Poetry is a literary genre with main feelings. It reflects social life in a lyrical way, highly concise and concentrated, and expresses thoughts and feelings with rich imagination, rhythmic and beautiful language and line-by-line arrangement. Poetry is a rhythmic, rhythmic and emotional language art form, and also the oldest and most basic literary form in the world. Poetry originated from ancient social life, and it is a rhythmic and emotional language form due to labor production, sexual love and primitive religion. "Shangshu Yu Shu": "Poetry expresses ambition, singing words, sound is eternal, law and harmony." "Book of Rites. Music": "Poetry expresses its ambition; Song, chanting its voice; Dance, move its capacity; The three are based on the heart, and then the instrument follows it. " In the early days, poetry, song, music and dance were integrated. Poetry is the lyrics, which are always sung with music and dance in actual performances. Later, poetry, song, music and dance developed independently and became independent adults. Poetry and song are collectively called poetry.
An overview of poetic style
The classification of poetic style is a complicated problem. Now, just from the general point of view, simply talk about the poetic style of Han, Wei, Six Dynasties and Tang and Song Dynasties.
Poems of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties are generally called ancient poems, including ancient poems of Yuefu in the Han and Wei Dynasties, folk songs of Yuefu in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and literati poems in this period. Yuefu was originally the name of the official office. Yuefu songs are collected by Yuefu organs and matched with music scores for singing. The article "Wen Xin Diao Long Yuefu" says: "Where music words are poems, poems sound like songs." From this, we can see the relationship between the three concepts of poetry, song and Yuefu: poetry refers to the lyrics made by poets, song refers to the music that matches poetry, and Yuefu refers to both. Later, works written by copying the old themes of Yuefu or imitating Yuefu genre were also called Yuefu, although there was no soundtrack. In the middle Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi and others started a new Yuefu movement, creating new topics and writing current events, so it was called the new Yuefu.
From the metrical point of view, the poetic style after the Tang Dynasty can be roughly divided into two types: modern poetry and ancient poetry. Modern poetry, also known as modern poetry, has certain meter. Classical poetry is also called ancient style, which is written according to the practice of ancient poetry, and its form is relatively free, not bound by metrical rules.
judging from the number of words in a poem, there are four-character poems, five-character poems and seven-character poems. Four words are four words, five words are five words, and seven words are seven words. After the Tang Dynasty, four-character poems were rare, so they were usually divided into five-character poems and seven-character poems. Five-character ancient poems are referred to as five ancient poems for short; Seven-character ancient poems are referred to as seven ancient poems for short; Those who use three, five, seven words at the same time are generally considered seven ancient. Five-character rhythmic poetry is referred to as five laws for short, and it is limited to eight sentences and forty words; Seven-character verse is referred to as seven laws for short, and is limited to eight sentences and fifty-six words. More than eight sentences are called long law, also called exclusive law. Long laws are generally five-character poems. Only four sentences are called quatrains; Five-line * * 2 words, seven-line * * 28 words. Jueju can be divided into two types: absolute and ancient. The law should be restricted by the flat and even meter, and the ancient law should not be restricted by the flat and even meter. The ancient unique is generally limited to the five unique.
The name "Modern Poetry" was first used in 1953-it was established when Ji Xian founded the "Modern Poetry Society". The meaning of modern poetry:
1. The form is free
2. The connotation is open
3. Image management is more important than rhetoric.
comparison between "classical poetry" and "modern poetry": all poets are sensitive to things and are the reflection of the soul. "Classical Poetry" expresses gentleness, tenderness, sadness and no resentment with the poetic view of "thinking innocently", emphasizing "between solvable and unsolvable". "Modern Poetry" emphasizes the spirit of freedom and openness, and communicates "between the sensible and the intangible" with straightforward situational statements.
