, "Luzhou River" The historical origin of Sichuan Opera art Luzhou is located at the junction of the four provinces and cities of Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and Chongqing. The Yangtze River crosses it and the four rivers merge. It has convenient transportation, rich products and prosperous market. It has always been It is the economic, political and cultural center of southern Sichuan. "Luzhou River" Sichuan Opera has a long history and a long history. It was conceived in the Yuan Dynasty Zaju, formed in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and officially became a troupe in the Qinghua Troupe established in the 2nd year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty (1724 AD) (see pages 2-7 of "Luzhou Opera Chronicles") 2. Artistic characteristics and value 1. Focus on high-pitched operas. Frequently performed plays include: "Red Plum", "Ban Chao", "Pipa", "Gold and Silver", "Nine Floors and Eighteen Courtyards", "Eight Strategies and Eight Records", and "Twelve Matches" etc.; the repertoire created includes: "Pictures of a Hundred Ugly Figures" (1950s), "Red Eagle" (1960s), "The Story of the Back" (1970s), "The Sword of Zhen Hou" (1980s), "Stars Falling in the Sky" (in the 1990s) and "Evil" (at the beginning of this century) have been made into TV dramas and played more than 10 times on Sichuan Satellite TV. 2. In the past 300 years, on the basis of attaching great importance to dramatic procedures, special attention has been paid to the portrayal of stage characters, thus forming the unique style of "Luzhou River" Sichuan Opera that emphasizes performance and character acting. For example, in the early 1950s, teacher Li Huixian performed in plays such as "The Frog Party", "Family", and "Zhaojun Hefan". Due to her unique and superb performances, she won praise from the audience and colleagues in the Sichuan Opera Troupe. For this reason, the Provincial Sichuan Opera Theater and the Provincial Sichuan Opera School sent people to Lu twice to observe and learn. Zhang Zhiju, who was born in a major, specializes in niche studies. He has solid basic skills and a wide range of acting skills. When he played the role of Lu Meng in "Pinging on Snow and Distinguishing Traces", he vividly played the pedantic and sour character of a poor scholar, which made the audience applaud. In "Jiangmei Pavilion", she acted gracefully and gracefully, with both spirit and appearance. The pleat technique in "Water Prison Touching Seal" can be used freely. When performing the water prison, the pleats are twisted around the body, as if it is soaked in water. Qiu Wencheng (Qiu Zhiyu), who studied in the Quan Tai class and then transferred to his own major, has a loud voice, a steady body, powerful speech, and excellent singing and acting. When he played Sima Yi in "The Empty City", every action was consistent with the meaning of the lines, and every move was flawless. In the play "Drunk Attack on the Mountain Gate", both fist and kick skills are seen, and the drunken state is also seen. The Kunqu opera sung is suitable for drunkenness without losing the charm. The famous performing artist Han Chengzhi studied Wenqin Opera (Guizhou Opera) since he was a child. At the age of 12, he studied in the "Jun Discipline Class" of Sichuan Opera. He specializes in civil and martial arts. He is good at performing "Fengyi Pavilion", "Downstream Temple", "Dahongtai" ", "Jiangdong Bridge", "Water Prison Seal", "Let Pei Go", "Forcing My Nephew to Go to College", "Bajiuzhai" and other plays are famous in the Yi and Lu areas of southern Sichuan. In the early 1950s, he was transferred to the Provincial Sichuan Opera School to teach, and later he was transferred to the Provincial Sichuan Opera Art Research Institute. The famous performing artist Zeng Ronghua was the first director of the Luzhou Sichuan Opera Troupe. He received guidance from famous artists such as Zeng Junchen and Zhang Zhiju, and became his own style and became famous as a literary and