National musical instruments are unique musical instruments of China.

(1) Instrumental music of the Pre-Qin period

According to unearthed cultural relics and documentary records, the musical instruments of the Pre-Qin period included drums, harpoons, bean drums, Ben drums, Ying drums, Tian drums, county drums, Bell, yong, south, zheng, chime, fou, braided pan, bell, pottery bell, ya, zhu, 攔, he, luan, reed, whistle (made of pottery, bone, etc.), xun, 龠, heao, yan , Xiao, Guan, Chi, Sheng, Qin, Se, Zhu and so on. In primitive society, the emergence of musical instruments was closely related to myths and legends, worship of gods, folk dances, labor and life, etc. After entering class society, musical instruments were mainly used for the entertainment and enjoyment of rulers, in addition to being used in religious, ceremonial and other occasions. The production of musical instruments is exquisite and luxurious, and the scale is getting larger and larger. For example, it is recorded in "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals: Extravagant Music": "Xia Jie and Yin Zhou regarded the extravagant music as the sound of big drums, bells, chimes, pipes, and Xiaos, with huge For the sake of beauty, the audience is the observer; the ears have never heard of the unique beauty, and the eyes have never seen it, so they should pass by each other and not measure it."

(2) Instrumental music from the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Wei and Jin Dynasties.

The main musical instruments that appeared at that time were zither, pipa (in two different shapes, Qin Hanzi and Ruan Xian), flute, square ring, and harp harp (that is, the lying harp). Zheng, pipa and flute are all accompaniment instruments of "Xianghe Song". During this historical period, a large number of foreign musical instruments were absorbed. For example, with the introduction of drum music, wind instruments such as Jia, Jiao, Zhongming, Changming, and Qiang flute were also used. Due to the interaction with the culture of the Western Regions, the main musical instruments passed down include the vertical harp, Persian pipa (i.e. Quxiang pipa), and the Pipa harp. The vertical harp is also a Persian musical instrument and was introduced to my country during the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Quxiang pipa passed through India and Xinjiang around 350 AD and was introduced to the Gansu area. According to the "Book of Liang Jianwen Emperor", it was spread to the south at least in 551 AD (Nanbei Lang).

(3) Instrumental music during the Sui and Tang Dynasties

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, due to further cultural exchanges in the Western Regions, the number of musical instruments increased sharply. Especially drum instruments, this may be due to the development of song and dance music. Percussion instruments include cymbals, clappers, festival drums, stick drums, waist drums, Yubao drums, fan drums, Huan drums, Qi drums, Dan drums, Jie drums, Dutan drums, Maoyuan drums, Tara drums, Jilou drums, etc. There are more than 30 kinds of string instruments, including duxianqin, three-stringed qin, xiqin, zither, wind-headed harp, five-stringed pipa, and xiqin. Wind instruments include bamboo flute, Yizui flute, chakhand flute, and peace pipe. There are more than 20 kinds of fruits, such as peach skin, peppercorns and so on. An important change in musical instruments during this period was the emergence of the stringed instruments Jia Zheng and Xi Qin, which opened up a new field of musical instrument performance.

(4) Instrumental music of the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties

During this period, stringed instruments experienced outstanding changes and development. Following the Xi Qin, the Mawei Huqin appeared in the Song Dynasty. Also found in records are the huqin, daruan, five-stringed ruan, yueqin, huluqin, Bohaiqin, Huobusi, two-stringed instrument, dambula, kitar, labab, fiddle, harzak, and dulcimer. There are more than fifty kinds of string instruments (actually there are far more types of folk string instruments than these). During the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the wind instrument Suona (also known as Jinkoujiao, Suernai, Suona) was introduced from the north, which once again brought about major changes in the performance combination of drum music, further enriching the drum music in terms of timbre, volume and style. Musical performance. Suona was originally used in military music. For example, in the Sanqu "Chao Tianzi: Chanting the Trumpet" in "Mr. Wang Xilou's Yuefu" written by Wang Pan of the Ming Dynasty: "Trumpets and insulators, the tunes are small and the tunes are big. The official ships come and go in a mess, all relying on you to raise your status. Military The army is worried and the people are afraid. What is true and false? What you see is blowing up this house and hurting that house. The water is blown away and the geese fly away! According to the records of "Sancai Tuhui", suona has been used among the people in the Ming Dynasty.

"Several important components of the local style of folk instrumental music"

The composition of the local style characteristics of instrumental music works, from a technical perspective, involves the entire basic expression method of music ( The pitch relationship, mode, tonality, rhythm, beat, speed, range, intensity, timbre, playing method, texture, etc.) of the tune and the overall expression method, they are indispensable to form the style characteristics of an instrumental piece. Basic elements.

