1. Briefly describe the music forms of the ancient Greek period? Ancient Greece was the earliest ancient civilization in the West, starting from the city-state system in about the 8th century BC until it was invaded by Macedonia in the 4th century BC. From the only historical relics, materials and archaeological excavations available, we know that the ancient Greek period was a period of monophonic music, and the composition of the melody was usually a mixture of natural tones or natural tones and altered tones (a semitone or less than a semitone). Music often appears in comprehensive art forms such as poetry and music, dance and music, or the "trinity" of poetry, dance and music. The singing is sometimes accompanied by musical notation. Music mainly appears in the following forms: 1. It appears along with sacrificial rituals to gods: For example, in the festivals of the ancient Olympic Games, in order to express reverence for Zeus, the god who lives on Mount Olympus, people accompanied Sacrificial ceremonies and musical celebrations with singing and dancing were also held. 2. Appears along with the recitation of poetry: such as Homer’s epics “The Odyssey” and “The Iliad”. 3. Appears with the performance of tragedy: such as the three major tragedians and their tragedies, Aeschylus's "Prometheus Bound", Sophocles's "Oedipus the King", and "Medea" by Euripides. 2. The meaning, form and representative writers of ancient Greek tragedy? 1. Meaning: In ancient Greek art, tragedy (tragedy) is an important art genre. The word tragedy means "goat song" in Greek and is related to Dionysus. Around the 6th century BC, the Greeks began to worship Dionysus, the god of wine, a god who symbolized indulgence, wildness, and enjoyment. The origin of tragedy began with the respect for this god of wine. In celebrations held for Bacchus, people sing Dionysian hymns. According to legend, there was a half-man, half-goat attendant beside the God of Wine. Therefore, during sacrificial activities, people would wear sheepskins, horns and beards, and sing and dance as the attendant of the God of Wine. Later, this kind of sacrificial activity gradually transformed into a tragic performance, with actors replacing priests, and the stories narrated gradually expanded from the praise of Dionysus to other mythological themes in ancient Greece. 2. Form: Tragedy is mainly composed of the trinity of poetry, dance, and music. The music part includes chorus and solo singing, accompanied by avros and kitara. Tragedy performances usually include four parts: prologue, entrance music, dramatic scenes, and exit. 3. Representative writers (1) Aeschyios (about 525 BC to 465 BC), representative works: "Prometheus Bound" and "Oresteia", etc. (2) Sophokles (approximately 497 BC to 406 BC), representative works: "Oedipus King" and "Antigone", etc. (3) Euripides (approximately 484 BC to 406 BC), representative works: "Medea" and "Trojan Women", etc. 3. Who proposed the "Theory of Harmony"? What is its main point? "Theory of Harmony" was proposed by Pythagoras (about 580 BC to 550 BC), a great philosopher and mathematician in ancient Greece. He was the first to explain musical phenomena to people in a theoretical way. people. The ancient Greeks admired the universe, so they paid more attention to astronomy. Pythagoras believed that there were similarities between music and the movement of celestial bodies, and proposed the "theory of harmony." This theory had an important impact on later Western musical concepts. The main points are as follows: 1. The interval relationship in the scale is generated based on the string length. When the string length ratio is 2:1, the interval relationship between the two tones is an octave; when the string length ratio is 4:3, the two tones are Fourth-degree relationship; when the string length ratio is 3:2, the two notes have a fifth-degree relationship. 2. Only the fourth, fifth, and octave are harmonious intervals, and the rest are discordant intervals. 4. In what aspects are the musical thoughts of Plato, Aristotle and others reflected? In the minds of the ancient Greeks, music had a teaching function, purifying the soul and making people do good.

The ancient Greek philosopher Plato once proposed in his works "The Republic" and "The Laws" that the function of music is reflected in social education, and it can play a role in moral standards for people, rather than in terms of enjoyment or entertainment. Be wary of the "corruption" of inappropriate music on people. Aristotle also mentioned in Chapter 8 of his work "Politics" that the moral and educational functions of music are particularly important, and the educational function of music is more important than the pleasure it produces. In the view of ancient Greek theorists, music has an ethical value orientation, which is fully reflected in their understanding of the role of mode. They believe that different modes are associated with different emotions. For example, the Dorian mode can make people quiet and powerful; the Phrygian mode can make people wild and stimulate people's enthusiasm; and the Paraphrygian mode can easily make people lose their will. However, it should be noted that the evaluation of modes in this period was not based on pure aesthetic experience, but had its specific social, historical and cultural background.

