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蚃膅蒆薁迿聁蒅荳袄蒃璇烃蒖薆螁荈蚈罗蔇蒁螞螀耀秃瀿耀薂螆荈荿蛄炂芄Hui 袇袁蒞耆耀四腽豿袃炂芽螁肈芁聂聂聁袁膁聃胃袁素芀蚅衿螿螿螈乇莇興伟袈芃芈螁螁蓇袴紴炴芆耿芅芅脄脄蚆螇剉胃烃A莂erosion抄莁 crab袴耿迿迈荿蟅袂脄興蚇戇槇蒇袀螿膆荿蚃腅膆螁衿肁蒅蓳袆蒄蒃苇璃薆螟荁荁ro聇聁螀Newborns莇芈伟袁芃芈erosion The legs are thick and the legs are thick and the legs are thick and the legs are thick.迿膆荿荃膆膆荁迿聁聅蛳蛁蒄蒃璇璃蒆荞荁Ti荈罗膇聁螞螓culus 耀蒀秃谀薂螆荈蜿炄炂芄Hui袇螞wei膆肀四腽迿袃炂腽螁肈芁膂聁袁膇聃袃 Zhaosusu芅芿迿螿螈莇莈袈芃芈erosion螁螁袴紴瀴芆　　　　蜄芀蜄蚆螇荃莃Alfalfa One of the important ways of educational evaluation is to prepare test questions for testing. Quantitatively evaluate teachers' teaching and students' learning through test paper scores. When compiling mathematics test questions, especially provincial and municipal quality inspection questions as well as college entrance examination and high school entrance examination questions, its content and evaluation standards are a guide, which causes our teaching content, purpose, and methods to change according to this guide. Therefore, the instructiveness, comprehensiveness, appropriateness, and scientific nature of the test questions carrying subject knowledge and ideological nature have become very important and even directly affect the level of basic education. How to write a good test paper, combined with the experience of participating in the training of the first batch of middle school expert teachers in Xiamen City and participating in quality inspection questions many times, I will talk about how to write a high-quality test paper.

1. Several common problems in the test paper 1. Wrong questions appear in the test paper (the minimum requirement for knowledge propositions, and also the most difficult requirement to meet), such as question 12 in the 2005 Fujian Provincial Mathematics College Entrance Examination. ) (x f is an odd function with a period of 3 defined on R, and the minimum value of the number of solutions of 0 ) 2 ( f in the interval (0, 6) is ( ) A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 There is no correct answer among the four answers. Another example is a mathematics high school examination question in a certain place: If the perimeter of a triangle is 30cm and the area is 75cm2, then the radius of the inscribed circle of the triangle is equal to _____cm. Solution: Let The lengths of the three sides of the triangle are a, b, and c respectively, the perimeter is p, the area is S, and the radius of the inscribed circle is r, then S = 1 2 ar 1 2 br 1 2 cr= 1 2 (a b c)r= 1 2 pr Therefore, r = 2S p. Substituting S=75 and p=30, we get r = 5 (cm). This is exactly the answer that the proposer expected! But in this way, an embarrassing question for the proposer immediately appears! Question: When the radius of the inscribed circle is 5cm, the area of ??the inscribed circle will be 25π cm2, which is actually larger than the area of ??the triangle (75 cm2)! What is going on? It turns out that there is an inherent relationship between the area and the perimeter of the triangle. Correlation: From Qin Jiushao-Helen formula and mean inequality, we get S= s(s-a) (s-b) (s-c)≤ s (s-a) (s-b) (s-c) 3 3 = s 3s-2s 3 3 = 3 9 s2= 3 36 p2 (here s = 1 2 (a b c) = 1 2 p, which is the half perimeter of the triangle). That is, the inequality between the area and perimeter of the triangle must be satisfied: S≤ 3 36 p2 (if and only if a=b =c). It is easy to verify that the area and perimeter of the triangle in the above high school entrance examination questions do not satisfy the inequality: S≤ 3 36 p2. In other words, a triangle with a perimeter of 30cm and an area of ??75cm2 does not exist at all. ! In fact, the area of ??a triangle with a perimeter of 30cm will not be greater than 25 3cm2; the perimeter of a triangle with an area of ??75cm2 will not be less than 30 4 3cm. In 2005, 40,000 candidates in Pingliang City, Gansu Province were re-examined due to errors in the high school entrance examination questions. After the test, the deputy director and director of the Pingliang City Education Bureau were severely punished by the municipal party committee and the city government, and the director of the Education Bureau's Teaching and Research Institute who was responsible for the specific work was also given an administrative warning. Even in the U.S. Olympic Games, there were mistakes. . In addition, the expression of test questions is not standardized (the language is not standardized, and it is not consistent with real life such as taxi pricing, telecommunications pricing, etc.) and is contrary to the reality of life. This is also a common mistake in various test questions. 2. Use existing test papers (download Test papers) Due to different student bases and changes in courses, the finished test papers may not be suitable for your own teaching, and it is necessary to process the finished test papers. 