According to the performance characteristics of traditional folk instrumental music in my country, generally speaking, the important components of local style are performance skills, traditional folk melody development techniques, and band composition.

[Edit this paragraph] Solo music

"Flute and Sheng music"

●The shape of the flute

The flute is made of bamboo The tube body has a blow hole, a membrane hole, two (or four) air outlets and six sound holes. The film hole is covered with reed film or bamboo film, and the left end of the blowing hole is plugged with a flute plug, and the blowing hole is blown horizontally.

●Northern Bangdi Music

Bangdi music includes "Five Bangzi" played by Feng Zicun, "Happy Encounter", "Flying a Kite", "Hanging Red Lanterns" and "Orioles Spreading Wings"; Liu Guan The music performed "Selling Vegetables", "Bird in the Shade", "Jinan Xiaomen", "Peace Dove" and "Backtalk".

●Southern Qudi Music

Representative tunes of Qudi include: "Little Herding Cows", "Partridge Flying", "Happy Song" and "Zhonghua Liuban" performed by Lu Chunling; "Three Five Seven" and "Morning" played by Jiang Xianwei and "Journey to Suzhou" played by Jiang Xianwei.

●Sheng music

The Sheng is an ancient reed instrument in my country. As early as the Yin Dynasty (1401 BC - 1122 BC) oracle bone inscriptions, there is the name He (ie Xiao Sheng). The ancient "Book of Songs·Yiji" already mentioned "playing the Sheng and the Yong", and the "Book of Songs·Xiaoya·Lu Ming" also recorded "blowing the Sheng and drums". Later, the Sheng instrument was recorded in many places in historical documents such as "Rituals", "Zhou Rites" and "Book of Rites". The earliest physical objects are musical instruments unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Suixian County, Hubei Province. They have a history of more than 2,400 years. Historically, instruments with twenty-two, twenty-three, and twenty-six reeds were generally called Yu; instruments with nineteen, seventeen, and thirteen reeds were called Sheng.

The shape of the Sheng: the Sheng is mainly composed of three parts: the Sheng reed, the Sheng flute, and the Sheng bucket. Sheng reeds were made of bamboo in ancient times, but later they were made of bronze; Sheng flutes are bamboo tubes of different lengths (mostly made of purple bamboo), with a long sound window (i.e. sound hole) near the upper end and a sound hole near the lower end. There is a circular sound hole, and the lower end is embedded with a wooden sheng foot to hold the reed, and is inserted into the sheng bucket; the sheng bucket is made of gourd, wood or copper, with a round flat top, and a hole for inserting seedlings on the top. Even has a mouthpiece.

The development of Sheng solo art: The development of Sheng solo art is mainly in the north.

『Erhu, Banhu Music』

●Overview of Erhu

Erhu, Jinghu, Jing Erhu, Ruangong Jinghu, Genka, Cantonese Hu, Sihu, Zhuiqin, Zhonghu, Dahu, etc.; flat-faced ones such as Banhu, Yehu, Erxian.

●Banhu music

Banhu has many names among the people, such as: Qinhu, Huhu, Bangzihu, Laiao and Daxian.

『Zheng Music』

Historical evolution: Zheng is an instrument named after its sound effect. Traditional Zheng music from various regions. Representative Zheng music nationwide is mainly distributed in Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, Meixian and Chaoshan in southern Fujian, Guangdong and other places.

『Pipa Music』

Pipa is an instrument named after its playing technique. "Pi" and "琶" were originally the names of two playing techniques of ancient plucked instruments. From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, the word "Pipa" became a mixed name for various plucked instruments. After the Tang Dynasty, pipa became a special term for an independent musical instrument and is still used today.

[Edit this paragraph] Ensemble Music

"Sinzhu Music"

The names "Silk" and "Zhu" were first seen in "Zhou Li Chunguan" 》, belongs to the eight-tone category, which refers to the category of musical instruments. In the Han Dynasty, there are historical records of silk and bamboo as accompaniments for vocal music. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, silk and bamboo were not only used to accompany vocal music, but were also often used for solo performance before singing. This form of performance was used in many song and dance music, rap music It has been preserved to this day. The "Qing Diao" and "Fa Qu" in the Sui and Tang Dynasties also belong to the ensemble forms of ancient silk and bamboo music in my country. The eight musical instruments used in "Qing Diao" are sheng, flute, chi, jie, qin, zi, zither and pipa. The musical instruments used in "Fa Qu" include pipa, harp, five-stringed qin, zither, sheng, zither, square ring, and clapper. Fine music, silk and bamboo music in the Song Dynasty were highly developed. The instrumental music ensembles of the Yuan Dynasty include Daqu, Xiaoqu, Huihui, etc. The instruments used are "Zheng, Qin Pipa, Huqin, Hun Bu Di", etc., which also belong to the form of silk and bamboo music.

