Main opera types, genres and their representative figures

Main Peking Opera genres and their representative figures

1. Tan School. The representative character Tan Xinpei specializes in playing the role of Lao Sheng.

2. Yu faction. The representative character, Yu Shuyan, plays the role of Laosheng and expresses the character's thoughts and feelings through singing.

3. Liu faction. Representative Liu Hongsheng, who plays Lao Sheng, is famous for his high-pitched voice.

4. Yang School. The representative figure Yang Xiaolou plays a martial arts student and pays attention to "martial arts, literature and singing".

5. Plum pie. The representative figure is Mei Lanfang, one of the "Four Famous Dan", who is good at playing various roles of Tsing Yi, Hua Dan and Daoma Dan.

6. Cheng Yanqiu, a representative figure of the Cheng School, one of the "Four Famous Dandan", plays Tsing Yi. Based on the characteristics of his own voice, he created a kind of singing style that is full of sadness, gentleness and continuity.

7. Gaipai. The representative figure is Gai Jingtian, who mainly plays short martial arts and performs martial arts and singing.

8. Yanpai. The representative figure is Yan Jupeng.

9. Gold faction. Representative Jin Shaoshan plays the colorful face.

10. Qipai. The representative character Zhou Xinfang (stage name Qilin Tong) plays the role of Lao Sheng.

11. Xun School. The representative figure Xun Huisheng, one of the "Four Famous Dan", plays Hua Dan.

12. Shangpai. Representative Shang Xiaoyun, one of the "Four Famous Dancing Women", mainly plays Qing Yi.

13. Mapai. The representative figure Ma Lianliang, together with Tan Fuying, Yang Baosen, and Xi Xiaobo, was known as the "Four Young Men" in the 1930s.

Main local opera types and their representatives

Peking Opera: the most popular type of opera in the country, with a history of nearly 200 years.

Kun Opera: also called Kunshan Opera, Kun Opera, and Kun Opera. He gained new life by choreographing and performing plays such as "Fifteen Strings", "Horse on the Wall", and "Li Huiniang". Famous actors include Yu Zhenfei, Hua Wenyi, Li Shujun, Zhang Jiqing, etc.

Yue Opera: Popular in Zhejiang, Shanghai and other places, with a history of about 50 to 60 years. Plays such as "The Romance of the West Chamber", "Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai", and "A Dream of Red Mansions" are widely circulated. Famous actors include Yuan Xuefen, Fan Ruijuan, Fu Quanxiang, Xu Yulan, Wang Wenjuan, Zhang Guifeng, Xu Tianhong, Jin Caifeng, etc.

Hebei Bangzi: Popular in Hebei Province and parts of Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia, it gradually evolved from Shanxi Bangzi introduced to Hebei during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. Famous actors include Han Junqing, Yin Dazi, Jin Baohuan, Zhang Shumin, Pei Yanling, Zhang Huiyun, Zhao Mingqi, Zhou Chunshan, Qi Huatan, etc.

Pingju Opera: Popular in Beijing, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and provinces in North China and Northeast China. Famous actors include Xiaobai Yushuang, Xicai Lian, Xin Fengxia, Wei Rongyuan, Xi Baokun, Li Yilan, Ma Tai, etc.

Henan Opera: Also known as Henan Bangzi and Henan Gao Tiao, it is popular in Henan Province and parts of Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, Anhui and Hubei. Famous actors include Chang Xiangyu, Chen Suzhen, Cui Lantian, Ma Jinfeng, Niu Decao, etc.

Qin Opera: popular in the northwest provinces. Famous actors include Liu Yuzhong and Liu Zhensu.

Jin Opera: Also called Zhonglu Bangzi, it is popular in central Shanxi. The main actors include Ding Guoxian, Niu Guiying, Guo Fengying, Ji Meilian, etc.

Sichuan Opera: Popular in Sichuan Province and parts of Yunnan and Guizhou. Famous actors include Zhang Decheng, Jia Peizhi, Zhou Mulian, Yang Youhe, Chen Shuhang, etc.

Cantonese Opera: Popular in Guangdong Province, parts of Guangxi and overseas Chinese residential areas in Southeast Asia. Famous actors in the past include Li Wenmao, Kuang Xinhua, Ma Shiteng, Hongxian Nu, etc.

Han opera: also called Han opera, popular in Hubei, Henan, Shaanxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Fujian and other provinces. Famous actors include Chen Bohua, Wu Tianbao, etc.