martial arts niche. In 1952, he participated in the first national opera viewing performance and played the role of Lu Mengzheng in "Pinging on the Snow and Distinguishing Traces". He won the second prize for actor for his outstanding performance. He is good at acting in dramas such as "Tielong Mountain", "Dressing Up and Seizing the Halberd", and "The Story of the Colorful House". Later, he was transferred to the Provincial Sichuan Opera Theater and served as the deputy director of the Chengdu Sichuan Opera Theater. He wrote many books in his later years. Xiao Ting, the winner of the "Plum Blossom Award" of the academy, and Lan Guanglin, the famous actor, are both his favorite students. Hu Chunfu, a famous artist of the Luzhou Sichuan Opera Troupe, was in the same class as Luo Guiting, Qiu Wencheng, Li Ben, and Gao Jianzhang. He made loud noises, spoke clearly, performed cleanly, and shouted powerfully. He is good at acting in Cao Cao plays of the Three Kingdoms and is known as "Living Cao Cao". The "Three Ups and Three Downs" skill in "Burning Puyang", the speech and performance in "Searching the Palace", and the shouting skill in "Weeping in the Peach Garden" were all praised by the audience and peers. 3. The vocal cavity is mainly high-pitched. Among the various schools of Sichuan Opera, it has significant uniqueness. First of all, it is different from other schools in palace tune notation. Therefore, the high-pitched opera of "Luzhou River" is made more mellow, melodious, ups and downs, and pleasant to the ear. Secondly, when singing "Mo Ci Ge", other genres only use the same tune, while "Luzhou River" Sichuan Opera arranges different tunes to sing according to the development of the plot and the needs of character performance.

For example, in dramas such as "Iron Crown Picture" and "The Legend of White Snake", the "Mo Ci Song" of "Yinshan Mountain" is used to express the characters' feelings about the display environment and the situation when they are forced into desperate situations and face the threat of death. Rendering the atmosphere, coupled with percussion, can produce excellent stage effects. "Shadowy Hillside" is characterized by slow tempo, sad and melancholy vocals, and exciting percussion, which creates a gloomy and miserable atmosphere that makes people feel creepy. Third, among the high-qiang operas, the three major categories of "Luzhou River" operas such as "Suosuogang", "Garden Hao" and "Wuzongyang" are obviously different from such types of high-qiang operas in other areas. Fourth, in 1953, the Luzhou Sichuan Opera Troupe broke the tradition of having a drummer lead the opera and male vocalists for the first time, and recruited four female vocalists. Subsequently, theater troupes in Luzhou's counties also followed suit, greatly improving the artistic quality of the opera, and gradually promoted it to the entire Sichuan Opera world. From the late 1970s to the mid-1980s, in order to study and explore the rules of the high-pitched art of "Luzhou River" Sichuan Opera, the Luzhou City Sichuan Opera Troupe specially selected four musicians to establish the "Luzhou River" Sichuan Opera Music Research Laboratory (referred to as "Lu Yingshi"). ), has published 28 research special issues. 4. Instrumental percussion is unique in the Sichuan Opera world. "Luzhou River" Sichuan Opera pays great attention to the use of gongs, drums and suona in order to better express the plot and shape the characters. Especially in high-pitched operas, it is required to fly, drill, heavy, offend, contract, end, end evil, and turn evil, to be clear-minded, clear in routine, reasonable in importance, orderly in civil and military, natural in tone, and full of joy and anger. Sorrow moves people with joy. For example, the Guzhou order in the play "Sanpao Mountain" belongs to the main tune of Liushui tune. The play of "Luzhou River" is completed in Liushui tune, without using Jiangtou Gui from other rivers as the main melody. Because the use of flowing water cavity