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It can be seen from here that the issue of musical aesthetics (more precisely, the sociological issue of music) can be traced back to the ancient Greek period, where Western music can be found Thoughts of the earliest answers. 5. What are the "four-note sequence" and the "complete sequence system"? Who proposed them? The "tetratone sequence" was proposed by the famous Greek music theorist Aristoxenos (about 354 BC to 300 BC) in the 4th century BC. His book "Elements of Harmony" is one of the important documents on ancient Greek music theory. The core content is the four-note sequence. The theories of melody, scale, mode and other topics are all based on this four-note sequence. superior. The four-tone sequence refers to three different forms of four-tone sequence formed by two tones forming a fourth frame, and the other two tones making irregular and flexible changes within this framework. They are: natural sequence, Variation and microtonal tone sequences. Several four-tone sequences can constitute a complete sequence, and Aristocenos proposed two complete systems: the great perfect system and the less perfect system. 6. What is the musical scale form of the ancient Greek "four-note sequence"? As early as the 5th century BC, the ancient Greeks summarized the four-note scale system and their variant forms, naming them after several important tribes in ancient Greece at that time: Dorian, Phrygian and Lydian, in variant forms, the prefix "hypo" means "vice" or "lower", and the prefix "mixo" means "mixed".

1. Ancient Greek four-note sequence mode: Dorian: mi re do si Phrygian: re do si la Lydian: do si la sol Mixolydian ): si la sol fa 2. Combining two four-note sequences of the same nature (same interval structure) forms an octave (except mixed Lydia): Dorian: mi re do si - la sol fa mi Phrygian: re do si la - sol fa mi re Lydian: do si la sol - fa mi re do Mixolydian: si la sol fa - mi re do si 3. By shifting the above scale, four variations are produced: Hypodorian: la sol fa mi - re do si la Hypophrygian: sol fa mi re - do si la sol Hypolydian: fa mi re do - si la sol fa Hypo-Mixo-Lydian: mi re do si - la sol fa mi There are two things to explain here. Points: First, the scale form of the ancient Greek four-note sequence is different from the meaning of our current scale. It was initially used as a symbol to represent the strings of the instrument or the phonemes of the player's notes. Later, it developed Only then did the theory of scale forms and modes gradually form. Second, the structures of "Lower Mixlydia" and "Doria" are exactly the same. 7. What are the main musical instruments in ancient Greece? Ancient Greek musical instruments mainly include string instruments and wind instruments. The representative of string instruments is the lyre, and the representative of wind instruments is the aphros. 1. Lire: It produces sound by plucking the strings with your fingers. It was first made of turtle shells and had four strings. Later, it developed into many styles and the number of strings increased, but it is mainly seven-stringed. The more important one is the kisara. (kithara). They have a soft sound and are used as musical instruments to accompany singing. The use of lire is often associated with the glorification of Apollo. 2. Aulos: Also called recorder, its tone is similar to that of a modern oboe. It consists of two pipes, one long and one short, each with several holes, and can produce two sounds at the same time. The sound is penetrating, loud and hard, with wild and wild power. It is an instrument used in carnival and tragedy. This instrument was used when worshiping the god of wine. Section 2 Ancient Roman Music

8. Why is ancient Rome said to be the inheritor and developer of the wealth of ancient Greek music? Ancient Rome included three periods: the Roman Tribal Period (753 BC - 509 BC); the Roman Republic Period (509 BC - 27 BC) and the Roman Empire Period (27 BC - 475 BC). However, the music of the ancient Roman period usually refers to the music period after Rome conquered Greece in 146 BC and the cultural center moved westward to Rome. 1. It is said that ancient Rome is the inheritor of the musical wealth of ancient Greece because the ancient Romans advocated force, coveted material enjoyment, and made political achievements. They conquered ancient Greece and at the same time inherited the musical tradition left by ancient Greece. 2. It is said that ancient Rome was the developer of the musical wealth of ancient Greece because while they inherited the music tradition left by ancient Greece, they also developed some music forms, mainly in terms of practicality and enjoyment:

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(1) Practicality: Due to the needs of war, military music has been developed. In military music, loud brass instruments such as tuba are commonly used. In some large-scale performances, the band may even have more than a hundred wind instruments.