Huangmei Opera: Popular in Anhui, Jiangxi, and parts of Hubei, it originated from the tea-picking songs in Huangmei, Hubei. The famous actress Yan Fengying has made new creations in singing and performance.

1. Kun Opera

Kun Opera, also known as "Kun Opera" and "Kun Opera", is an ancient type of opera. It originated from Kunshan, Jiangsu Province and became popular after the mid-Ming Dynasty. At that time, most of the legendary plays were sung with Kun opera. In addition to Nan Kun Opera, which maintains the characteristics of early Kun Opera, many branches have also formed across the country, such as Kun Yi, Xiang Kun, Sichuan Kun, etc. in the north.

Kun Opera's style is clear, soft, delicate and lyrical, with singing and dancing performances and rigorous routines. It is a representative of Chinese classical opera.

2. Gaoqiang

Gaoqiang is a general term for a system of opera tunes. It was originally called "Yiyang Tune" or "Yi Tune" because it originated in Yiyang, Jiangxi. It is characterized by simple performances, popular lyrics, high-pitched and exciting singing, one person singing while others are singing along, and only golden drums are used to beat the music without orchestral accompaniment. Since the middle of the Ming Dynasty, it began to spread from Jiangxi to all parts of the country, and different styles of Gaoqiang were formed in various places, such as Sichuan Opera Gaoqiang, Hunan Opera Gaoqiang, Gan Opera Gaoqiang, etc.

3. Bangzi tune

Bangzi tune is a general term for a system of opera tunes. It originated from the "Shanshan Bangzi" at the junction of Shanxi and Shaanxi. It is characterized by high-pitched and exciting singing and wooden bangs used to beat the knots. Then, it developed eastward and southward, forming different forms of Bangzi tune in different regions, such as Shanxi Bangzi, Hebei Bangzi, Henan Bangzi, Shandong Bangzi, etc.

4. Peking Opera

Peking Opera, also known as "Pihuang", consists of two basic tunes, "Xipi" and "Erhuang", as its musical material. It also sings some local tunes (such as Liuzi tune, blowing tune, etc.) and Kunqu opera tunes. It was formed in Beijing around 1840, became popular in the 1930s and 1940s, and was sometimes known as "national drama". It is still a major opera with national influence. With its comprehensive range of skills, mature performances and magnificent momentum, it is a representative of modern Chinese opera.

5. Pingju Opera

Pingju Opera was formed in the late Qing Dynasty on the basis of the ditty "Counterpart Lotus Falls" in Luanxian County, Hebei Province. It was first popular in rural areas of Hebei Province and then entered Tangshan, where it was called "Tangshan Luozi" . It became popular in the Northeast around the 1920s, and a number of actresses emerged. After the 1930s, the performance of Pingju Opera became increasingly mature under the influence of Peking Opera, Hebei Bangzi and other operas, and schools such as Bai Yushuang, Xicailian, and Ailianjun emerged. After 1950, plays such as "Liu Qiaoer", "Flower as Matchmaker", "Third Sister Yang Complains" and "Qin Xianglian" had a great impact across the country, and famous actors such as Xin Fengxia, Xiaobai Yushuang and Wei Rongyuan appeared. Ping Opera is still popular in Hebei and Beijing.

6. Hebei Bangzi

Hebei Bangzi is a Bangzi opera popular in Hebei and Beijing. It originated from Shanshan Bangzi at the junction of Shanxi and Shaanxi and spread to Hebei via Shanxi. , formed by combining Hebei and Beijing dialects. It maintains the characteristics of bangzi tune that uses bangs to strike verses. The singing tune is high-pitched and exciting, and it is good at performing tragic plots. Famous plays of Hebei Bangzi include "Butterfly Cup", "Yuanmen Zhanzi", "Du Shiniang", etc.

7. Jin Opera

Jin Opera, also known as "Zhonglu Bangzi", developed from Shanshan Bangzi at the junction of Shanxi and Shaanxi to Shanxi, and was formed by combining the characteristics of Shanxi language. It is now popular in central Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Hebei. It maintains the characteristics of bangzi tune that uses bangs to strike the rhythm. The music style is not only high-pitched, but also has a soft and delicate side. The performance is plain and simple. Famous plays include "Striking Golden Branches", "Small Banquet", "Selling Paintings and Hacking the Door", etc.

