Basic guidance methods and examples of kindergarten teaching activities

Teaching methods refer to the methods used by teachers and students in joint activities in order to complete certain teaching tasks. It includes both teaching methods and learning methods.

The scientific nature and effectiveness of the use of teaching methods lies in: ensuring that children correctly master knowledge and skills, which is conducive to stimulating children's desire to learn, making them learn lively, lively and proactively, and cultivating their creative spirit .

The commonly used teaching methods in kindergartens include intuitive methods (observation, demonstration, demonstration, examples, appreciation, etc.), oral methods (explanations, narrations, conversations, descriptions, etc.), and practical methods (exercises, expressions, games, operation, etc.). In terms of activities, the teacher-centered methods include demonstrations, demonstrations, examples, and explanations; the child-centered methods include observation, games, exercises, expressions, etc.; and conversation is the form of interaction between teachers and children.

Intuitive methods include specific methods such as observation, demonstration, demonstration, example, and appreciation.

1. Intuitive method

Intuitive method is the main method of kindergarten teaching. It is a method in which teachers present physical objects and teaching aids to children through narration and explanation, or conduct demonstration experiments and performances to illustrate and confirm the knowledge taught during the education process.

(1) Observation method

The observation method refers to a method in which teachers lead children to perceive objective things in a planned and purposeful manner.

Observation methods include individual object observation, comparative observation, long-term systematic observation and other forms. Observation activities can be initiated by children, spontaneously, or specially organized by teachers. This method is the main method of common sense teaching and art teaching.

Example: Understanding Frogs (Science Class)

Understand the growth process of frogs through observation (pictures, objects) and conversation.

The teacher showed picture 1 and asked, what is this? (Egg.) What color is the egg? What shape? The teacher showed picture 2 and asked: What did the egg become? (Tadpole.) What color is the tadpole 7 .(Black.) What does it look like?

(The tadpole has a small tail and swims around in the water like a small fish.)

The teacher showed picture 3 and asked questions : The tadpole slowly grows up, what grows on its body? (Hind legs.) And guide the children to observe the real tadpole, so that the children can see that the legs grow on the back of the tadpole.

The teacher showed Picture 4 and asked: The tadpole has grown up again, and what changes have occurred? (It grew its front legs, its tail became shorter, and turned into a big tadpole.) The teacher showed Picture 5 and asked: Tadpole When it grows up, what does it become? (Little frog.)

What color is the little frog? (Common green.) What does it look like? (There are two big and round ones on its head. Eyes, a wide and big mouth, a long tongue, dark stripes on the back, a white belly, short front legs and long hind legs)

This example uses the system. A combination of sexual observation and conversation.

(2) Demonstration method

The demonstration method refers to a method in which teachers present various physical objects, teaching aids, and models to children for demonstration operations during teaching. This method is often used together with the narrative method and the conversation method.

The demonstration method includes step-by-step demonstration, continuous demonstration, partial demonstration, comparative demonstration, repeated demonstration and other forms. The key points of using the demonstration method are:

1. Choose the right time. , stimulate children's sense of freshness.

2. Enable all children to see the object of the demonstration clearly and focus on the main aspects of the object.

3. Supplemented by concise explanations and conversations, the things demonstrated are closely integrated with the knowledge learned, and individual knowledge is summarized into complete knowledge.

4. The demonstration must be skillful, accurate in shape, correct in procedure, clear in movement and appropriate in speed.

5. The demonstration should be short and can be presented to the whole class, groups or individuals as needed.

Example: Learning the composition of 4 (mathematics)

...The teacher posted two paper circles on the velvet board as rabbit cages, and asked the children to cage the 4 rabbits in 2 cages respectively. In the cage;

Guide the children to close them and say: "Cut one on the left, three on the right; two on the left, two on the right; three on the left;

On the right Close 1”. Finally, the teacher summarizes the decomposition method of 4: 4 can be divided into 1 and 3, 4 can be divided into 2 and 2, and 4 can be divided into 3 and 1. ...

This example uses a method that combines teacher demonstrations with children's operational activities.