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the development of opera music, silk and bamboo ensembles were widely used as accompaniments for opera music, rap music, and song and dance music. Independent silk and bamboo ensemble forms were widely spread and developed throughout the country.

●Jiangnan Sizhu

The popular area is centered in Shanghai, including southern Jiangsu and western Zhejiang. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, it was called Jiangnan Sizhu to distinguish it from other regions.

The Jiangnan Sizhu Band consists of at least two people (erhu and flute); usually three to five people; it can also be seven or eight people. Stringed instruments: erhu, sanxian, pipa, dulcimer; Wind instruments: flute, Xiao, Sheng; Percussion instruments: drums, banquets, wooden fish, bells, etc.

The music style of Jiangnan Sizhu is light, bright, cheerful and lively. The music generally expresses the simple and healthy character of the people in Jiangnan and reflects the beautiful scenery of Jiangnan.

●Cantonese music

The popular area is centered in Guangzhou and the Pearl River Delta. It is also popular in the Zhanjiang area and the Guangxi vernacular area, and later gradually spread to Shanghai, Tianjin and Beijing in the north. Waiting for big cities.

Guangdong music was formed at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China. At that time, ditties, tunes and transitional music from operas were mostly played, such as "A Ingot of Gold" played during the wedding ceremony in Cantonese opera, and "One Ingot of Gold" played during the wedding ceremony. "Liu Qingniang", "Crying the Emperor" played when lighting incense candles in memorial, etc. Therefore, the local people call it "puzi", "little song" and "cut scene music".

In the early days, the orchestra formation of Guangdong music was the same as the instruments used in opera music, including five erxian, fiddle (the same shape as the banhu, but larger), sanxian, yueqin and horizontal flute, known as the "five-stringed instrument" ", also known as "hard bow combination".

●Chaozhou Xianshi

Chaozhou Xianshi, commonly known as Xianshiyue, is mainly popular in Chaozhou and Shantou areas of Guangdong Province, and is also popular in southern Fujian. Later, it spread to Southeast Asia with overseas Chinese. country.

●Fujian Nanqu

Nanqu is also called "Nanyin", "Nanyue", "Nanguan" or "Guanxian". It is mainly spread in Quanzhou City and Jinjiang area in southern Fujian. , Xiamen, Longxi and Taiwan are also very popular. With the migration of overseas Chinese, it is also played (sung) in places such as Ryukyu and Nanyang Islands. It is affectionately called "xiangyin" by local overseas Chinese and compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan.

Nanqu is divided into three categories: "finger", "pu" and "qu".

Finger: Folk artists call it "Zhipu" or "Zhitao". It is a complete large-scale suite (i.e. Sanqu couplet) with words, music and fingering (pipa playing fingering). Traditionally, it has Thirty-six sets, later increased to forty-eight sets, each set has a certain storyline, such as "White Rabbit", "Liu Zhiyuan", "Rouge", "Twelve Peaks of Wushan", "Eighteen Scholars", "Take advantage of the situation" Flower Appreciation Lantern" etc. The main repertoire includes five major sets: "Zilai", "Yizhi", "Sitting in the Hall", "Heart and Heart" and "For the King".

Mu: Also known as "Dapu", that is, instrumental music suite. There are pipa fingering techniques. Traditionally there are twelve sets, which later increased to sixteen sets. The famous suites include "Four Seasons", "Plum Blossom Exercise", "Walking Horse" and "Birds Returning to their Nest", which are referred to as "Four, Plum Blossoms, Walking and Returning". Other suites include "Three Disharmony", "Four Unresponsibility", "Yangguan Triple Layer", "Three-faced Money Sutra", "Five-faced Money Sutra", "Eight-faced Money Sutra", "Qishou Ban", etc.

Qu: It is also called Sanqu, also called Caoqu, both of which are sung with lyrics. The number of them is no less than a thousand, and they are popular in a wide range of areas. The song is divided into multiple "rolling doors" such as long roll, medium roll, short roll, sequential roll, large times, medium times, small times, etc. Each "rolling door" has a specific beat, key and melody; there are several brand names under the "rolling door", and there are many ditties under each brand name.