8. Pu Opera

Pu Opera, also known as "Puzhou Bangzi", is a It developed from Shanshan Bangzi at the junction of Shanxi and Shaanxi. It is said that this is the original Shanshan Bangzi. It is now popular in southwestern Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Henan. The tone is similar to Qinqiang, and the language is also in Shaanxi dialect. Famous plays include "Hanging Pictures", "Killing Dogs", "Killing Station", etc.

9. Shangdang Bangzi

Shangdang Bangzi, one of the four major Bangzi in Shanxi, was developed from the "Puzhou Bangzi" in southwestern Shanxi and is popular in southeastern Shanxi. Shangdang area. In addition to Bangzi tune, he also sings Kunqu, Pihuang, Luoluo tune, etc. The repertoire includes "Three Passes Banquet", "Dongmen Hui", etc.

10. Yan Opera

Yan Opera, also known as "Beilu Bangzi", developed from "Puzhou Bangzi" and is popular in northern Shanxi, Zhangjiakou, Hebei and Inner Mongolia. It is said that it had a great influence on the formation of Hebei Bangzi. The repertoire includes "Blood Handprint", "Golden Water Bridge", etc.

11. Qin Opera

Qin Opera, a local opera in Shaanxi Province, also called "Shaanxi Bangzi", is the earliest Bangzi opera and was formed around the mid-Ming Dynasty.

His performance is rough and simple, his singing is high-pitched and exciting, his voice is like a roar, and he is good at expressing tragic plots. The repertoire includes "Butterfly Cup", "Guishan Tour", "Three Drops of Blood", etc.

12. Two-person stage

Er-person stage is a type of opera popular in Inner Mongolia, Shanxi and Zhangjiakou, Hebei. It was formed on the basis of Inner Mongolia folk songs and Shanxi folk minor tunes, and later absorbed the performance elements of Jin Opera. And gradually mature. The performance has a strong sense of life and the lyrics are popular. The repertoire is mostly short plays showing rural life, such as "Walking to the West Exit", "Fifth Brother Herding Sheep", etc.

13. Ji Opera

Ji Opera is a popular type of opera in Jilin Province. Developed in the 1950s on the basis of the "Errenzhuan" in Northeast China, it has brisk tunes, popular lyrics, and simple and popular performances. Its repertoire includes "Yan Qing Selling Lines" and "Bao Gong Apologizes" and so on.

14. Longjiang Opera

Longjiang Opera is popular in the Heilongjiang area. It was formed in the 1950s on the basis of the "Errenzhuan", Lachang Opera, Shadow Play and local folk songs in Northeast China. The performance is lighthearted and humorous, and the lyrics are popular. The repertoire includes "Double Lock Mountain", "Huangtang Baoyu", etc.

15. Henan Opera

Henan Opera, also known as "Henan Bangzi". At the end of the Ming Dynasty, it was developed from Shanshan Bangzi introduced to Henan, combined with Henan dialect and folk tunes, and is now popular in Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong and other provinces. There were originally four major schools of Yudong Diao, Henan West Diao, Xiangfu Diao and Shahe Diao, but now Henan East Diao and Henan West Diao are the main ones. There have been famous female actors such as Chang Xiangyu, Chen Suzhen, Cui Lantian, Ma Jinfeng and Yan Lipin. The repertoire includes "Mu Guiying Takes the Command", "The Matchmaker", "Flowers in the Palace", "The Flower Gun" and the modern drama "Chaoyanggou", etc.

16. Yue Diao

Yue Diao, a local opera in Henan, is popular in Henan and northern Hubei. Because it uses "four strings" as the main accompaniment instrument, it is also called "four strings". ". The music is mainly in banqiang style, and also includes singing tunes. Famous actors include Shen Fengmei and others. The repertoire includes "Recruiting Jiang Wei", "Li Tianbao Recruiting a Marriage", "Zhuge Liang Pays Filial Piety", etc.

17. Henan Opera

Henan Opera, a local opera in Henan Province, is popular in Henan Province and northwest Hubei. It was developed from the folk art "Henan Opera". The singing style is soft and melodious, and it is known for its tragic content. The repertoire includes "Rolling Mat", "Chen Sanliang", "Flower Pavilion", etc.

18. Shandong Bangzi

Shandong Bangzi, a local opera in Shandong Province, is popular in the Heze area of ??Shandong Province. Because the place was called "Caozhou" in ancient times, it is also called "Caozhou Bangzi". This Bangzi system was introduced from Shanshan and Shaanxi Bangzi via Henan and then to Shandong, and was formed after undergoing changes. The main plays include "The Story on the Wall" and so on.

