Abstract: Cai Diao, commonly known as Diaozi, Cai Diao, Lanterns, Nahahai, etc., is one of the local opera types in Guangxi. It belongs to the lantern opera system and is derived from rural singing, dancing and rap in Guilin. The "pair tune". Originated in the rural areas of northern Guangxi, it is widely spread and has different names. Guilin is called "Cai Tiao", Liuzhou, Hechi areas and some counties in Wuzhou are called "Tiaozi Opera", Pingle and Lipu areas are called "Tea Picking Opera" and "Colored Deng", and places such as Ningming and Baise in Zuo and Youjiang are called "Tiaozi Opera". "Big Tea Picking", "Haohai Opera", etc., were collectively referred to as "Cai Tiao Opera" after 1955. Next, this article will introduce the artistic characteristics of Cai Diao Opera in detail, let’s take a look! Caitiao, originally called "Tiaozi". It is a local opera loved by people of all ethnic groups in Guangxi and one of the local opera types in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. It belongs to the lantern opera system, originated from rural singing and dancing in Guilin area, and is a "pair tune" derived from rap and singing. It is widely distributed. There are about 500 kinds of colorful operas. In terms of form, there are one-man opera, antiphonal opera, major opera, three-small opera, first-person opera, double-stage opera, etc. Colorful opera is popular in Guilin, Liuzhou, Hechi, Baise and other areas. Due to differences in dialects, the names vary from place to place: Guilin is called "Colored Deng", "Caidiao" and "Singing Deng"; Pingle, Lipu, Liuzhou and Hechi are called "Tea Picking Opera" and "Tiaozi Opera"; Baise and Nanning In other areas, it is called "Dacha-picking opera", "Haohai opera", and "Yihaohai", but "Tiaozi opera" and "tea-picking opera" are the most common. In 1955, when he participated in a mass music and dance observation performance in Beijing, the name was unified as "Cai Diao Opera".
1. The historical origin of colorful opera
In the early years, songs and dances such as tea-picking songs and colored lanterns were popular in various parts of Guangxi, but they did not form into dramas. During the period of spread, it also absorbed folk songs and minor tunes from Guangxi and Guibei, and gradually enriched it. During the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty, tune artists opened schools to teach skills in counties in northern Guangxi and Xinning Prefecture (now Fusui County) in southern Guangxi. They made a living by teaching and performing tunes, and gradually became professional artists. During the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, the tune spread from north to south, forming the main distribution areas centered on Guilin, Liuzhou and Yishan, and continued to spread to the south. During the Daoguang and Guangxu years of the Qing Dynasty, a large number of immigrants from Hunan migrated to the counties in northern Guizhou and introduced Tiaozi (another name for Flower Drum Opera in southern Hunan) to Guangxi. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Cai Diao Opera, which was derived from Flower Drum Opera but was different from Flower Drum Opera, was formed. Influenced by Hunan Huagu Opera, Tiaozi Opera gradually developed from the "two small plays" of clown and Xiaodan to the "three small plays" of Xiaosheng, clown and Xiaodan with character stories. In the rural areas of northern Guangxi, "Seven Tights, Eight Pines, and Nine Happinesses", that is, "mountain climbing classes" composed of 7, 8 or 9 people, have appeared. Artists are required to specialize in one specialty and have multiple abilities, so that they can travel between villages in various places. Through their long-term performances in village tours and festival temple fairs, they have accumulated "Double Reading", "Double Shop", "Blind Man's Fortune Telling", "Three Birds Hunting", "Three Looking at Marriage", and "Study Money" , "Going to Nanjing" and other 36 "three small plays" (the so-called "Thirty-six Jianghu Diao"). During this period, the tune music initially formed three distinctive categories: tune, ban, and tune. There is a saying of "nine tunes and eighteen tunes". At the same time, there were also reforms in aspects such as makeup, performance, and trade. In the 32nd year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty (1906), the most prestigious Caotou Weiwei Diao Troupe broke the old habit of "women not singing tunes" and produced the first batch of female female actors in Cai Diao operas. Before and after the Revolution of 1911, famous artists emerged in large numbers, such as the "Four Number One Scholars": Leng Guifu, Zhu Wuba, Luo Shaoting, and Qin Laosi; the "Four Famous Danes": Wu Lao Lao, Pan Fafu, Liang Rushan, and Liu Fangsi; the "King of Grimaces" "Zhou Chaogang; "King of Diaozi" Li Dashu, Chen Songshan, etc. The art of color tune has reached maturity during this period.
