Peking Opera is the most popular and influential drama in China. It is formed by the convergence, integration and development of various local operas in Beijing. It has a history of about one hundred and forty years since it came into being.

Since Qianlong in Qing Dynasty, Kunqu Opera, Yiyang Opera and Qin Opera have successively entered Beijing. In 179, Gao Langting, a famous Anhui artist, led the famous Huizhou Opera "Sanqing Class" into Beijing, which was warmly welcomed by the audience. After that, three Huizhou classes, Sixi, Chuntai and Hechun, entered Beijing, and together with Sanqing Class, they were called "Four Huizhou Classes", which was a great success. At this time, Kunqu Opera, Beijing Opera (named after Yiyang Opera entered Beijing), and Qin Opera gradually fell into the cold. In about 183, Hubei Chu Opera (Han Opera) also entered Beijing. Han Opera and Hui Opera originated from the same origin, so they often performed in the same class and combined with each other in tone. Later, Huiban absorbed and melted the essence of Kunqu Opera, Bangzi and Beijing Opera, and made some reforms in repertoire, music, figure, clothing and makeup. Combined with the local language and customs in Beijing, Peking Opera was gradually formed. At that time, it was called "Pihuang", also known as "Beijing tune".

Around p>185, on the basis of the four Huizhou classes, Peking Opera had a new development, with famous actors such as Cheng Changgeng, Yu Sansheng and Zhang Erkui, who were called "Old Students with Three Dingjia". They have made outstanding contributions to the formation and development of Beijing Opera.

Compared with other operas, the art of Peking Opera highlights the characteristics of concentration, generalization and exaggeration of operas, and forms a complete system and unified style of singing, doing, reading and playing, which is full of distinctive dance and strong sense of rhythm in stage performance.

Over the past 1 years, famous Peking Opera actors have come forth one after another, especially many outstanding performing artists, forming schools of different styles, which have made great contributions to the development of Peking Opera art and become precious wealth of Peking Opera art..

After liberation, Beijing Opera has made great achievements. A large number of outstanding traditional plays and new historical plays have been arranged, adapted and created, and many modern plays have been successfully performed, which has opened the way for the development of Beijing Opera. The Beijing Opera delegation also visited and performed abroad many times, which caused a sensation in the world art world.

Kunqu Opera

Kunqu Opera is an ancient drama in China, which was formed in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province around the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, also known as "Kunshan Opera". Wei Liangfu, an outstanding opera musician in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, made a great reform on Kunshan Opera. He absorbed various kinds of vocals in Nanqu, melodic singing in the Northern Song of Jin, Yuan and North Song, and folk ditties in the south of the Yangtze River, and created a gentle and euphemistic "water mill tune". Liang Chenyu, a playwright who chose the surname at the same time, specially wrote a play "Huansha Ji" for Kunshan dialect, which caused a sensation in the south of the Yangtze River and quickly became popular throughout the country. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Kunqu Opera was once prosperous, more refined and perfect in art, and became a drama with national influence. During the Qianlong period, the art of Kunqu Opera was plundered by the ruling class, and its content tended to be court-oriented, so that it was divorced from the people and gradually declined. On the eve of liberation, it was on the verge of dying. After liberation, Kunqu opera was written and sung. Singing and other aspects of reform, and strive to be easy to understand. In 1956, the Kunsu Troupe of Zhejiang Province went to Beijing to successfully perform "Fifteen Guan", which caused a sensation throughout the country. In 1957, according to the instructions of Premier Zhou, the Northern Kunqu Opera Theatre was established. Kunqu opera, an ancient drama, is full of artistic youth.

Kunqu opera has a history of more than 5 years, forming a complete performance system and a unique vocal cavity system. Its repertoire is rich, its script dictionary is elegant and gorgeous, and it is highly literary. Pronunciation, articulation pay attention to four tones, strictly observe the rules and regulations, and be rigid. The tune of Kunqu Opera is Qupai style, and each play consists of a complete set of Qupai. The singing is mellow and melodious. The performance is exquisite, the body movements are closely combined with singing, and the dance is very strong. Accompaniment instruments are mainly flutes, and sometimes sanxian, sheng and suona are also used.

in the middle of Ming dynasty, Kunqu spread to the north, and through the efforts of many artists, Kunqu was combined with the languages of the northern region to form "Beikun"; Kunqu opera, which was originally popular in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, was called "Nankun". ; Bikun performed more martial arts, showing that the wind shed was bold and unrestrained; Nankun, on the other hand, pays attention to pronunciation and exquisite workmanship, which is more graceful and lingering. Kunqu Opera occupies an important position in the history of China opera, which has had a direct influence on the formation and development of Peking Opera and local operas such as xiang opera and Sichuan Opera.