19. Lu Opera

Lü Opera, a local opera in Shandong Province, is popular in central Shandong, Jiangsu and Henan. It was developed from the folk rap art "Shandong Qinshu" in the early 20th century and was named "Lu Opera" in 1950. Lu opera performances are full of life style, popular and simple, with simple singing tunes and easy to learn and sing. Therefore, Lu Opera has a great influence in the vast rural areas. The repertoire includes "Wang Dingbao borrows money", "Little Sister" and the modern drama "Li Ersao remarried", etc.

20. Huai Opera

Huai Opera, a local opera in Jiangsu Province, is popular in Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui and other regions. It originated from Jiangsu folk opera, and later absorbed the artistic elements of Anhui opera and gradually developed and matured. His performance is rough and simple. The repertoire includes the traditional plays "Female Judge", "Three Women Seizing the Board" and the new play "The Golden Dragon and the Mayfly".

21. Shanghai Opera

Shanghai Opera is a local opera popular in Shanghai. It originated from folk songs in Pudong, Shanghai, and later formed Shanghai Tanhuang tune, and was influenced by Suzhou Tanhuang. In the 1930s, it was performed in Shanghai in the form of civilized drama and named Shanghai Opera. Most of the plays are modern themes, such as "The Laughing Marriage", "Arhat Money", "Ludang Fire", etc.

22. Burlesque

Burlesque is a type of opera popular in Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang and other places. It originated as a "one-man show" in Shanghai and later developed into a farce, with mixed tunes and funny performances. The main repertoire includes "San Mao Learns Business", "One, Two, Three, Walk Together", etc.

23. Yue Opera

Yue Opera is a local opera popular in Zhejiang.

It originated from the "De Du Ban" in Shengxian County, Zhejiang Province. It entered Shanghai around 1916 and was performed under the name of "Shaoxing Literary Opera". At first, it was mainly male actors, and then it became mainly female actors. After 1938, the name "Yue Opera" was used. In 1942, Yue Opera actresses led by Yuan Xuefen reformed their performances and singing, absorbing the performing arts of Kunqu opera and drama, and forming a soft and delicate performance style. There are many art schools such as Yuan (Xuefen) School, Yin (Guifang) School, Fan (Ruijuan) School, Fu (Quanxiang) School, Xu (Yulan) School and so on. The Yue Opera repertoire includes "Xiang Lin's Wife", "Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai", "A Dream of Red Mansions", "Five Daughters Birthday Wishes", "The Romance of the West Chamber", etc.

24. Wu Opera

Wu Opera is a local opera popular in Jinhua, Zhejiang, also known as "Jinhua Opera". It is a polyphonic opera. Its vocal tunes are composed of Gao Qiang, Kunqu Opera, Tanhuang Opera, Hui Tune, etc., each with its own repertoire and performance characteristics. The repertoire includes "Meeting of Monks and Nuns", "Peony Duo", "Broken Bridge", etc.

25. Shao Opera

Shao Opera is a local opera popular in Shaoxing and Ningbo, Zhejiang Province. It was formed in the late Ming Dynasty. With "San Wu Qi" and "Er Fan" as the main vocal tunes, he is good at martial arts performances, with a rough and simple style. The repertoire includes "Three Strikes of White Bone Demons", "Dragon and Tiger Fight", "Diao Wuchang", etc.

26. Hui Opera

Hui Opera is a type of opera popular in Anhui, Jiangsu and other regions. It was formed in the middle of the Qing Dynasty. It is a multi-voiced drama. The main voices are Baazi, He plays blowing tunes and Erhuang tunes, and also sings Kunqu opera, Gaoqiang tunes and Xipi tunes. In 1790, the Hui Troupe came to Beijing to celebrate Qianlong's birthday, and later evolved into Peking Opera. Most of the repertoires are historical themes, such as "Seven Flooded Armies" based on "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms".

27. Huangmei Opera

Huangmei Opera is a type of opera that originated in Anhui and is popular in Anhui, Jiangxi and Hubei regions. Its predecessor is the tea-picking tune in the Huangmei area. It formed a folk opera after the middle of the Qing Dynasty, called "Huangmei tune", and is sung in Anqing dialect. In the 1950s, under the reforms of Yan Fengying and others, the performance became increasingly mature and developed into a local drama in Anhui. Famous plays include "The Match of Heaven", "The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl", "The Female Consort", etc.