Poetry mainly includes the following parts:
(1) The origin of poetry
Poetry is the oldest and most literary style. Labor songs and folk songs originated from ancient people were originally the floorboard of poems and songs. At first, there was no distinction between poetry and song, but poetry was combined with music and dance, which was collectively called poetry. China's poems have a long history and rich heritage, such as The Book of Songs, Songs of the South, Han Yuefu and the works of countless poets. Poems in western Europe were created by poets such as Homer and Sappho in ancient Greece and Virgil and Horace in ancient Rome.
(II) Characteristics of Poetry
Poetry is a literary genre that reflects social life in a highly concentrated way. It is full of the author's thoughts, feelings and rich imagination. The language is concise and vivid, with distinct rhythm, harmonious rhyme and rich musical beauty. The sentences are generally arranged in lines and pay attention to the beauty of structural form.
He Qifang, a modern Chinese poet and literary critic, once said: "Poetry is a literary style that reflects social life most intensively. It is full of rich imagination and feelings, often expressed in a direct lyrical way, and its language is different from that of prose in terms of refinement and harmony, especially in terms of distinct rhythm." This definition summarizes several basic characteristics of poetry: first, it reflects life in a highly concentrated and general way; Second, lyrical expression, full of rich thoughts and feelings; Third, rich imagination, association and fantasy; Fourth, language has musical beauty.
(III) Expression of Poetry
There are many expressions of poetry, and the traditional expressions of
which were the earliest popular in China and are still often used today are "Fu, Bi and Xing". "Preface to Mao Poetry" said: "Therefore, poetry has six meanings: one is wind, the other is fu, the third is comparison, the fourth is prosperity, the fifth is elegance, and the sixth is ode."
Among the six meanings, "elegance, elegance and praise" refers to the types of poems in The Book of Songs, and "Fu, Bi and Xing" are the expressive methods in the poems.
Fu: It is a way of expressing things directly. Zhu Xi, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, said in the annotation of Biography of Poems: "The giver will tell the truth about Chen Qi." For example, this technique is used in The Book of Songs' Ge Tan' and' slug'.
Bi: It is a figurative way to describe things and express thoughts and feelings. Liu Xie said in "Wen Xin Diao Long Bi Xing": "And what is Bi Ye? Cover things with attachments and threaten to cut things off. " Zhu Xi said: "If you compare, you can compare this thing with another." For example, the books of the Book of Songs, such as "Cats" and "Shuoshu", were written in this way.
Xing: it is a way of arousing interest by supporting things, that is, by using the beginning of something to arouse the things to be described in the topic and to express thoughts and feelings. In the Tang Dynasty, Kong Yingda said in Justice of Mao Poems: "Those who prosper will rise. Take the analogy, start your own heart, and those who cite plants, birds and animals in poetry and prose to see the meaning are all happy. " Zhu Xi pointed out more clearly: "If you are interested, you should say something else first to cause the words you are chanting." For example, Guan Ju and Tao Yao in The Book of Songs are just expressions of "Xing".
These three methods of expression have been handed down from generation to generation, and they are often used synthetically and complement each other, which have a great influence on poetry creation in past dynasties.
There are many ways to express poetry, and it has been constantly developed and created since ancient times, and its application is also flexible, with exaggeration, repetition, overlapping and jumping, etc., which is hard to describe. However, all methods are inseparable from imagination. Rich imagination is not only a major feature of poetry, but also the most important expression of poetry. In poetry, there is also an important technique of expression, which is symbol. Symbol simply means "symbolic meaning", but in modern poetry, symbol is a direct image of the soul, which should be paid attention to. From a modern point of view, there are three main ways to create images in poetry: < P > 1. In the book Wen Xin Diao Long, Liu Xie said: Analogy is "either a metaphor in sound, a metaphor in appearance, a metaphor in mind, or a metaphor." There are many examples in the poems we listed earlier. There is also a commonly used technique in comparison, that is, "personification": personification with things or personification with people. The former is like Xu Zhimo's Farewell to Cambridge: I left gently,/just as I came gently; /I waved gently,/saying goodbye to the clouds in the western sky. /the golden willow by the river,/is the bride in the sunset; /The beautiful shadow in the waves,/rippling in my heart. Treat "clouds" and "golden willows" as people. People imitate things, for example, Love's "Because of the Wind": ... My mind/is as bright as the candlelight in your window/slightly ambiguous/inevitable/because of the wind/... with the love of my whole life/lighting a lamp/I am a fire/may go out at any time/because of the wind. Compare "my heart" to candlelight and compare me to a lamp. Of course, in the final analysis, the essence is still "personification."