(3) Demonstration method

The demonstration method refers to the teaching performance performed by teachers through their own language and actions to provide children with specific examples to imitate. In the teaching of language activities and scientific activities, teachers should often use language demonstrations to develop children's narrative, description, creative telling and recitation abilities; in art, music, and physical education teaching, they should use action demonstrations to help children master learning content and actions.

The demonstration method includes complete demonstration, partial demonstration, decomposed demonstration, demonstration in different directions and other forms. When teaching children's songs, songs, dances, paintings, etc., teachers should give complete demonstrations to facilitate children's understanding and mastery. When it is discovered that children have difficulties or mistakes during teaching activities, teachers can break them down and demonstrate to help children solve difficulties and correct mistakes.

The demonstration can be done by the teacher or by asking the children to demonstrate.

The key points of using the demonstration method are:

1. When performing demonstration actions, choose a good position so that every child can see clearly.

2. The demonstration should be slower, clear and accurate, and explained appropriately.

3. When giving a language demonstration, the voice should be loud, the words should be pronounced clearly, the words should be used accurately, the speed should be moderate, and the expression should be expressive.

Example: Standing long jump (sports)

...Children line up in two horizontal lines to learn new moves. The teacher teaches and demonstrates at the same time: he is required to stand on the line with both feet, bend the knees with both legs, lean the upper body forward, and raise the arms back and down. When jumping, push your feet on the ground and raise your arms forward and upward at the same time. When landing, the soles of your front feet land lightly. ...

This example uses a combination of demonstration and explanation.

(4) Example method

The example method refers to providing children with a model that can be imitated according to teaching requirements or activity goals. It is vivid and specific. The effect of examples is more obvious on younger children. In ideological and moral education, outstanding figures are used as examples. In the teaching process, various samples are presented to children, such as paintings, paper crafts, clay crafts samples, etc., for children to observe, imitate and learn. This method is mostly used in the teaching of art and art.

Examples include pictures, films, models, toys, picture albums, physical specimens, pictures drawn or made by teachers, handmade and velvet samples, etc.

The key points of using the example method are:

1. The size of the examples in teaching is appropriate for each child to see clearly.

2. The difficulty level of the examples should be adapted to the actual level of the children.

3. The examples should be colorful, clear, prominent and typical.

4. The examples should be diverse, have a certain number, and be able to reflect the appearance of things from different angles, so as to broaden children's thinking and provide a basis for their creative expression.

Example: Paper box toys (art)

The teacher shows the examples one by one and guides the children to analyze what kind of paper boxes these three cars are made of? What are the differences in the production methods? Guide children to think based on the carton shape: In addition to the above three types of cars, what else can they do? Inspire children to think about other types of vehicles or houses, furniture, boats, etc. …

This example uses a method that combines observation and examples

(5) Appreciation method

The appreciation method refers to the teacher guiding children to experience objective things The truth, goodness and beauty are the methods to cultivate emotions. For example, the appreciation of artistic beauty and natural beauty helps to cultivate children's aesthetic ability and enriches their spiritual life; the appreciation of moral behavior helps to cultivate moral character and noble ideal sentiments; the appreciation of reason helps to cultivate interest in knowledge and scientific attitude , creative spirit. Appreciative teaching factors are included in the teaching of various subjects in kindergarten, and are mostly used in music, art, and language teaching.

Key points in using the appreciation method:

1. Arouse children's interest in appreciation. Before appreciation, contact the children's experience and the current situation to inspire and induce the children's desire to appreciate.

2. Use various situations to stimulate strong emotional reactions in children, such as surprise, admiration, admiration, admiration, etc., so that children can be infected and educated.

3. Cultivate children’s ability to appreciate beautiful things and to identify true and false, good and evil, beauty and ugliness.

Example: Little White Rabbit and Big Black Bear (Music)

... Enjoy the music of "Little White Rabbit and Big Black Bear". The teacher guides the children to listen to the music carefully and perceive the music from the changes in the level and speed of the music, creating two different musical images: the music that represents the big black bear is low and slow, and the music that represents the little white rabbit is high and fast. ...