28. Fujian Opera

Fujian Opera is a popular type of opera in Fujian. It arose in the middle of the Ming Dynasty and had been basically formed by the Qing Dynasty, but on a smaller scale. At the beginning of the 20th century, the influence of Peking Opera gradually increased, and the tunes were basically complete, including five types of tunes, foreign songs, Jianghu, minor tunes and bange. The repertoire includes "Seal Refining", "Swan Banquet", etc.

29. Puxian Opera

Puxian Opera, a local opera in Fujian, formerly known as "Xinghua Opera", was fully mature in the mid-Ming Dynasty and popular in Putian and Xianyou areas. The music is in the style of Qupai, and the performance is quite ancient, elegant and lyrical. The repertoire includes "Zhang Xie's Number One Scholar", "After the Reunion", "Spring Grass in the Hall", etc.

30. Liyuan Opera

Liyuan Opera, a type of opera with a long history, can be regarded as the "living fossil" of opera. It preserves many southern operas from the Song and Yuan Dynasties, such as "Zhu Wen Zou Gui", "Jing, Liu, Worship, Kill" and so on. After the 1950s, he also compiled and performed plays such as "Dong Sheng and Li" and "The Song of the Chaste Woman".

31. Gaojia Opera

Gaojia Opera is popular in Jinjiang and Longxi areas of Fujian Province. It originated in the mid-Qing Dynasty and later absorbed the performance elements and repertoire of Liyuan Opera. scale. In the 1920s, it was influenced by Peking Opera and gradually matured. Its main occupation is clowning, and the performance is like a puppet on a string, which is very distinctive. The repertoire includes "Upgraded to Three Levels", "Jin Kuixing", etc.

32. Gan Opera

Gan Opera is a popular type of opera in the northeastern part of Jiangxi Province. It developed from the Yiyang tune of the Ming Dynasty and is composed of Yiyang tune, Qingyang tune, Kun tune, Luantan tune, etc. A type of opera composed of various voices. The repertoire includes "The Injustice of Dou E", "The Story of Jing Chai", "The Story of Pearl", "Return of the Soul", etc.

33. Tea-picking opera

Tea-picking opera is a popular type of opera in various parts of Jiangxi. It is mainly developed from the songs and tunes sung by local tea farmers when picking tea, combined with folk songs and dances. Jiangxi tea-picking opera is divided into east, south, west, north and middle routes, each with its own characteristics in performance.

The repertoire includes "Sun Cheng Drinking Wine" etc.

34. Han Opera

Han Opera generally refers to the type of opera popular in Hubei, Henan, Shaanxi and other places. It originated from Hubei area and was formerly known as " "Chu tune" or "Han tune", the main singing tune is Xipi tune, and Erhuang tune is also sung. It has a history of nearly 300 years. The main repertoire includes "Universal Front", "Second Plum Blossoms", "Shen Tao Da", etc. In addition, there are also Han operas in Changde, Hunan and Guangdong, both of which are multi-temperament operas, which are completely different from Hubei Han operas.

35. Hunan Opera

Xiang Opera, a local opera in Hunan Province, is popular in Changsha and Xiangtan areas. It originated from the Yiyang tune of the Ming Dynasty, and later absorbed Kunqiang, Pihuang and other tunes. It forms a multi-voice opera type including high tune, low tune, Kun tune and Luantan tune. The repertoire is mainly high-pitched and random, such as "The Story of the Pipa", "The Story of the White Rabbit", "The Story of Worshiping the Moon", etc.

36. Qi Opera

Qi Opera, also known as "Qiyang Opera", is popular in Qiyang and Shaoyang, Hunan Province. It originated from the Yiyang tune of the Ming Dynasty. The tune is mainly high-pitched and Kun Opera is also sung. , bullet cavity. The repertoire includes "Mu Lian Zhuan", "Jing Zhong Zhuan", "Fuzi Opera", "Guanyin Opera", etc.

37. Hunan Flower Drum Opera

Hunan Flower Drum Opera is a general term for flower drum and lantern operas from all over Hunan, including Changsha Flower Drum, Yueyang Flower Drum, Changde Flower Drum, Hengyang Flower Drum, Shaoyang Flower Drum, etc. Each has a different stage language and has formed its own style. The performance of Huagu Opera is simple, cheerful and lively. The main occupations are niche, dan, and clown, and they specialize in the use of towels and fans. The repertoire includes "Fighting Birds", "Chopping Woodcutter with Liu Hai", etc.