is more suitable for the characters in the play fleeing from home and sleeping in the wilderness. Another example is that in "Zhong Kui Sends His Sister Away", "Luzhou River" is played with a hanging board and a lantern moth. The contract is divided into three chapters, and in the middle, gongs and Taoist orders are added, all in one go. Secondly, it is important to arrange different gongs and drums for different plays. For each play, more than 10 or even dozens of different gongs, drums and suona tunes must be played. Third, in terms of performance method, the emphasis is on fast and slow, cadence and ups and downs, as fast as thousands of horses galloping, and as thin as flowing water on a small bridge. Wind, cloud, thunder, rain, snow, Chaowang drum, Dejun drum, Genggu, Shengtang drum, Dejuan drum, Killing drum, all have distinct levels. In terms of drum beats, gongs and drums are even more particular. The water lotus is divided into hanging water lotus, large water lotus and double-pole dry water lotus; the windmill is divided into seven, eight, and nine hammers, each with different hammers; Liangzi is divided into fast and fast. Slow, dry, and lifted; whether it is a literary or martial arts performance, it is always "borrowed from the mother's conception". The conversion of natural rhythms is used in different places, making the gongs and drums more dynamic and effectively integrating with different plays and characters on the stage. The percussion music of the fourth "Luzhou River" requires the gong to be able to play seven semi-rhymes (semitones) to more effectively highlight the plot environment and express the inner world of the characters. Since the formation of "Luzhou River" Sichuan Opera, through the exploration, inheritance and innovation of generations of Sichuan Opera people, this artistic flower has bloomed more and more brilliantly. Among them, artists of the older generation such as Chen Yanqing, Luo Guiting, Cao Junchen, Hu Yuting, Qiu Wencheng (Qiu Zhiyu), Zhang Zhiju, Han Chengzhi, Wu Zhiyuan, Li Huixian and others have made outstanding contributions to the formation of the "Luzhou River" Sichuan Opera art. From the 1940s to the 1950s, Zeng Ronghua, Hu Chunfu, Ding Dechao, Tang Huizhen, Yang Songlin, He Bochuan, Luo Yurui, Xie Pengfei, Yang Shixiu, Mou Tianlong, Chen Jiayu, Gao Tongwen, Mao Yukai, Lin Huiguang, Liu Subin, Li Xiangpei, Zhong Junchang, A large number of famous Sichuan opera artists such as Zeng Jingyi, Yang Wenxin, Liu Yunshen and Liu Jinkui have made great contributions to the inheritance and development of "Luzhou River" Sichuan Opera art.

From the 1950s to the 1980s, Zhu Kangning, Sun Hongzhang, Gou Fangyun, Chen Mingwei, Yu Kaiyuan, Zhou Shaoxiu, Wang Hongbo, Liu Shunbin, Lin Changyi, Mao Shijun, as well as Zhang Yunhua, Xia Guangyu, Jian Suhua, Shen Junhuai, Wen Yuanzhang, Liu Zhonghua, Tong Xiangming, Wen Mingxing, Tong Xiaoling, Xiao Yan, Du Guangyu, Zhang Yuanlan, Yuan Zhonghua, Zhang Yongnian, Yuan Shiqing, Liao Yanwen, Wu Changfu, Shi Changquan, Xia Zhaowu, Chen Yongshou, Huang Cunyu, Wang Yuanzhu, Wang Peirong, Gao Yuhua, Chen Qifang, Li Hongshu, Huang Daxiang, Wan Siling, Xu Tong Sheng, Li Zhongyang, Mao Zhengjun, Su Jialin, Tan Yongyang, Luo Yonglian, Ou Linchun, Xu Yongfu and the members of the Yibin Youth Sichuan Opera Troupe formed by the Luzhou District Opera Training Class are all authentic successors of the "Luzhou River" Sichuan Opera art. He has made outstanding contributions to the promotion of the art of "Luzhou River" Sichuan Opera. Fortunately, most of these people are still alive, and many of them are still contributing to the development of the "Luzhou River" Sichuan Opera art. In the early 1980s, amid the tide of reform and opening up, various Sichuan opera troupes in the Luzhou area successively set up opera training classes and recruited a group of young students. Under the influence of the "Luzhou River" Sichuan Opera art, these people have laid a firm artistic foundation. Top-notch