clef for application: treble clef, and the musical notation is transposed according to the instrumental tone

Practical range: about two and a half octaves (there will be differences when the tone is changed)

Structure: parabolic conical tube made of metal. Bohm key system. Except bB tenor saxophone, all of them are bent into a pipe shape.

Instrument categories: alto saxophone (bE), tenor saxophone (bB), alto saxophone (bE) and tenor saxophone (bB)

Material: copper. aluminum (but it belongs to woodwind music)

Instrument. The treble zone is between clarinet and horn, the midrange zone is like the timbre of human voice and cello, and the bass zone is like tuba and double bass.

Typical applications: it is widely used in jazz and modern pop light music, and there is a variation in Ravel (France) and Bolero Dance

Playing features: the saxophone is made of metal, with strong and weak amplitude, which can be compared with other brass music in sound intensity.

In playing, because its structure is designed by the scientific principle of Bohm flute, its mechanical system is reasonable and its parts are flexible to use. Therefore, it can play difficult music just like flute and clarinet. At the same time, compared with other woodwind instruments, it has its own unique features in playing glide, vibrato, voicing and blowing

Invention history: saxophone was invented by Belgian adolphe sax (1814-1894) in 184 [1]. Adolf is a keen instrument maker, good at clarinet and flute playing. His original idea was to design a bass instrument for the orchestra, and the Ophicleide was flexible and adaptable to outdoor performances. He combined the mouthpiece of the bass clarinet with the tube of the Orphee Clyde and improved it, and named this new instrument after himself.

in 1841, the first bass saxophone in C was exhibited to the public in Brussels. One said that the saxophone had been maliciously kicked out and could not be exhibited, and another said that it was exhibited under the cover of a curtain to prevent plagiarism.

Berlioz, Adolf's good friend and influential musician in Paris in 1842, was very appreciative of saxophone. On March 13th, he introduced this "modified open-mouthed tuba" in La Revue et gazette musicale. On June 12th, he wrote an article in La Journal des Débats again to promote saxophone and make it known to the world.

Adolf was personally attacked by competitors, and the saxophone was boycotted and not widely used. At that time, composers were more cautious and less included saxophone in the orchestra. It is said that at that time, the trademark of saxophone was once erased and exported abroad, and then it was introduced to France anonymously. In 1845, the French Ministry of Military Affairs planned to improve the obsolete military band. On April 22nd, Adolf recommended himself, a competition between Adolf's band and Carafa's traditional band was held in the Ares Square under the Eiffel Tower in Paris, and the audience decided the outcome. Dramatically, the musicians who supported Adolf even missed several people that day. Adolf filled in the blanks and took two saxophones to play alternately. The music effect of the new band is completely superior to that of the traditional band, and the audience is completely on Adolf's side. So saxophone first emerged in the military band.

On June 29th, 1846, the saxophone family obtained a patent in France.

in 1928, French classical saxophonist Marcel Mule established the first saxophone quartet.

after 191, jazz rose in America, and saxophone played an indispensable role in it.

[ Edit this paragraph] The reputation of saxophone

This instrument is played with a single reed. The structure of opening and closing sound holes is similar to that of oboe, and its range is similar to that of oboe. It should be a woodwind instrument, but the tube is made of copper and can also be a brass instrument. It has a fine top and a thick mouth, much like a bass clarinet. There are many saxophones from bass to treble, and all of them are transposed instruments. Saxophone is extremely rich and charming in timbre. It is similar to brass when playing strongly and woodwind when playing weakly. It is the best partner of a wind instrument.

French composers Bicai and Saint-Sang all used saxophone in their works. Saxophone is an indispensable instrument in jazz band trumpet band.

there are four kinds of saxophones that are often used now: Soprano saxophone in B-flat. E-flat Alto saxophone. Tenor saxophone in B flat. E flat on the bass saxophone.

Several saxophones have exactly the same fingering, all of which are transposed instruments, and the notes are recorded by treble scales.

The French composer Berlioz once wrote: "The main feature of saxophone is the wonderful change of timbre, deep and calm, full of emotion, soft and sad, like an echo in an echo. No other instrument can make such a wonderful sound in a silent moment."

saxophone is also known as "unparalleled romantic instrument".