After the Revolution of 1911, color tunes moved from rural areas to urban theaters, and "mountain troupes" developed into semi-professional tunes with 20 to 30 people, such as Tongle Tang, Cuile Tang, and Qunyuan. class. At this time, the original 36 "Jianghu Diao" could no longer meet the audience's requirements, so the artists compiled "Two Women Fighting for Husbands", "Grabbing the Tofu", "Breaking the Ladle", "Two Women Fighting for Husbands", "Break the Ladle", and "Two Women Fighting for Husbands" based on novels and folk tales. "Evil Daughter-in-law Turns into a Cow" and other "big tune" plays. At the same time, in order to make a living, artists also created many "counter-plays". For example, Class A performed "Mother Sends Daughter to Mother", Class B performed "Mother Sends Daughter to Mother", Class B performed "Three Visits to the Mother", and Class A performed "Mother to Send Mother to Mother". Four Girls on a Blind Date" etc. The results of this Taiwan competition not only enriched the repertoire of Cai Diao, but also promoted the development of Cai Diao music and performing arts. Most of the Cai Diao repertoires are short plays that reflect rural life, family ethics and mythological stories. There are about 500 traditional repertoires, and 344 have been recorded as scripts.
After 1927, artists suffered a lot and Cai Diao was on the verge of decline.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Cai Diao was reborn. Professional theater troupes such as Guilin Guihua Diao Troupe and Liuzhou Peasant Diao Troupe were established one after another. Amateur opera troupes also spread across urban and rural areas. In the spring of 1955, the Guangxi Literary Cadre School opened a Cai Diao training class and trained a group of outstanding young actors, such as Fu Jinhua, Tang Ji, Wang Yuzhen, Luo Liang, Yang Aimin, etc., who formed the Guangxi Cai Diao Troupe in 1956. In 1959, Liuzhou Cai Diao Troupe wrote and performed the Cai Diao drama "Liu Sanjie", which was warmly welcomed by audiences inside and outside the region and contributed to the improvement of Cai Diao art. In 1965, the Guangxi Caitiao Troupe wrote and performed the modern drama "Three Little Red Flowers", which was produced into a color film by the Beijing Film Studio.
2. The artistic characteristics of Cai Diao Opera
Singing and dancing are equally important, especially in the "Three Little Operas". Music singing can be divided into three types: tune type, ban type and tone type. The same tune can be changed in ban and tune according to different professions and characters. There is a saying that "the tunes are multi-purpose and the ban tune is subdivided". For example: the tunes are named according to the profession, such as Lao Dan tune and Yao Dan tune. Tune, Xiaosheng Tune, Danjie Tune, Choujie Tune, Laosheng Tune, Wazai Tune; according to the character's identity and occupation, there are Xianggong Tune, Huazi Tune, Matchmaker Tune, Robber Tune, Monk Tune, Shenxian Tune, etc.; According to work and daily life, there are picking tune, rowing tune, digging tune, dressing tune, drinking tune, etc. Board types include complaining board, crying board, scolding board, worrying board, etc. The types of tunes include Bigu tune, Zouma tune, etc. In addition, it also absorbs some tunes from folk rap music, such as Huahua tune, Yugu tune, Linglianluo, etc. The musical accompaniment is divided into left and right fields. The left field is for strings and wind instruments, with tune Hu as the main instrument, as well as dulcimer, pipa, sanxian, suona, flute, etc.; the right field is for percussion instruments, including gongs, drums, cymbals, etc., and gongs and drums. Commonly used dots include "one dragon", "three nods", also called "long gong", "one cymbal", "three cymbals", "four cymbals", etc.