Pingju

Pingju is one of the most influential local operas in China, which was formed in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China with a history of about 7 years. It originated from the "lotus drop" in eastern Hebei, and later absorbed the "jumping" tone in the northeast, so it was called "jumping" and "jumping" in its early years. At first, it was a counterpart singing form, which was similar to the "Errenzhuan" in Northeast China. Later, it gradually absorbed the percussion music of Hebei Bangzi, the singing and performances of Luanzhou Cinema, Laoting Drum and Beijing Opera, which formed "Tangshan", became "Fengtian" and finally became the current Pingju Opera. Cheng Zhaocai is a famous actor and playwright in early Pingju. He created many new operas and adapted more than 1 scripts, which played an important role in the formation of Pingju.

The artistic features of Pingju are: being good at singing, enunciating clearly, singing simply and easily, singing plainly and telling stories, performing with a strong flavor of life and a kind folk flavor. Its form is lively and free, and it is best at expressing the life of contemporary people, so there are a large number of audiences in cities and villages. The aria of Pingju Opera is a plate cavity, which consists of adagio, Erliu board, crib board and scattered board. After liberation, remarkable achievements have been made in the innovation of Pingju music, singing and performance, especially in changing the shortcoming that male vocals are too poor, and male vocals have made new creations.

Pingju was originally divided into East Road and West Road. Today, East Road is popular, which is popular in Hebei and the three northeastern provinces, and also has a large audience in the south. West Road Pingju, also known as "Beijing Bouncing", was formed under the influence of East Road Pingju Bangzi and the old tune. It has a high-pitched tone, rich head and unique style. Xin performed in Beijing and western Beijing around the revolution, which was very popular with the audience and was on the verge of extinction in the future. In 1958, it was excavated and sorted by China Pingju Theatre, and then reappeared on the stage. The Flower Pavilion Fair is a good play that has been sorted out and inherited by young actors.

Hebei Bangzi

Hebei Bangzi was originally named "Zhili Bangzi", and later Zhili Province was renamed Hebei Province, and its name was changed. It originated from the Bangzi system of Shaanxi Qin Opera. After about the middle of Qing Dynasty, it gradually evolved from Shanxi Puzhou Bangzi flowing into Hebei. In the late Qing dynasty, it was very popular in Beijing. Later, Bangzi and Pi Huang performed on the same stage, exchanged and absorbed with each other, which made Bangzi more and more complete in art. Zhili Bangzi in Beijing is also called "Beijing Bangzi" after absorbing the essence of skin yellow. After the Revolution of 1911, many outstanding Bangzi actresses emerged constantly, which brought a new face to Bangzi opera and made its singing music change greatly.

When Hebei Bangzi was popular, it was loved by the masses in North China and Northeast China, especially in central and northern Hebei, Beijing and Tianjin. Hebei Bangzi's vocals are high-pitched, vigorous and straight, mainly including adagio, Erliu, running water, sharp board, crying board, anti-tune and so on, as well as nearly 1 tunes used for stage accompaniment.

War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the Liberation War, Hebei Bangzi was widely developed in rural areas around Hebei. However, in big cities such as Beijing and Tianjin ruled by the Kuomintang, it is declining day by day. After liberation, Hebei Bangzi has been restored and developed, and the excessively noisy gongs and drums and Bangzi have been innovated, creating a new aria, which makes it both soft and pleasant in generosity and grandeur.

old tune

old tune, also known as "old tune bangzi", is one of the local operas in Hebei province. It was produced in the late Ming Dynasty. It has been circulating among the people for a long time and has a strong local flavor. The singing is simple, vigorous and vigorous, and there are many kinds of plates, such as the head board, the second board, the installation board, the starting board, the dial board, the delivery board, the retention board and the crying board. The main accompaniment instruments are banhu, flute, sheng, erhu and sanxian. The epidemic area is centered in Baoding, Hebei Province, and divided into East Road (Levin and Anxin), West Road (western Baoding) and South Road (Shijiazhuang). There is no big difference between the different vocals, but the tune is different. The performance of the old tune is complete in form, complete in business and rich in traditional plays. Pan Yang's Lawsuit is an influential play, which has been made into a drama film.