2. exaggeration. It is to enlarge the things to be described, just like the "capitalization" and "close-up" shots in the movie, so as to attract readers' attention and association. Li Bai's "Peach Blossom Pond is deeper than thousands of feet, not as good as Wang Lun's" ("Gift to Wang Lun") "Flying down three thousands of feet, suspecting that the Milky Way has set for nine days" ("Looking at Lushan Waterfall"), in which "Deep thousands of feet" and "Three thousands of feet" are mentioned, although it is not the truth, the image he created vividly shows the characteristics of things and expresses the poet's passion, which readers can not only accept. However, this exaggeration must be artistic and beautiful, not too absurd, too real or too vulgar. For example, there is a poem describing the bumper harvest of cotton: "A cotton is wrapped in a bag/the head of a truck is tilted/tilted, three feet high/like an anti-aircraft gun." After reading it, it makes people feel unreal and can't produce beautiful feelings.
3. metonymy. Is to take this thing instead of that thing. It is similar to analogy < P >, but it is different. The difference lies in that: analogy is generally compared and what is compared is concrete and visible; Metonymy, on the other hand, is concrete on the one hand and abstract on the other, which bridges the gap between concrete and abstract, making the image of poetry more vivid and prominent, and arousing readers' association. This is what Ai Qing said, "Give wings to thoughts, clothes to feelings, and colors to sounds, so that those who have passed away will be solidified."
to shape the image of poetry, we can not only use the materials taken from the perspective to describe the picture, but also use the materials obtained from the senses such as hearing and touch to embody the image in many ways, so as to be vivid and novel. Jia Dao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, rode on a donkey and sang "Birds stay in trees by the pool, and monks push the moon down the door", but he also thought that "monks knock on the moon down the door" could be used. Whether to "push" or "knock", he couldn't make up his mind, so he made a deliberation with his hand. Unexpectedly, the donkey blocked a big official's way. This person was Han Yu, a great writer. When the bodyguard took Jia Dao to his horse, Jia told him according to the facts. Han hesitated for a long time and said that it was better to knock. Because there is a sound of "knocking", there are one or two knocks on the door on a moonlit night in the mountains, which makes the scene "live" and makes the environment more silent. A night-mooring near maple bridge's "Wu Ti" and "Bell" are also the crowing touch of this poem. There is also the music description in Bai Juyi's Pipa, and the passage "like a pouring of large and small pearls into a plate of jade" is very vivid and wonderful! Modern, such as Huang Helang's "Morning Song": "There is also that reef/outside the stubborn listening/wind, rain and waves/faint/dawn/the morning bell of Lingquan Temple/just like the gushing spring/distant response/faint knocking down/a few sparse stars/the crowing of cocks/as if coming across the sea/crowing the morning glow/like the tide. This poem is also well written. Therefore, if we master the technique of shaping images with sound, it will open up a broader field for poetry creation.
whether it is comparison, exaggeration or metonymy, it depends on the poet's keen observation of objective things, his own feelings, and his bold imagination, even fantasy. It can be said that no matter whether it is romantic or realistic, it is not a poet without imagination (fantasy). For example, Li Bai, who is known for his boldness, is rich in imagination and magnificent in poetic style, while Du Fu, who is known for his realism, also wrote such things as "When did you suddenly see this house in front of you?" ("The Hut was Broken by Autumn Wind") and "her cloudy hair is sweet with mist and her jade-white shoulder is cold in the moon. When shall we lie again on our screen, watching this bright light with no more tears?. " ("Moonlit Night") and so on.
(4) Classification of China's ancient poems
1. Poems can be divided into two categories: ancient poems and modern poems according to their rhythms. Classical poetry and modern poetry are concepts formed in the Tang Dynasty, which are divided from the perspective of poetry rhythm.