The saxophone can not only play classical music well, but also play jazz and light music better. When people mention jazz, the first musical instrument that comes to mind is the saxophone. The greatest feature of jazz is improvisation, in which the strong and weak beats are inverted and the continuous syncopation is adopted, which makes the rhythm change endlessly, the timbre dramatic, intense, manic and deep, funny and sad. Saxophone is playing a sliding sound in timbre; Trembling and spitting; In terms of the characteristics of super-blowing, it meets the needs of the greatest characteristics of jazz improvisation. Therefore, improvisation has also become a performance feature pursued by saxophone players.

[ Edit this paragraph] Playing method

Wind music playing technique depends on the coordinated action of lips, tongue, breath and fingers. Therefore, using the tongue to spit out sounds is an important link in playing technology. Many experts and scholars also say that voicing is the "worst enemy" of wind musicians, and practice has also proved that due to the problems in using voicing, works can not be perfectly expressed. Several problems about using tongue to spit out sounds: < P > 1. Tongue and air velocity: When using tongue to spit out sounds, stable and radical high-pressure air velocity should be formed, and the effect of spitting out sounds can be improved. On the other hand, breathing loosely, without cohesion and without control, which is not correct chest-abdomen breathing, is not effective even if the correct breath is not used to play. Therefore, it is necessary for students to practice breathing seriously and form an appropriate, accurate, stable and radical high-pressure gas velocity for each tone by practicing long tones.

2. Pronunciation principle of tongue state, position, movement and blowing when spitting: tongue state when spitting-relaxed and natural, slightly raised; Position-throw the "tip" slightly upward and touch the sentinel; The lower edge of the "tip" is smaller and less in contact with the "two tips"; Action-the tip of the first half of the tongue is slightly shrinking, and it also slightly touches the lower edge of the tip of the whistle to pronounce "tu" or "du" syllables. The state, position and movement of the tongue should be pondered repeatedly and practiced constantly, so that the sound head can relax, be comfortable and natural when spitting, and the effect of spitting can reach a clean, clear and pure degree. You should practice the pronunciation slowly, and gradually reach the pronunciation principle of fast pronunciation and fire-when you exhale, the air pressure can't be broken, and the air pressure is always kept around the tip of the whistle. When the tongue touches the lower edge of the tip of the whistle, the air flow can't enter the flute tube through the tuyere between the whistle head and the whistle, and the tip of the tongue prevents the air flow, so that the whistle can't vibrate, and the pronunciation stops. When the tip of the tongue leaves the lower edge of the tip of the whistle, the airflow passes through the tuyere between the flute head and the whistle, and the whistle vibrates and sounds; The shorter the time the tip of the tongue touches the lower edge of the tip of the whistle, the longer it leaves, and the longer the pronunciation; The longer the sound tip touches the lower edge of the whistle tip, the shorter it leaves and the shorter its pronunciation. At this time, the tip of the tongue acts like a piston or a valve.

3. The main problems in voicing:

First, the tip of the tongue drives the root of the tongue to move back and forth, which not only delays the movement of the sound, but also moves the muscles of the neck, larynx, lips and face. The over-sounding effect produces "diou" or "dai" and other mixed sounds, which destroys the musical style. This is very bad.

Second, the area where the tongue touches the whistle is too large, tight, heavy and fierce, and the sound it makes is hard, which makes the sound abnormal and destroys the musical effect.

Third, in the continuous exhaling, one breath after one blow, and one breath after another, thus creating unnecessary lips. The cheeks and neck also move, which makes the sound head rough and ugly and destroys the musical effect. The above pronunciation problems must be corrected according to the two problems mentioned above.

4. Five forms of voicing methods:

First, the single voicing method-voicing with three syllables: "tu", "du" and "La" (1a). "Sudden" pronunciation is often used to play simple and fast passages. This syllable can improve the stability of tongue movements when it is pronounced at the beginning of the sound, and the movements are simple, so this syllable is called "basic tonality", which makes the performers emit various expression changes and distinctive musical effects. Such as long, short, fast, slow, strong and weak, but the principle of pronouncing tu syllables remains unchanged. The "printing" spitting method, also known as "soft-voiced", has the same position and movement of the tongue as the basic spitting method, with the sound head slightly flat and the tip of the tongue slightly rounded, and the sound-starting action should have a gentle idea to make the sound softer and more coherent. This kind of spitting is often used for the performance of lyric melodies and Legato—Staccato. The "La"-style spitting method is rarely used, but it is very useful. The tongue is slightly swept along the tip of the whistle, which is a very weak spitting sound, so that you can feel the effect that you can't actually hear, and the handling is extremely dexterous and subtle. This kind of spitting sound fully shows the artistic expertise of a superb performer.