talents in Sichuan Opera art such as Chen Qiaoru, Sun Yongbo, Liu Ping, Cui Guangli, etc. have emerged. They have successively won national awards - the National Drama "Plum Blossom Award" ". There are also Yang Yunzhi, Liu Guangshu, Bao Jing, Shen Jingdong, Liu Ruimei, Wen Li, Lei Min, Zhang Huaiyu, Chen Yanli, Liu Shuxian, Yue Tianxia, ??Liang Yingping, Zhang Xiaohong, Cao Jiangtao, etc., who won awards in the province's Sichuan Opera competition and became the "Luzhou River" A new talent in the art of Sichuan Opera. Luzhou Zhonghe Diao Qingyin·Dulcimer Sichuan Qingyin Introduction Sichuan Qingyin used to be called "Singing Xiaoqu", "Singing Minor Diao", "Singing Yueqin", "Singing Pipa" and so on. The performing arts group is also called "Haihu Class", so it is also called "Singing Haihu Class". In 1930, Chongqing formed the "Unvoiced Songs Improvement Association", and subsequently the "Unvoiced Songs Association" and "Unvoiced Musical Union" were established in Chengdu and Zigong City. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, it was named "Sichuan Qingyin". After 1930, during the heyday of Sichuan Qingyin, thousands of "Haihu classes" in the province frequently traveled to large, medium and small cities, running stalls and performing arts, and making a living on the street. Teahouses in various places gradually became Sichuan Qingyin bookstores. Luzhou City has "Cong Huixuan", "Tianfeng Tower", "Shundong", "Jiangchun", "Qinglan", "Liuyin" and so on. Xuyong has "Jixian", "Ganjiang", "Chat"; Zigong has "Shengli Bookstore", "Pulu Garden" and so on. Artists from Yibin and Luzhou come to Chongqing to perform, and they recruit them from "Xu and Lu Famous Actors". Introduction to Sichuan Yangqin Sichuan Yangqin is named after the Yangqin as the main accompaniment instrument. This type of music is distributed in the Han areas of Sichuan, especially in Chengdu, Luzhou, and Chongqing (Shanghe, Zhonghe, and Xiahe). In the early days of Yangqin, speaking was mainly used, and singing was supplemented. "Xingmu" was used for speaking, and one person played the piano to sing. Later, it developed from one person to a partnership. It is also divided into "fishing drum dulcimer", "big drum dulcimer" and so on. There are many "fanciers" of dulcimer in Sichuan. Professional dulcimer professionals are mainly concentrated in Chengdu. Most of the dulcimer singing activities in other places are gatherings of "fanciers". Sichuan's dulcimer has an elegant lexicon, and most "fanciers" who play it are highly educated. There is the "Luyin Qin Society" in Luzhou City, and the "Natural Qin Society" and "Tianran Yaji" in Xuyong County. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, some amateurs "went to sea" to make a living through art, such as Luo Guoxuan and Wen Xiaoxi from Luzhou City, Chen Tielang and Liu Daru from Xuyong County, Huang Taiyao from Gulin County, and so on. After 1953, Sichuan Yangqin developed rapidly. Artists such as Li Decai went to Shanghai to record records, and went to various places to "teach singing and sit in restaurants", etc., which promoted the development of Sichuan Yangqin. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Sichuan Yangqin entered its heyday. The artistic characteristics of Sichuan dulcimer The singing style of Sichuan dulcimer is divided into provincial and prefectural tunes. Provincial tunes are mainly in Bazi, western Sichuan, Chengdu, and the rest of eastern Sichuan, northern Sichuan, and southern Sichuan are collectively called "prefecture tunes." Before 1931, there were few professional entertainers in the state tune, and most of them were "fanciers". Zhou Diao has its own name in various places, such as Nanchong and Langzhong called "North Sichuan Yangqin"; Xuyong County and Gulin County of Luzhou City call it "Zhonghe Diao Yangqin". The most unique feature of Zhou Diao singing is that men and women share the same tune, which is similar to the male tune of Provincial Diao (without the seven-eye plate).