(1) Classical poems: including ancient poems (poems before the Tang Dynasty), songs of Chu and Yuefu poems. Poems in ancient poetry genres such as "Song", "Gexing", "Quotation", "Qu" and "Ling" are also ancient poems. Classical poetry does not talk about antithesis, and rhymes freely. The development track of classical poetry: The Book of Songs → Songs of Chu → Han Fu → Han Yuefu → Folk songs in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties → Jian 'an poems → Five-character poems by literati such as Tao poems → Ancient style and new Yuefu in Tang Dynasty.
① Chu Ci: It is a form of poetry created by Qu Yuan in the Warring States Period, which is characterized by the use of Chu dialect and rhyme and has a strong Chu color. The Songs of the South edited by Liu Xiang in the Eastern Han Dynasty has seventeen books, mainly composed of Qu Yuan's works, and Qu Yuan's works take Li Sao as his masterpiece, so later generations also call it "Chu Ci Style" as "Sao Style".
② Yuefu: It was originally the name of the official department in charge of music during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and later became the name of poetic style. Music songs collected and created by Yuefu officials in Han, Wei and Southern and Northern Dynasties are called Yuefu for short. Poems written by poets in the Wei, Jin, Tang and later dynasties, which were quasi-Yuefu, became Yuefu and quasi-Yuefu, although they were not enjoyable. Such as "Chile Song", "Mulan Poetry" and "Short Songs" (Cao Cao). Generally speaking, the titles of Yuefu poems include
songs, lines, quotations, songs and songs.
③ Gexing Style: It is a variant of Yuefu poetry. There are quite a few Yuefu poems titled "Song" and "Xing" after the Han and Wei Dynasties. Although they have different names, there is no strict difference between them. They all mean "Song". Their syllables and meter are generally free, and their forms are in the ancient style of five words, seven words and miscellaneous words, which is full of changes. Later, they have the style of "Ge Xing". In the Tang Dynasty, poets in the early Tang Dynasty wrote Yuefu poems, in addition to following the old topics of Yuefu in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, a few poets had set up new topics. Although they were renamed Yuefu, they were not limited to temperament, so they were called New Yuefu. This kind of poetry developed greatly by Li Bai and Du Fu. For example, Du Fu's Sad Chen Tao, Ai Jiang Tou, A Car Shop and two for the road, and many of Bai Juyi's works, in the form of Yuefu songs, are mostly mixed in three words and seven words.
(2) Modern poetry: Modern poetry, as opposed to classical poetry, is also called modern poetry, which is a kind of metrical poetry formed in the Tang Dynasty. It is divided into two types, and there are strict regulations on the number of words, the number of sentences, the smoothness and the rhyme.
① a kind of quatrains is called "quatrains", each with four sentences, with five words abbreviated as five quatrains and seven words abbreviated as seven quatrains.
② One is called "metrical poem", with eight sentences each. Five words are abbreviated as five laws, seven words are abbreviated as seven laws, and those with more than eight sentences are called excluded laws (or long laws).
metrical poems are very strict, with definite sentences (except for arrangement), definite characters in sentences, fixed rhyme positions, fixed tones in words (flat tones of each word in the poem are fixed) and fixed couplets (two couplets in the middle of the metrical poem must be opposed). For example, the rhyme poems originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and matured at the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, each poem has four quadruples and eight sentences, and each sentence must have the same number of words, which can be four or five rhymes. The two couplets in the middle must be opposite, and the two, four, six and eight sentences rhyme, and the first sentence can be put or not. If the arrangement is extended to more than ten sentences on the basis of the fixed rhythm, it is called the arrangement. Except for the first and last couplets, the upper and lower sentences need to be opposed, and there are also opposite sentences, which is called the "fan pair". For another example, quatrains are only two couplets of four sentences, also known as quatrains, truncated sentences and broken sentences, and there are certain requirements for parallelism, rhyme and duality.
(3) word: also known as poetry.