Sixian Opera

Sixian Opera is one of the ancient local operas in Hebei Province. It is a branch of the "Chord Tune" in the Northern Song Dynasty, which was called "Chord Tune" in ancient times. There was no actress in Sixian Opera, and both male and female roles were played by male actors, which formed the characteristics of alternating use of true and false voices in singing. The accompaniment instruments of Sixian have long been two Qin Liu and two Sanxian. During the Xianfeng period of Qing Dynasty, because they often performed on the same stage with the old-fashioned bangzi, the main accompaniment instruments were changed to the old-fashioned tenor banhu, and other instruments also increased or decreased. In the process of development, it was influenced by Kunqu Opera, Hebei Bangzi and Beijing Opera to varying degrees. It is popular in the vast rural areas in central and southern Hebei Province and some parts of Shanxi Province. Sixian's singing is both high-pitched and wan-wan, mainly in plate cavity, which is divided into two systems: cross-tuning and tube-tuning, and each has a variety of plates. On the eve of liberation, there were only one or two professional classes in Sixian. After liberation, Sixian developed greatly, and actresses participated in the performance. Sixian's excellent traditional play "Empty Yin He" was once put on the screen.

Pingdiao

Pingdiao is one of the local operas in Hebei Province, which originated in Wu 'an County in southern Hebei Province, and is also called "Wu 'an Pingdiao". Popular in southern Hebei, northern Henan and southeastern Shanxi, it is deeply loved by local people. It is said that the emergence of Pingdiao began in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, and it evolved from Wu 'an artists' learning from Yu j[ Huai Diao's specialty and combining with Wu 'an folk music and dance.

Pingdiao belongs to "Bangzi Zha", which is full of trades and is good at performing historical plays. Its aria belongs to a plate cavity, with a relatively complete structure, beautiful melody and good lyricism. The main boards are adagio, Erba board, flowing board, scattered board, planted board, stacked board, sad board and so on. There are more than 1 suona qupai and Sixian qupai accompanied by music. Once upon a time, the accompaniment instruments mainly included Erxian and Jiqin. ; After liberation, sheng, flute and banhu were added. In the performance, it has the characteristics of lively, rough, passionate and bold style. His representative plays include San Jin Zhang, Qi Chen Shimei and Jin Zhong Ji.

Tangshan Shadow Play

Tangshan Shadow Play is also called "Laoting Shadow" and "Luanzhou Shadow" because of its musical features in Laoting and Luanxian in Tangshan area. It is popular in Tangshan, Chengde, Langfang and other areas in Hebei Province as well as cities and counties in three northeastern provinces. It is a comprehensive art with exquisite carving techniques, dexterous manipulation skills and lyrical singing music. War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression used to gather people to perform in the slack season, and the towns and villages in the above areas had a deep mass base. Its vocal music is especially popular with the masses.

The singing of Tangshan Shadow Play evolved from a pure rap form of "Dafu Shadow", which is a kind of male-female cavity, with a variety of accents (such as flat tone, flower fading, Yangyun flat tone, Hedong tone, Luanhe tone, intonation) and various types (such as Adagio, Fast Eye, Slow Sex, Tight Sex and Three Sex). It has a history of three or four hundred years. Due to the development and creation of previous artists, different schools have been formed for a long time. Its main accompaniment instrument used to be a small three-stringed instrument, but it was gradually replaced by a four-stringed instrument.

Beijing Quju

Beijing Quju is a new kind of drama based on Dan Xian and other Quyi after liberation. Dan Xian is a popular art form of rap in Beijing. In the past, the story of rap in the third person was sometimes sung by more than two actors in disguise, which was called colorful singing. Today's Quju is a form of opera born out of Paizi Qu. In 195, Quyi actor Wei Xikui and others first performed "New Visiting Relatives" called "New Quyi", which was later renamed as Quju, and successively performed such plays as Willow Well, Arhat Money, Yang Naiwu and Chinese Cabbage, Crying and Laughing, Camel Xiangzi and so on.