There are three main versions of Nanqu music score (instrumental part). "Wen Huantang's first engraved finger score", "Quannan finger score re-edited" and "Nanyin finger score".

『Drumming Music』

Before the Song Dynasty, the instruments used for drumming music in the palace were mostly horns, bamboo flutes, panpipes, flutes, bamboo baskets, zhongming and longming. ; Percussion instruments mainly include cymbals, cymbals, cymbals, duos, drums, festival drums, large drums, etc.

The introduction of Zona instruments in drum music was around the Jin and Yuan dynasties, when they were used for military music and ceremonial purposes. It has been widely spread among the people in the mainland since the Ming Dynasty.

There are three forms of drumming music, with three types of musical instruments: suona, pipe, and flute.

●Jizhong Wind Music

This music type has the tradition of being good at playing Qin folk songs, minor tunes and mass songs, so it is commonly known as "winding songs". It is mainly popular in Dingxian, Xushui, Anping, Anguo, Boye and other areas in central Hebei Province. The performances of the Ziwei Village Blowing Song Club in Dingxian County and the Qianminzhuang Blowing Song Club in Xushui County are the most famous.

●Shanxi Eight Great Sets

Shanxi's "Eight Great Sets" are mainly popular in Wutai and Dingxiang counties in Shanxi Province, followed by Xin County, Yuanping and Guo County.

●Persuasion Music of Southwestern Shandong

Persistence music from various parts of Shandong can be divided into three parts according to popular regions and performance characteristics. The percussion music spread in Yantai and Laiyang areas mostly uses pipes as the main instrument; the percussion music popular in Changwei and Zhangqiu areas mostly uses flutes as the main instrument; the percussion music spread in Heze, Jining, and Liaocheng areas are The performance is mostly played by suona and tin flute. The persuasive music popular in Heze and Jining areas in the southwestern part of Shandong is the most important and representative part of Shandong persuasive music and enjoys the reputation of "the hometown of suona" in my country.

●Liaonan drumming

Many Liaonan drumming repertoire comes from the Northern and Southern music brands since the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and is composed of absorbing the popular local folk songs and instrumental music music brands.

(1) Han Biao

It is used for funerals and is performed in a tent style. Frequently played pieces include "The Great Curse of Yulang", "The Little Curse of Yulang" and "Daou Tiange" "Little Ou Tiange", "Da Chaoyang", "Little Chaoyang", "Yellow Warbler", "Lan Ying", "Moon High", "Golden Character Sutra", "Nanzheng Palace", etc.

(2) Big-name tunes

It is used for weddings and funerals, and is played in the form of a tent. Frequently played pieces include "Four Lai" and "Yan'er Luo"

[Edit this paragraph] Body sound instruments

(1) Percussion body sound instruments: ding-dong, wooden stick Qin, Yunban, Jino Bamboo Tube, Bamboo Tube Qin, Gong, Dangdang, Singles, 铓, Tonggu, etc.

(2) Mutual sounding instruments: sticks, bronze mirrors, bamboo clappers, bamboo poles, cymbals, cloth cymbals, breast cymbals, head cymbals, two cymbals, small cymbals, cymbals, big cymbals, Sneeze, cymbal, small cymbal, bump cup, bump bell, waist bell, kuosuke, bench, other stone, other stone, bone board, etc.

(3) Falling body-sounding musical instruments: pestle, bamboo pounding tube, bamboo tube, Yao bamboo tube, aga, etc.

(4) Shaking musical instruments: Lianxiang stick, Sabayi, Reba bell, Panling, Vajra bell, Yao bell, Shaman bell, shaking bell, string bell,

Bronze bells, eight-treasure bronze bells, master swords, etc.

(5) Comprehensive musical instruments: bamboo reeds, Dandao reeds, iron reeds, Xibo iron reeds, etc.

[Edit this paragraph] Membrane-sounding musical instruments

(1) Hammer-beating membrane-sounding musical instruments: Dagu, Zhonglao of the Zhuang people, Yao people's big drum, Shui people's big drum, Shui people's big drum, Sai Tu, Luedou, Guanglong, Xianjiang, Yao Monkey Drum, Miao Monkey Drum, Waist Drum, Pan Drum, Pig Mouth Drum, Jiang Drum, War Drum, Flat Drum, Bayin Drum, Book Drum, Huozhe, Rudong, Small Drum, Taiping Drum , Rimu, Huangu, Tigu, Dama, Nagra, Damaru, Jiangu, Shengu, Na'e, Dabur, bamboo drum, etc.