This example uses the appreciation teaching method.

2. Oral teaching method

Oral teaching method refers to teaching that describes situations, narrates facts, explains concepts, and explains truths to children through teachers’ narration and explanation, so that children can directly acquire knowledge. method. This is the earliest and most widely used teaching method, and it is also the most frequently used and commonly used method in kindergarten education activities.

Dictation methods include specific methods such as narration, explanation, conversation, and description.

(1) Narrative method

Narrative method refers to a teaching method in which teachers explain the teaching content and teaching materials through vivid narration in oral language. This method is widely used in educational activities. It is not only used to teach new knowledge to young children, but also widely used in the organization of various activities. It is the main method of language teaching activities.

Narrative methods include narrative, description, explanation and other expression methods. According to the content of the telling, it can be divided into realistic telling and creative telling; according to the psychological process of telling, it can be divided into perception telling, memory telling and imagination telling; according to the telling form, it can be divided into narrative telling and plot telling. Specific types of narrative lessons include telling about physical objects, telling pictures, and making up stories.

The key points of using the narration method are:

1. The narration language should be correct, vivid, vivid, emotional, and able to arouse children's interest, such as the speed of language and changes in pronunciation. , emotional colors, etc.

2. The narrative should be concise and focused. Use child-friendly language so that young children can understand it.

3. Before narrating, the teacher should explain clearly the requirements for narration; during the narration process, children should be reminded to focus on the object of the narration.

4. Teachers should listen carefully to children's narratives and provide timely encouragement and necessary help, but should not interfere with children's narratives with too many pointers.

(2) Explanation method

The explanation method refers to the teaching method in which teachers explain and explain knowledge, materials, regulations, requirements, etc. to children through oral language.

The key points of using the explanation method are:

1. The explanation should grasp the key points, difficulties and key points, explain the profound things in a simple way, and repeat the explanation appropriately when necessary.

2. The language explained by the teacher should be accurate, clear, concise, vivid, vivid and easy to understand, in line with the children's understanding and acceptance level, and can arouse the children's interest.

3. The explanation should be clear and easy for children to remember.

Example: Before it rains (Science Middle Class)

Use pictures to explain why the activities of small animals change before it rains.

(1) Show picture 1 and tell the story of the little white rabbit meeting the dragonfly sister (explain the reason why the dragonfly flies low when it rains). Before it rains, the air is very humid, and the wings of the little bug are stained with water. Can't fly high. Dragonflies want to catch insects to eat, so they fly very low.

(2) Show picture 2 and tell the story of the little white rabbit meeting the little fish (explain why the little fish swam to the water before it rained). Before it rains, there is little oxygen underwater, and the small fish feel uncomfortable at the bottom, so they have to swim to the surface to breathe. ...

This example uses a method that combines telling and explaining.

(3) Conversation method

Conversation method refers to the method of teaching by asking, answering and discussing. Teachers can ask questions to guide children to use their existing knowledge and experience to answer questions, so as to obtain new knowledge or check knowledge and consolidate knowledge. This method can easily focus children's attention, stimulate children's active thinking activities, develop language expression skills, and improve teaching effects.

Talk methods include heuristic talks, reproduction talks, lecture talks and other forms.

The key points of using the conversation method are:

1. It should be based on the children’s existing knowledge and experience.

2. The questions asked must be carefully thought out, centered on the theme, closely linked to the teaching purpose, specific, clear, and inspiring. It must be oriented to all children and take care of the level of individual children.

3. Questions should be logical to cause children to think deeply step by step.

4. Teach children to listen carefully to questions, answer them in a loud voice, and cultivate children's ability and good habits in answering questions.

5. Teachers should listen patiently to children’s answers, affirm and supplement them in a timely manner, and make clear conclusions.

6. Encourage children to question teachers.

(4) Description method

The description method refers to the teaching method in which teachers use visual language to describe and describe the knowledge content being taught. It will evoke vivid images and rich associations in children's minds, help children understand things, acquire indirect knowledge, and develop image thinking abilities. The descriptive method is suitable for teaching various subjects in kindergartens and various activities for young children.