In Luzhou and Xuyong counties, the "Zhonghe Diao" that has been preserved to this day is relatively complete, including Qingban, Yizi, Erliu, Sanban, Sizi Diao, Zhongshi, Jian Daqiang, Quan Daqiang, etc. (Also attached is a musical score. example). Qingban is often used at the beginning of a piece, with three-eye ban and four-line tune. One word is followed by "Shu Sentence" after one sentence (or after one or two sentences). The first and second sentences are the same as Qingban without "four pillars". Second-rate is precise and notated as 2/4. The third board has a board but no eyes, and the notation is 1/4. The four-character tune is a three-eye tune with a structure of upper and lower sentences. After singing the second sentence, it will switch to a "one-character" sentence. It is mostly used for female tunes. I notated it as 4/4. The middle cross is in the same palace as the first character, which is similar to Duozi in the provincial male accent, only with the female accent. Simplified Daqiang and Full Daqiang are used at the end of the aria. The rules of "committing hardship" in Zhonghe Diao: one word only violates the tone of the first sentence; second-rate and third-rate tunes can deal with "committing hardship" in the entire section. The singing styles of different "river channels" of Sichuan Yangqin are divided into "Shanghe Diao", "Zhonghe Diao" and "Xiahe Diao" according to the rivers in the province (referring to the Minshan Mountain and the Yangtze River). The so-called "dialect" refers to the singing style. Sichuan Yangqin and Qingyin have historically developed their own singing styles due to the different regions where they were spread. 1. Historically, ships on the Yangtze River could sail upstream along the Minjiang River and reach Chengdu. Chengdu is located on a river in the province, so it is called "Shanghe". Shanghe Diao refers to the area of ??the western Sichuan plain centered around Chengdu. The main characteristics of its singing style are: gorgeous and colorful singing style, smooth and graceful, delicate emotions, and pay attention to the playing techniques of board and bamboo drum. In singing, he is good at "giving up the board" and "lifting the board". Among them: "Haha Tune" is more distinctive, making the singing more lively and dexterous, and the singing repertoire is famous for short jokes. 2. "Zhonghe Diao" refers to the southern Sichuan area centered on Yibin, Luzhou, Xuyong, Gulin, Zigong and other places (it is an interruption of rivers in the province, so it is called "Zhonghe"). Its singing style is characterized by Erxing Tune. , there are simple, simple and elegant. The accompaniment is mainly composed of Yueqin and Erhu. The beginning and end of the song often use "passing the river and crossing the door". The tune is steady, the emphasis is on the words, the melody is round, the speed is medium and slow, and the singing is like a song. Recent artists include He Dongxiu and Han Shaowu from Yibin; Deng Zezhou, Chen Ronghua, Tian Zhixiu, and Li Zhengquan from Luzhou; and Luo Mingru from Xuyong. Ma Guangming, Chen Qibin, Liu Guofang, Chen Zhufu, Wang Guoliang; Gulin include Huang Taiyao, Huang Taimin, Xu Shusheng, Huang Shaotang, etc. Zigong included Bao Chengxiu, He Yuliang and others. 3. "Xiahe Diao" refers to the eastern Sichuan area from Chongqing to Wanxian (located in the lower section of the provincial river). The main characteristics of the singing style are: the singing voice is both vigorous and vigorous, yet gorgeous and graceful, with steady workmanship, free speed and ease, and many decorations. In vocal music art, it pays attention to the combination of "native voice singing" and "small voice" ("side tone"), so that the vocal range is wider. It is characterized by absorbing the "haha accent" and making it softer and rounder. In terms of accompaniment, the "fill" is more fancy and longer than the "liner". The "Xiahe Diao" area is divided into Sichuan East (Chongqing area) and Sichuan East (Wanxian area). Xiachuandong's singing style is relatively simple and steady, with few decorations. In recent decades, the artists represented by "Xiahe Diao" include Wen San, Wen Si, Deng Bixia, Sun Qiongfang, Chen Qiongrui, Tang Xinlin, etc. There are also Xuyongmi Su Yi suona, Naxi folk songs, Naxi Yongning River chants, Hejiang County Fubao Guanda suona, Hejiang County Fubao high-pitched folk songs, etc...