(2) Hedonic: When ancient Romans watched gladiatorial battles, they often used a hydraulic organ (hydraulis) as accompaniment. It was the earliest pipe organ with a large volume, which could increase the atmosphere of the gladiatorial battle. 9. What is the brief history of Christian music in ancient Rome? Christianity emerged in the Middle East in Israel and Palestine. The mission was first carried out in a secret way in ancient Rome. In 313 AD, the Roman Emperor promulgated the Edict of Milan. From then on, Christianity became a legal religion and rapidly developed in Rome and Milan. With the development of Christianity, hymns and hymns, the essence of the church, have had an impact on people's ideas. Christianity requires people to worship their Lord, Jesus, in a pious and solemn way, so secular entertainment music Being rejected, the music in the grand festivals, celebrations and weddings in ancient times gradually faded away, and instead, solemn, solemn and solemn religious music forms became the mainstay. The music of that time inherited in many aspects the characteristics of Jewish and Syrian and other Eastern religious music. After the fall of ancient Rome in 476 AD, Christian culture was inherited. We can see from medieval civilization that people's longing for happiness on the other side continued in the chants. Christian music that began in the ancient Roman period flourished during this period. , which laid the foundation for the prosperity of Western music culture in later generations. 10. In what ways are the contributions of ancient Greek and Roman music to Western music reflected? 1. Ancient Greek music is the source of Western music. 2. The "Trinity" comprehensive art form (such as "tragedy") advocated in ancient Greek art provided a blueprint for the production and development of operas, dance dramas and other comprehensive arts in later generations. 3. The musical thoughts of Plato, Aristotle and others laid the foundation for the development of musical aesthetics. 4. The music theory founded in the ancient Greek period became the basis for the development of music in later generations. The main body of Western music developed under the influence of "Harmony Theory". The various modes created during this period became the predecessors of medieval church music modes. 5. In 313 AD, the Roman Emperor promulgated the “Edict of Milan”, making Christianity a legal religion. Since then, Western Christian music culture has opened the curtain of history, and Western music has also begun a long development path.

Chapter 2 Medieval Music Review Questions

Main content: The development of church music, the rise of polyphony, the emergence of secular music, medieval musical instruments, instrumental music and "new art" period. Review tips: As Christianity gained legal status, church music developed greatly in the Middle Ages, the most important of which was Gregorian chant. It can be said that medieval music revolved around the production and decoration of Gregorian chant. , expanded and developed. Therefore, during the review process of this chapter, readers should clarify their ideas, grasp the clues, and at the same time pay attention to both the front and back and make a comprehensive understanding. If you can sort out clues that fit your own thinking habits, the review effect will be better. Section 1 The Development of Church Music

1. What is the Catholic music in the early stages of development? In the early stages of development, church music was quite independent in various places, and the languages ??and rituals used were also different. There are mainly five types of hymns: 1. Byzantine chant (Byzantine chant): It became an important music faction after about 390 AD. Its heyday was from the sixth to the ninth century, and chant forms were commonly used in music. It influenced various flat songs and later became the music of the Greek Orthodox Church. 2. Ambrosian chant: Named after the Bishop of Milan, Ambrosian Chant. Its melody and lyrics are similar to Gregorian chant, and its style can be divided into syllabic, neume and canto. . 3. French chant (Gullican chant): It originated in France in the 5th century and reached its peak in the 7th century. In the 8th century, Emperor Charlemagne introduced Gregorian chant and began to decline and did not continue to develop. 4. Mozarabic chant: Started around the 6th century, it is a Spanish native hymn. In the 8th century, the Spanish liturgy began to lean toward the Roman liturgy. In 1805 Spain officially decided to replace the traditional liturgy with the Roman liturgy, and this chant disappeared.

5. Celtic chant: It was once popular in Ireland, Britain and other places. Because the monks in the Irish monasteries were fond of traveling, the song was not easy to preserve and it disappeared around the 7th century.

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