the second double-pass method (also called abdominal vomiting method)-Shuang Tu method uses two syllables: tu-ku or TC-ka. Shuang Tu needs to use two different methods of starting and receiving sound alternately. Generally, two methods are used alternately, namely, stopping the whistle from pulling by sound and cutting off the airflow in the pharynx. Shuang Tu method is good at playing fast phrases. It needs to have a good foundation of single-spitting method, and has a good quality in the control of pronunciation strength and music performance. Only when the sound is played with stable rhythm, balanced volume, unified starting and playing sounds, can it be used freely in music performance.

thirdly, the three-spitting method-using three syllables: "tu-tu-ku" or "te-te-ka". This method of spitting can produce extremely fast musical force just like Shuang Tu method, and it is especially suitable for the hook structure with triplet form or repeated forms of three different sounds. This "three-spitting" method often makes each repeated "sudden" appear too prominent, so some players adopt other syllable conversion of spitting sounds, such as: tu-ku-tu or ku-tu-kuo

Fourth, the air-spitting method uses the mouth shape of "fu" or "du fu" syllables. This kind of articulation is a common articulation method for saxophone when playing light music. When practicing, the flute head should be dropped as little as possible, and the upper teeth should be close to the flute head, and the downward spread should be relaxed as far as possible, so that the upper teeth are tight and the lower teeth are loose. The sigh sound can be directly brought out by the qi, or the sound can be brought out by the "fu", which is mostly used for slower lyric music.

fifthly, the plucking method (also called rolling sound)-the notation term Frullato, and the plucking with "tululu ..." is a method of playing with the tongue vibrating rapidly. This kind of voicing is rarely used in band performance and is used for special musical effects.

5. Single-spit method (also known as basic-spit method)-According to the changing characteristics of musical expression, the performer can produce various blowing effects such as light, heavy and long, but the pronunciation principle of the "tu" syllable remains unchanged.

First, Legato notation for Legato notation, when playing several notes in the Legato notation, except the first note, which is pronounced according to the musical style, other notes in the Legato notation do not need to be pronounced with the tongue. By changing the relaxation of the labial muscles, the breathing energy and the conversion of fingering, the sound is continuously played smoothly with one breath.

second, the soft playing (adhesion) of Portato notation is like playing Legato, but with the "Zheng" (du) syllable, each tone is played with the tongue gently and stretch continuously, which is used in expressive and beautiful lyric music.

thirdly, the notation of the sub-Legato (Legato) mczzo staccato is between Legato IJeSato and Legato Staccato. Between the playing method, with the basic pronunciation method of "tu" syllable, each sound is played, which accounts for about three-quarters of each cypress. Fourth, keep the Tenuto notation in the performance. To play the full duration of the note, the effect is similar to that of connecting the iegatos, and the sounds should be smooth and smooth. The basic pronunciation method of "tu" syllable is used to play each sound, which is the difference between Legato Legato and soft overblown Portato. Stress starts to blow

Fifth, accent notation with stress spring method. In the performance, the basic pronunciation method of "tu" syllable starts to blow, and the effect from strong to weak is played within a beat, mainly the control of tone and elastic abdominal muscle movements.

short notes start to blow

Sixth, in the performance, martele(staccatissimo) notation is used to start to blow with "tu" syllables, but each note should be played short and forcefully, and the time effect of playing is a quarter of the notation.

Seventh, Staccato notation with staccato notation is used to play with the basic pronunciation method of "tu" syllables, but it is more elastic and granular, and the playing effect is half that of the notation.

Eighth, tremolo notation. In the performance, you should use the basic pronunciation method of "tu" syllable to start playing, and you should play it back and forth alternately and repeatedly quickly, cleanly, smoothly and evenly.

Ninth, Trill notation is used in playing, starting from the original sound of the notation to the sound above it and then back to the original sound, and playing quickly and repeatedly according to the needs of music. In saxophone playing, the natural vibrato of the jaw is used to pronounce the syllable "Ya-Ya-Ya-Ya ………". The use of natural vibrato in saxophone is determined by the style of music and the emotional characteristics of specific phrases, and is based on pure and pure pronunciation.