3. The selection of test questions is unscientific, and the reliability and discrimination are distorted (there are usually four factors to measure the quality of the test) An important indicator: the validity, reliability of the test, the difficulty and discrimination of the test questions. ①Reliability. The reliability of the test refers to the degree of reliability of the test results that will produce relatively stable and consistent results for any student's multiple measurements. ② Validity. Validity refers to the accuracy of the test and reflects the degree to which the test content matches the teaching syllabus or exam syllabus. Test papers with high validity can more accurately test the authenticity of students' mastery and application of the knowledge they have learned. ③Difficulty. Average score/full score. It can be slightly adjusted according to different exams, and it is recommended to control it around 0.75. If it is greater than 0.85, it is easier; if it is less than 0.65, it is difficult. ④Discrimination. Examine the different levels of students and truly separate students at three levels: excellent, average, and poor. 2. Basic principles that propositions should follow and matters that need attention: 1. Scientific principle. The principle of scientificity refers to ensuring that the test questions are scientifically accurate, without intellectual errors, and to ensure that the propositions are scientific and correct. The language description is concise and easy to understand without ambiguity, and the graphics and text match without any errors or omissions.

The openness of the proposition content should be reflected in asking questions from multiple angles, sides and levels to cultivate students' ability to think divergently and apply knowledge flexibly. 4. Principle of standardization and appropriateness. The principle of standardization means that the finished test paper should conform to the test paper specifications. The title, entry form, instructions, footer markings, etc. should be correct and standardized without any omissions. The expression of the questions should meet the requirements of knowledge. Standards and language standards, appropriately control the number of words, make the narrative concise, smooth and easy to understand, correct punctuation, proper use of italics and regular fonts of letters, matching pictures and texts, and the title does not span two pages, etc. The principle of appropriateness has two meanings. First, as a whole, the difficulty of the entire test paper, difficulty distribution and the ratio of difficult to easy, the number of questions and the coverage of knowledge points (although excessive coverage is not emphasized, but There must also be a certain coverage), the content structure and ability structure of the test questions should be as reasonable as possible. Second, in terms of specific questions, when a question is placed in a certain position, the difficulty, question type, question format, etc. should be appropriate and relevant; the purpose and educational value of the question should be consistent with the educational goals. The assumptions and expressions, question types and examination purposes should be consistent. This principle should not be ignored when making propositions. The former plays a role in ensuring the standardization of the test paper and is conducive to students' answers. The latter plays an important role in whether the entire paper can perform a good examination function, especially the difficulty of the entire paper. In terms of aspects, it will have a significant impact on the psychology of candidates and future teaching. The 2009 Fujian Provincial College Entrance Examination Mathematics test questions were deficient in this regard. The high starting point of question 16 was not conducive to students' answering questions, and the two final questions had a steep slope and poor differentiation. The National Examination Center evaluated the Fujian Provincial test questions as "new." The curriculum concept is fully developed, which is far ahead of the current status of curriculum reform and is not commensurate with the educational status of Fujian Province." This also provides a reference for our appropriateness. 5. Principle of harmony and elegance. The layout of the paper should be reasonable and the arrangement should be beautiful. It should be consistent with the high school entrance examination and college entrance examination. The test paper should show the excellence in quality and the beauty in layout. It is not only beautiful in form, symmetrical in graphics, but also beautiful in form. It is manifested in reasonable structure, concise expression, exquisite questioning, and natural and harmonious logical relationships. Harmony and beauty are both a holistic requirement and a stylistic pursuit. Only if the style is concise, harmonious, novel, and graceful rather than rigid in the model, can it be possible to create high-quality test papers that are new but not strange, harmonious, and tasteful. Without the pursuit of harmony, the beauty and quality of the test paper cannot be guaranteed. 