(2) Membrane-beating musical instruments: Sherpa drum, octagonal drum, tambourine, dabu, yellow mud drum, changgu, Guangya, Guangtun, etc.

(3) Mixed membrane-beating instruments: tambourine, round drum, side drum, double-sided drum, stick drum, bee drum, Wangdu, etc.

[Edit this paragraph] Air-sounding instruments

(1) Lip-vibrating air-sounding instruments: horns, copper horns, steel horns, conches, deer flutes, trombones, tube chins, Congtong, Bubba, etc.

(2) Voice instruments: acacia flute, etc.

(3) Edged air-melting instruments: Hujia, Zhuangdi, Naiyi, transverse flute, transverse flute, short flute, tube flute, nose flute, Sibuxue, eagle flute,

Bone flute, Turen, Zhitong Xiao, Bulia, Bagadiudong, Liedu, Diguizhen, Kuluo, double-barreled nose flute, Zhaling, Awu, Di Laono, Niwawu, Roe Deer Whistle ,etc.

(4) Breathing instruments: night flute, dong flute, saixiao, prize, wageluo, xionglin, sunayi, doulu, bass doulu, pacific flute, rattle, may. Xiao, bamboo flute, bamboo bamboo flute, le rong, sister flute, double-barreled dong flute, Bo Xiaohu, Jue Zhenjie, etc.

(5) Single-reed air-sounding instruments: Bawu, Ju, Ju Xiang, Miao Di, Mang Tong, Bamboo Leaf Flute, Ma Bu, Ju Lu, Cun Di, Dong Dong Kui, Pen Guan, Da Dilong, Juduohe, Bolu, Jujian, Lilie, Liluo, Dilie, Juer, Julangbulang, Mangdi, Meidu, Qizhen, double-barreled Bawu, double-barreled 筚langdao, 筚General, decisive, double-barreled bamboo-leaf flute, double-barreled mabu, fichak, handa, gourd-sheng, reed-sheng, pai-sheng, Konoha, etc.

(6) Double-reed air-sounding instruments: Balaman, Bobo, Xijuozhen, Xiaomudi, Suernai, Changsuona, Jialing, Bolie, Miao suona, Bai suona, Yi Suona, Bai, Leyou Lelang, Dongba, Kuosinanyi, Shuangzhen, Changji, Double-tube muffled flute, Mimi, Shuanglelang, etc.

[Edit this paragraph] Stringed musical instruments

(1) Percussive stringed musical instruments: bamboo harp, bamboo harp, qiang, etc.

(2) Plucked string instruments: Xuanqin, Gayageum, Yatuoga, Wuxianqin, Duxianqin, Wuxian pipa, Naxi pipa, Huobusi, Hulei, Kaomu Zhi, Sugudu, Zhamunian, Danbul, Saiyituer, Biyue Corbel, Dutar, Kashgar Rewapu, Dolangrewapu, Rewapu, Barangzikumu, Ku Mu Riyi, Aken Dongbula, Band Dongbula, Yueqin, Guizhou Xianning Yi and Buyi Yueqin, Yi four-stringed instrument, Miao four-stringed instrument, Dong large pipa, Dong medium pipa, Dong small pipa, Qibue, and large three-stringed instrument , Longtou Sanxian, Yi Minor Sanxian, Lahu Minor Sanxian, Lisu Sanxian, Sai Ying, Zhuang Sanxian, Laoshi Sanxian, Yi Da Sanxian, Yi Middle Sanxian, Miao Sanxian, Tianqin, vertical harp, phoenix-head harp, double row Stringed harp, Yanzhu harp, modulated harp, caron, bowed harp, dabia, Dai Ding, Tovshur, Dombul, Fitekena, samisen, etc.

(3) Bow-drawn and stringed musical instruments: Tini, Yazheng, Tajik Ejik, Huqin, Satal, Husital, Yehu, Calabash, Tuhu, Genka, Duo Lang Aijie, Aijie, treble Aijie, bass Aijie, single-string Huqin, Shizheng, Dinghei, Xiqin, reform Xiqin, four-string Xiqin, Biwang, tieqin, Tibetan Jinghu, horse bone Hu, bamboo tube Hu, Naxi Huqin, Erhuang, Langduoyi, Xidian, Duoluo, Zani, Yi Sanhu, Sihu, Mongolian Sihu, Sixianhu, Yi Sihu, Buyi Sihu, Morinqin, Keyak, Er Zhi, Corbel Qin, Kubuzi, Chaoer, Erhu, etc.