Most of the basic characteristics of eyes, hands, body skills and footwork in Cai Diao performance are reflected in the two professions of Xiaodan and clown (including Xiaosheng), followed by Choudan. The clown's and dan's footwork, turns, appearance, fanning, and hand gestures are very characteristic of this drama, and the footwork in the base is the most prominent. The clown's footwork alone can be divided into four categories: short pile, medium pile, high pile and high and low pile, such as "lazy step", "twisting step", "kick step", "test step", "lateral step" and " "Dwarf step" and so on. Danjiao's "heel step", "broken step", "cloud step", etc. Fans, handkerchiefs and ribbons are the three treasures of color tune performances. Among them, the fan is the most important one, and there are dozens of dance styles of fan flowers, such as: three-and-five movements, ball fan, high and low fan, butterfly fan, shame fan, swing fan, swing fan, throwing fan, rolling fan, etc. Fan, wave fan, combined fan, reverse fan, etc. Fans can be used as brooms, umbrellas, oars, poles, knives and guns during performances. It is truly a versatile prop.
The presentation of various professions is also called "liangtai", and there are as many as ten kinds of works. There are stage corner appearances, fan appearance appearances, fan appearance appearances, fan appearance appearances, side appearance appearances, shameless appearances, etc. Commonly used actions for young actors and actresses to appear include golden rooster standing alone, crouching tiger and crouching dragon, drunken immortal lying on pillow, looking back at the moon, looking back with eyes, etc.
3. Character professions in Cai Diao drama: There are three main professions in Cai Diao drama: Sheng, Dan and Chou.
4. The performance form of Cai Diao Opera
The performance of Cai Diao Opera is a comprehensive art including the four skills and five methods of singing, reading, acting and dancing. The most outstanding ones are the performances of making and dancing. Because Cai Diao performs 36 songs and dances based on the "Three Little Operas", the hands, eyes, body and footwork in the performance basically run through the Cai Diao's "short steps" and "fan flowers". Therefore, "Short Step Fanning Flowers" is the most distinctive performing art of Cai Tiao. Colorful short-step fan flowers have different expressions in various walks of life.
5. The singing style of Cai Diao opera
The music of Cai Diao opera is very rich, and its singing style belongs to the couplet style, which is divided into three categories: tune, ban and tune. Most of the singing melodies are composed of seven-character sentences, followed by four-part one-piece singing melodies. It is sung in thirteen rhymes and Liuzhou dialect, and is commonly known as "tofu block" music. According to incomplete statistics, there are 289 Cai Diao singing tunes, including 251 singing tunes (172 tunes, 10 ban tunes, and 69 tunes), 29 tunes, and 8 gongs and drums. They all focus on serving the character creation. The tune can reflect the characteristics according to the character's personality, profession, emotion and plot needs.
For example, the singing tunes that express one’s profession include [Xiaosheng tune], [Shaodan tune], [Harlequin tune], [Danjiao tune], [Wazai tune], [Laosheng tune], and the singing tunes that reflect the character’s identity include [Xiangong tune], [ Monk Tune], [Robber Tune], [Matchmaker Tune], [Blind Tune], [Idiot Tune], [Fortune Teller Tune], [Xian Tune], etc.; those that express various actions of characters in labor include [Bear-bearing Tune] [Rowing Tune], [Dressing Tune], [Drinking Tune], [Toasting Tune], etc.; those that express various thoughts and feelings of characters include [Wuguangtan Lang], [Crying Ban], [Scolding Ban], [ [Vita board], [Excellent cavity], [Sanban excellent cavity], [Yin cavity], etc. The unique singing tune of Liuzhou Cai Diao has five major tunes, namely [Siping tune], [Wuban tune], [Zhengshizi tune], [Cuiban tune] and [Liangshi tune]. These five major dialects are indispensable in large-scale performances of Cai Diao Opera. [Siping tune] is the "king of tunes" in Liuzhou Cai Diao singing. There are five types of tunes: [Slow Siping], [Quick Siping], [High Siping], [Low Siping], [Yue Diao Siping], and they are combined with each other. use. There are five types of [Complaint Board]: [Slow Complaint Board], [Quick Complaint Board], [High Complaint Board], [Complaint Board Head], and [Qiu Board Head]. [Crying board] has two types [scattered board head]. The five major singing styles all have the characteristics of rigorous structure, smooth tone patterns, balanced movements, correct words and round accents, and a combination of rap and rap.