Descriptive methods include descriptive questions, descriptive teaching, etc.

The key points of using description method are:

1. The language should be lifelike, beautiful and full of emotion, describing things vividly, concretely and vividly.

2. The description must be in a certain order and can be combined with observation.

Example: Draw a "little duck" with your fingers (art middle class)

(1) Brother Thumb came out first wearing yellow clothes (dip his thumb in yellow paint) Press out the duck's body on the paper) and look, Brother Thumbs is standing apart one by one.

(2) Little sister Xiaozhi put on yellow clothes and came out. Some stood in front of her brother, some stood behind her brother, some stood on top of her brother, and some stood on her brother's side. Below (use your little finger dipped in yellow paint to draw a duck's head on the upper, lower, left and right sides of the duck's body), they are not far from Brother Thumb.

(3) They were a pair of good friends and sang hand in hand (using cotton swabs dipped in red paint to connect the duck's body and head).

(4) Little Finger is so beautiful. She wears a beautiful bow on her head (use a cotton swab dipped in orange paint and dot it on the duck's head).

(5) They sang "Gaga Song" very well, and they were awarded a small bean. Brother Thumb said: "Sister Little Finger is smaller than me. Give her some beans to eat." (Dip a cotton swab in blue and put eyes in the middle of the head.)...

This example uses It is a method of demonstration, explanation and description.

Example: Children's song "I am a little painter" (small language class)

...Explain the children's song

Teacher: The teacher painted the picture drawn by the little painter today Show it to the children (show pictures). Look, what did he draw?

Children: green leaves and red flowers.

Teacher: How does this little painter introduce himself?

Children: I am a little painter. The leaves I paint are green and the flowers are red and big.

Teacher: This little painter can draw well. He drew two bees on the painting (show two "bees" and stick them on the flower). Children, tell me, what do bees make when they collect nectar from flowers?

Children: Buzz buzz.

(First learn to call individually, then collectively)...

This example uses the method of explanation and demonstration.

3. Practice method

Practice method means that teachers create a variety of practical activities with children as the main body in educational and teaching activities. In practical activities, they train children in various aspects. A teaching method that uses the senses to further understand knowledge, consolidate skills, and deepen memory.

Practical methods include specific methods such as exercises, operations, games, and expressions.

(1) Practice method

Practice method refers to a method that enables children to master knowledge and skills proficiently through repeated practice with the help and guidance of teachers. It is a basic method to consolidate new knowledge and form skills and habits.

Exercise methods are divided into application skill exercises, moral behavior exercises, and mental skill exercises according to their nature and characteristics. Each type of exercise can also be carried out in the form of segmented exercises (step-by-step exercises, single exercises) and comprehensive exercises (complete exercises). .

The key points of using the practice method are:

1. Make the children clearly understand the purpose, tasks and specific requirements of the practice and practice consciously with understanding.

2. Use correct practice methods, along with explanations and demonstrations, point out difficult points and common mistakes, so that children can gain a clear understanding of practice methods and practical applications.

3. Appropriately allocate the weight, frequency and time of exercises according to the nature of the exercise materials and the age characteristics of the children.

4. Practice methods should be diversified to increase interest in practice and avoid monotonous and boring repetition.

5. During practice, we should first strive for accuracy and then proficiency, gradually increase the requirements, provide timely evaluation and guidance, and let children know the results of the practice.

6. Strengthen individual tutoring and correct mistakes in a timely manner to avoid forming habits that are difficult to correct later. Children with poor abilities should be given more opportunities to practice and specific help.

7. Encourage children’s creative spirit and prevent blind imitation and mechanical repetition.

(2) Operation method

The operation method refers to a method in which children gain knowledge, experience and skills through hands-on manipulation of intuitive teaching aids and exploration in the process of playing with objects. teaching methods. Operational methods include demonstration operations, exploratory operations, consolidation operations and other forms. Operations can be individual or collective. It is often used in combination with games, exercises and other methods.