There are many kinds of tunes in Beijing Opera, which are lively, clear in pronunciation and easy to express modern life.

Errentai

Errentai is the most popular form of folk opera in western Inner Mongolia, and it is widely spread in the northwest of the mountain and Zhangjiakou, Hebei. ; At first, only two actors sang on the stage, hence the name "Errentai". On the basis of the local ditty "Si Xuan Zuo Qiang", it has evolved by absorbing the songs and dances of "She Huo" and Mongolian folk songs. It has a history of nearly a hundred years. Most of the repertoire of Errentai is a little drama of life. The music of Errentai has a strong local color, and the tunes adopted are developed from folk songs.): The scales jump greatly, and there are many decorative sounds, which have a melodious, open and rough style. The accompaniment instrument has a flute; Sihu; Dulcimer, sanxian, etc. hit the rhythm with "four tiles" (bamboo musical instruments).

Before liberation, Errentai was devastated by reactionary rule. After liberation, a series of reforms were made in script, performance and music, and the performance form and content were greatly improved.

Jiju

Jiju was born in 1959 on the basis of "Errenzhuan", absorbing the advantages of other folk arts in Northeast China and drawing lessons from other local operas. It is popular in Jilin Province:

The aria music of Jiju includes two categories: "Liudiao" and "Kediao", each with a set of qupai. These qupai are representative parts of "Errenzhuan" music, and they are suitable for opera. After it was absorbed into Jizhong Opera, according to the law of "board cavity" opera music, it formed three boards and a positive board. Fast board, grab board, line board, scattered board, running board and other forms. The main accompaniment instruments are; Banhu and suona. The performance of Ji Opera has inherited five pillars of islam's singing, dressing up, dancing, speaking and acrobatics (handkerchiefs, fans and other unique skills), and absorbed the performance specialties of other operas, and developed into a unique style. After finishing, the resumed plays such as Bao Gong's Compensation and Yan Qing's Selling Lines show the performance style and artistic achievements of Ji Opera.

Jin Opera

Jin Opera, also known as "Shanxi Middle Road Bangzi" and "Taiyuan Bangzi", was named Jin Opera after liberation and is the main local opera in Shanxi. Together with Puzhou Bangzi, Beiluo Bangzi and Shangdang Bangzi, it is called the "Four Bangzi" in Shanxi. Spread in central Shanxi, northern Hebei, Inner Mongolia, northern Shaanxi and other vast areas. Jin Opera absorbed the musical elements of Pu Opera, Kunqu Opera, Hebei Bangzi and other operas on the basis of Jinzhong Yangko during Daoguang and Xianfeng years in the Qing Dynasty, thus forming its own artistic style and gradually developing and prevailing. Its singing is both vigorous and rough, and mellow and meticulous. Dramatic plots are often expressed by big lyrics, and dialogue is replaced by duets. On the board, there are mainly four eyes: splint, sex and running water, as well as the board used to express passionate emotions and the dialogue to express grief. Each of its professions has its own different singing methods; Singing is varied; Rich and colorful. Many skill performances of Jin Opera, such as Lingzi Gong, Whip Gong and Tip Gong (hair throwing), are also very famous.

War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period; In the revolutionary base area, many artists have performed new historical dramas and modern dramas to serve War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. After liberation, Jin Opera appeared many excellent traditional plays and new plays, such as "Playing the Golden Branch", "Butterfly Cup" and "Liu Hulan".

Puju

Puju is named after its birthplace in Puzhou, now Yongji County, Shanxi Province, also known as "Nanlu Bangzi" and "Puzhou Bangzi". The people in southern Shanxi also call it "random bomb". It is the oldest of the "Four Bangzi" operas in Shanxi Province. Bangzi opera in Shanxi, Hebei and Henan provinces has been influenced by it. Pu Opera is a popular opera in southern Shanxi, and it has a broad mass base in western Henan, eastern Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia. Tracing back to its origin, it evolved from "cymbals and drums"