38. Cantonese Opera

Cantonese Opera is popular in Cantonese language areas such as Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Southeast Asia. It was formed in the early Qing Dynasty and was formed by combining Gaoqiang, Kunqiang, Pihuang, Bangzi and other tunes imported from other places with local folk music. The music is both banqiang and qupai. The repertoire includes "Sou Shuyuan", "Guan Hanqing", etc.

39. Teochew Opera

Teochew Opera is popular in Shantou, Guangdong, southern Fujian and Taiwan. Mainly influenced by the Yiyang tune, Kun tune and Han tune introduced from other places, it was formed in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. Many works of the Song and Yuan Dynasties are retained in the repertoire, such as "Chen Sanwu Niang", "Window Sweeping Club", "Lulin Club", etc. .

40. Gui Opera

Gui Opera is popular in northeastern Guangxi and southern Hunan. It was formed in the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty. accent and other accents. The repertoire includes "Grabbing an Umbrella", "Picking Up a Jade Bracelet", "The Edge of the Cabinet", etc.

41. Cai Diao

Cai Diao, formerly known as "Tiaozi" or "Tea Picking", is popular in Guangxi. It was formed on the basis of local folk songs and dances and has a history of nearly two hundred years. It was named "Cai Tiao" in 1955. His performances are free, lively and full of life. The most famous play is "Liu Sanjie".

42. Zhuang Opera

Zhuang Opera is a type of opera popular in Zhuang inhabited areas such as Guangxi and Yunnan. It is divided into two schools: South Road and North Road. The former is derived from the local "bench opera", and its main repertoire is "Wenlong and Xiaoni"; the latter is derived from the "double act", and its main repertoire is "Treasure Calabash".

43. Sichuan Opera

Sichuan Opera, a local opera in Sichuan Province, is popular in Sichuan and its surrounding areas. It consists of Kunqiang, Gaoqiang, Huqin, Danxi and Lantern Opera, each with its own repertoire. Sichuan Opera's singing is high-pitched and exciting, and its performances are humorous and full of life. The main repertoire includes the traditional plays "The Story of the Hosta", "The Story of the Willow Shade", "Capturing Wang Kui Alive", etc., as well as the new plays "The Wave of the Dead Water", "Changing Faces", "Gold", etc.

44. Guizhou Opera

Qian Opera is a local opera popular in Guizhou Province. It was developed from the folk art "Wenqin". It mainly uses dulcimer as an accompaniment instrument and has strong local characteristics. The repertoire includes "The Beauty of the Pearl Lady", "The Lady of Luxurious Fragrance", etc.

45. Dian Opera

Dian Opera is a local opera popular in Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou. It was formed in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. It is composed of three foreign tunes: silk string, Xiangyang tune and Huqin opera, with the main tune being silk string. The repertoire includes "Niu Gao's Pursuit", "Invading the Palace", etc.

46. Dai Opera

Dai Opera is popular in the Dai inhabited areas of Yunnan Province. It was formed in the middle of the Qing Dynasty. It originated from local folk songs and dances and absorbed the artistic nutrition of Peking Opera and Yunnan Opera. form. With the erhu as the main accompaniment instrument, the performance is simple, complete with singing and dancing. The repertoire includes "E Bing and Sang Luo" and so on.

47. Tibetan Opera

Tibetan opera is a type of opera popular in Tibet, Qinghai and other Tibetan-inhabited areas, and is sung in Tibetan. It was formed in the seventeenth century and mainly uses Buddhist stories and folklore as its content. Actors often wear masks when performing. The performance is divided into three parts. The first part is the opening, called "Dun"; the second part is the play, called "Xiong"; the third part is the blessing at the end, called "Zhaxi". The most famous play is "Princess Wencheng".

48. Shadow puppet play

Shadow puppet play is also called "shadow play", "lantern shadow play" and "earth shadow play". Use light to illuminate human silhouettes carved from animal hide or cardboard to enact the drama of the story. The repertoire and singing styles mostly interact with local operas, and are performed by artists while singing, accompanied by music. Chinese film and television has a history of more than a thousand years. There are many categories and types of operas formed due to different popular regions, singing tunes and silhouette materials. The donkey skin puppets in Tangshan, Hebei and the cowhide puppets in the northwest are the most famous. Among them, Tangshan shadow puppetry has developed into a comprehensive art with exquisite carving technology, dexterous manipulation skills and lyrical singing music.