The key points of using the operation method are:

1. Clarify the purpose of the operation.

2. Provide sufficient operating materials for children, usually one per person.

3. Give children sufficient operating time to play with objects, think and explore to achieve the purpose of operation, give full play to the role of teaching aids and materials, and avoid going through the motions.

4. Before children start operating, the purpose, requirements and specific operating steps and methods should be explained to the children.

5. During the operation of children, teachers should observe the operation of children, discover problems in time, and guide children to actively think and explore.

6. Discuss the results of the operation and help children organize and summarize the perceptual experience they gained during the operation to clarify concepts.

7. The operation should put forward different requirements according to different teaching content and children of different ages.

(3) Game method

The game method refers to a method of teaching through regular game activities under the guidance of teachers. It is a method that is very popular among young children. teaching methods.

Game method includes intellectual games, sports games, music games, language games, comprehensive games and other forms.

The key points of using the game method are:

1. The content of the game must be healthy and beneficial to the physical and mental development of children.

2. Select and create different forms of games according to different educational goals and educational content.

3. Teachers should focus on guiding children to abide by the rules of the game, overcome difficulties, and complete the game independently or in cooperation with peers.

4. Teachers should use different guidance methods according to the content and form of the game.

5. During games, attention should be paid to cultivating excellent qualities such as cooperation, humility, friendship, and mutual assistance among children.

(4) Expression method

Expression method means publication and performance. It refers to a method in which children use actions to express their thoughts and feelings and reflect their understanding of things after thinking and understanding. It is an important method for young children to learn.

Expression includes concrete expression (painting, handicrafts, singing, dance, performance, creative games, etc.) and abstract expression (talk, discussion, narration, recitation, etc.).

The key points of using expressions are:

1. Teachers should create conditions for children and give each child sufficient opportunities to express their opinions and express themselves.

2. Let children freely choose the way of expression, actively express themselves, and develop in expression.

Example 5 Circle Race (Physical Education Class)

...Children are divided into four teams of equal size and stand in columns behind the starting line.

The first game: After the teacher gives the signal, the first child in each team runs forward quickly, runs to the circle, picks up the bamboo circle, takes it out from the feet through the body to the head, and then pulls the bamboo circle. Place the circle inside the circle, then continue running forward, use the same method to pass through the second bamboo circle, bypass the small flag, run directly back, pat the second child's hand, and stand at the end of the line. The second child proceeds in the same way, until the last child picks up the flag, the first one to raise the flag wins.

The second game: The method of setting the circle is the same as above. Run to the small flag, take out a ball and pat it three times on the ground. Gently put the ball into the bucket, and pat the second child's hand. , line up to the end of the line, and proceed in order, until the last child runs back, whoever raises the flag first wins.

The third game: The method of setting the circle is the same as above. Run to the small flag and solve an addition problem within 9 on the blackboard in order. Then return, pat the second child's hand, and then line up. At the end of the team, proceed in order,

until the last child runs back, whoever raises the flag first wins. ...

This example uses a method that combines games and exercises.

Example 6 Little Master and Little Guest (Social Middle Class)

…The teacher tells the story "A Guest Comes to Little Bear's House". The general idea of ??the story is that there are guests coming to Little Bear’s house today, so he has to keep the house clean and tidy. After a while, the guests came. They knocked on the door and asked, "Is Little Bear at home?" Little Bear asked the guest's name, opened the door and said, "Please come in, please come in." "Please sit down, please sit down." After the guests were seated, Little Bear poured water and served snacks to the guests. The guest said: "Thank you." "The guests had a great time and praised the little bear as a good host. Before leaving, everyone thanked the little bear and welcomed the little bear to their home. They would also entertain the guests as warmly as the little bear.

Group performance " "I am the little master". Each group of children arranges a "home" by themselves, prepares tea, snacks, toys, etc., takes turns being the host, and others act as guests, performing knocking on doors, greetings, conversations, and goodbyes.

…

This example uses a method that combines games and expression