and pipes are used to reach the light of virtue, move the sum of the four qi, and use the principles of all things Therefore, Qingming is like the sky, the vastness is like the earth, the beginning is like the four seasons, the week is like the wind and rain, the five colors are written but not chaotic, the eight winds follow the rules but are not treacherous, the Baidu is numbered but has permanence, the small and the big complement each other, and the end is like the end. Mutual growth, harmonization of purity and turbidity, and the overlapping of each other form the sutra. Therefore, if you practice music and practice ethics, your ears and eyes will be wise, your blood will be peaceful, and your customs will be changed, and the whole world will be at peace. "This is the so-called "virtuous sound" of harmony: " Virtue is the end of nature; happiness is the flower of virtue." "If you have both rituals and music, you are called virtuous, and virtuous people have it."
3. Music cultivates personal interest
"Harmony" is the pursuit, but the starting point of music participation is not necessarily "harmony" but individualized specific interests. Liang Qichao said: "Mortals must always live in fun, so that life can be valuable. If you go through it for decades with a sad face, then life will become a desert. What is the use of it?" {13} (page 4013) also said: " Interest is the driving force of life. If interest is lost, life becomes meaningless. "(Page 3963) The concentration of interest without attention, the so-called idleness and boredom, often leads to people's mental dissociation, trance, and decadence, which leads to mental and psychological problems. Disease, and even damage to human health, are caused by the so-called "shen dispersion" in traditional Chinese medicine. Therefore, Confucius taught: "It is difficult to be full all day long and have no intention of doing anything. Is there no game? To do so, it is still virtuous." ("The Analects of Confucius Yang Huo")