3. Steps for producing a good test paper. In addition to clear and correct guiding ideology, a scientific preparation process is also necessary. 1. Understand the nature of testing. What level of testing is it? Who is being tested (which grade, student level)? What is the scope of testing? What is the testing time? How much should the general structure of the test paper (question types, scores) and difficulty level be pre-controlled? 2. Review the syllabus and teaching materials and fully understand the teaching objectives (three dimensions). Fully grasp the key and difficult points of teaching, fully clarify the context of knowledge, and integrate it. 3. Develop a "two-way detailed list of propositions". The two-way detailed list prepared according to the purpose and requirements of the examination is A blueprint for designing test papers. A two-way breakdown table is a contingency table between test objectives (ability) and test content. Generally speaking, the items listed vertically in the table are the content to be tested, that is, knowledge points, and the items listed horizontally are the abilities to be tested, or the level to be achieved in cognitive behavior. In terms of knowledge and ability* **The same square is the proportion of the test score. The two-way detailed list of propositions has three elements: examination objectives, examination content, and the ratio of examination objectives to examination content. Ensure that the test paper has wide coverage, ensure the quality of the test paper, and avoid randomness and blindness. The design steps of the two-way detailed list: (1) Establish the key points of knowledge ① List the key points. First, we must carefully analyze the teaching materials and find out the knowledge points in the teaching materials. Small knowledge points of each item can be combined and classified to form large knowledge blocks. Usually, content that is newly taught and has undergone certain training is used as the focus of testing. ② Fixed proportion. That is, determine the proportion of points that the key points of each chapter should account for.

The font and size should be just right and should be consistent with the high school entrance examination and college entrance examination as much as possible. The number punctuation should be standardized, the pictures and texts should be mixed and not monotonous, the distribution of graphics should be balanced, the reading amount of the questions should be moderate, the question stem of the multiple choice questions should not be too short and should not exceed three lines, and the question and answer questions should be asked The form and quantity are required to be appropriate. A good test paper must withstand the examination of experts. From the perspective of effects, there must be reliability and validity, reasonable discrimination, and moderate difficulty. From the perspective of test question design, the question size must be moderate, the question types must be diverse, the questions must be scientific, and they must be original and logical. , thinking, coverage, etc. There are many education experts and university professors among our students’ parents, and they all have in-depth research on examinations. A good test paper must also withstand public criticism. Our test papers will eventually flow to the society through students, communicated to schools, or spread to various cities through the Internet, and the public will be the judges. In order to reduce unnecessary misunderstandings or possible ambiguities, hot issues do not need to be pursued deliberately, and sensitive issues are best avoided. The ability to produce a good test paper is an important aspect of a teacher's basic skills. It reflects a teacher's teaching level and a comprehensive ability to control teaching materials and grasp teaching. The teacher's proposition is essentially an extension of the teaching process and a review of the course teaching materials. The in-depth development of teachers is a new content in the professional development of teachers. I wish you all a high-quality exam question! 蒀莃袀膂芃袿袿袂四濁袈羄芁Thin袉肄耀袆袆荿莆袆袆憂蚄袅聁莈耀袄腽膁膆羃袆莂炂羂罗袁ANT袁莄蚇袁迿芇胃瀀罿胃螿螆肁芅莅螅脄聁蚃Thin 袃芄荿蚄瓴荔蓓蓓舁聁lectichunsu螀ant耀莀莀螿肂腽薂豿腅荿興莈袄莄centipede, centipede, leech It's a good thing袆荿莆袆戂舚袅袁莈螀袄腽膁膆袃袃莆莂炂悂悂戎莇莄臿谿觇袃秀耿蒃葿膆肁芅莅莆聄聁袃莆莂炂恂袁聿蚓worm The knotted leeches are the most common ants, and the ants are the most popular ones. pedicle The most important thing is Corian leg ant脄臇芿芿贃瀀簿袃螆荀荐聅莅腅脄豄聓袁袃脄蓓蛴荴荅荃肈节莁eleechulisu螞ANT袀莀莀萱肂腽薂螿豅荿荿舁聄聄興率莇ANTI 螁螁螁螆袅莴蜄螅袁興袀蛳苏蒄PU Crab腅芆袅pedicle 螁螁袀袃袀膂芃螿袂四淈袈焄芁Thin袇剉脄蒀袆袆袁袆袆膁膂蚄袅聁莈耀袄腽膁聆烃