6. Music of Cai Diao Opera
The development of Cai Diao music not only relies on its own musical characteristics, but also has a very close relationship with its brother operas, such as Hunan Flower Drum Opera and Guangxi Gui Opera. and literary field, which mutually influenced and promoted the development of Cai Diao music. For example, [melon seeds], [flower tune], [a piece of silk], [jade beauty], [jumping over the pink wall], [Hangzhou red], [falling broken bridge], [moon tune], etc. in Liuzhou Wenchang tunes are related to The colorful tunes of [Little Four Scenes], [Snowflakes Floating], [A Bolt of Silk], [Jumping over the Pink Wall], [Spring is Coming], [Red Embroidered Shoes], and [Moon Tune Slow Siping] are very similar. Another example is that the Liuhai tune, Yicha Kezi, and Liangshi tune in Cai Diao singing are very similar to the Bigu tune, Selling groceries, and Duoqing tune in Hunan Huagu Opera. Liuzhou's Gui Opera music had a greater influence on Cai Diao's gongs and drums tunes. This is because there were no palace plays in Cai Diao in the past, and most of the palace plays that were transplanted and performed later were transplanted from Gui Opera, so they were transplanted from Gui Opera Qu Pai music, such as [ Liu Mao Ling], [Wind into the Pine], [Three Quick Shots], [Little New Year Greetings], [Liu Tao Sha], [Crying to the Sky], [Gu Ping], [Bashan Diao], [Jie Jie Gao] and other Gui operas Qupai, in the performance of Cai Diao opera, has gradually evolved into Cai Diao's music qupai.
7. The repertoire and troupe of Cai Diao Opera
The Cai Diao repertoire mostly focuses on labor, love, family life, etc., and there are a large number of oral transmissions and manuscripts circulating among the people. The performance is in the Guiliu dialect, with the main singing and dancing forms of Xiaosheng, Xiaodan and clown (three Xiao). Among them, the clown and dan roles are very distinctive in their footwork, turns, appearances, fan flowers and hand flowers. Footwork stands out the most. Deeply rooted among rural people and closely integrated with local folk slang tunes, Cai Diao has formed a performance style with humorous content and lively form. Fans, handkerchiefs and ribbons, known as the "three treasures" of Cai Diao, are used in the performance. plays an important role.
Since the early Republic of China, there have been "Lin Family Tea Picking Class", "Eight Immortals Class" in Jingxi, Liucheng, "Tan Family Class" in Liujiang Jiandu, "Huangcun Diaozi", "Changtang Diaozi" in the suburbs of Liuzhou City, "Qun Paradise", "Yi Le Tang", "Tongle Teahouse Tune Class", "Guile Tune Class", etc. Cai Diao operas have entered cities and settled down, and have developed more rapidly in towns. In recent years, in addition to the famous "Liu Sanjie", Cai Diao workers have also created "Seeing the Relatives Across the River", "Two Women Fighting for Husbands", "Wang Wang" "Three Fighting Birds", "The Announcement of the Second King", "Listening to Bamboo in Dreams" and other popular and excellent plays. In 1994, "Nahaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa,"" Nahaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaae The second milestone after "Liu Sanjie"!
8. The Current Situation of Cai Diao Opera
After the founding of New China, Cai Diao has developed rapidly, especially the performance of excellent plays such as "Liu Sanjie" has expanded this type of drama. Impact across the country. However, Guangxi Cai Diao is currently in an unsustainable predicament because there is no performance market. Fewer and fewer people know and understand Cai Diao. Hundreds of Cai Diao troupes have been disbanded under the impact of the market economy. Only the remaining There are only a few professional theater troupes such as Guangxi Cai Diao Troupe, Liuzhou Cai Diao Troupe and Guilin Cai Diao Troupe. The number of amateur Cai Diao Troupe has dropped significantly, making it difficult to maintain. The rescue and protection of Caitiao is urgent.
The state attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage. On May 20, 2006, Cai Diao was approved by the State Council and included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage lists.