Leizhou Peninsula has a long history and splendid culture. Since the Western Han Dynasty, most of the past dynasties have set up counties here, which has always been the political, military, economic, cultural and shipping center of Leizhou Peninsula, so it is called "the land in the south". In the long history, because Leizhou Peninsula is located at the southern border of the mainland of China, the excellent Central Plains culture has widely absorbed and integrated the ancient South Vietnamese, slang and influx cultures, collided and merged with each other, constantly enriched and updated, and gradually formed a unique Leizhou culture.
Leizhou dialect, Leizu Raytheon, Leige Lei Ju, Leizhou Music, Leizhou Nuo Dance, Leizhou Shigou, Leizhou Pearl and other "Leizi" features highlight the unique style of Leizhou culture. It is an important regional culture in southern Guangdong, and it occupies an important position in the history and culture of southern Guangdong. Leizhou culture, Guangfu culture, Chaozhou culture and Hakka culture are also called the four major cultures of Guangdong, which occupies an important place in many regional cultural forests in China.
Leizhou culture has a long history. Because Leizhou Peninsula is red clay, it is called red soil culture. Leizhou Peninsula has many distinctive cultures, which have been handed down in people's production and life, and have great inspiration for future generations.
The gathering of talents in past dynasties has promoted the integration of various cultures, making Leizhou a meeting place of Chu-Yue culture, indigenous culture, Minnan immigrant culture, marine culture and Central Plains culture, with distinctive cultural types such as Minnan culture, religious culture, vulgar culture, floating residence and celebrity culture, which has spawned a number of Leizhou dialects, Leizhou music, Leige, Lei Ju, Leizhou Shigou and Leizhou Nuo dance with local characteristics.
"The light of civilization will shine for a long time, and the remote place of Zhong Ling is beautiful". According to historical records, only in the Tang and Song Dynasties, 22 celebrities were relegated to or left footprints in Leizhou Peninsula, including Kou Zhun, Li Gang, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Tang Xianzu and other famous ministers and writers. They brought advanced Central Plains civilization and integrity, and wrote a colorful chapter in the development history of Leizhou Peninsula.
Before the Tang and Song Dynasties, Baiyue people mainly lived in Leizhou Peninsula, and the cultural ecology was still primitive folk culture. During their stay in Leizhou Peninsula, the sages opened academies, advocated enlightenment, spread the advanced culture, ideas and production technology of the Central Plains, and wrote countless poems and essays. They are upright and upright for officials, and also bring fresh atmosphere to the local area. By the Qing Dynasty, a large number of local talents represented by Chen Xie, Chen Changqi and Chen Qiaosen emerged in Leizhou. Today, Leizhou has become the only national historical city in western Guangdong. Historians have recognized that before the Tang and Song Dynasties, Leizhou Peninsula was still a wild land, and most of the local residents were ancient Vietnamese, who had not opened HarmonyOS, and their cultural ecology was mainly backward slang culture. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, Leizhou Peninsula is full of talented people and bright stars.
Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, a group of celebrities from the Central Plains have been relegated here. It is they who, after falling from the height of the temple to the distance between the rivers and the seas, immersed themselves in their thoughts, courageously < P >, cared about the people, used the mature and advanced civilization of the Central Plains, used honesty and uprightness, educated themselves, promoted water conservancy, worked diligently, and kept on writing, and passed on hundreds of years' annual salary, which made this vast land a fertile ground of Zhong Ling-blue. Statues of Kou Zhun, Li Gang, Su Shi, Su Zhe and other ten immortals enshrined in the Ten Immortals Temple, as well as the Su Causeway monument in the West Lake: the statue of Tang Xianzu with wise eyes still shining in the Guisheng Academy and the Mooncherry well at the door; The story of Li Gang, Mo Bao and "Su Er Village", which has been talked about so far; Leizhou people read the "Kouzhudu" in Leizhou ... All these records the footprints of the sages. They either lived in exile for a year or two, or came and went in a hurry, "ethereal and lonely"; However, "snow mud claws" and "a glimpse" have shed rain and dew that moistens everything for this dry red land.
When Kou Zhun first arrived, he found that the local people spoke a crooked ancient Yue dialect, which was not conducive to communication, so he ignored the huge gap from the prime minister to the secretary to join the army and educated the local people to learn the Zhongzhou pronunciation of "Mandarin" at that time. Also build water conservancy and teach agricultural technology; Explain astronomy and geography, and try to avoid evil; Build Zhenwutang to teach and educate people. Li Gang was banished to Leizhou, lived in Tianning Temple and wrote more than 2 poems, expressing his deep patriotism. Su Shi's banishment to the south passed through Leizhou, leaving many documents in Mo Bao, whose style and integrity had a profound influence on the local area. Su Zhe studied and wrote in Leizhou, leaving many excellent works. The lingering charm of "Ersu" and the "vastness of the sea" are often sung by people of the time and become a spiritual home for people to comfort their hearts. Tang Xianzu was demoted to Xu Wen and found that the folk customs here were fierce and aggressive, so he founded Guisheng Academy to educate the people to cherish life. He even more boldly tortured: "Which is more expensive, heaven and earth? Gan Kun is only in this life. Haibo drums all day, who knows about your love? " This kind of torture is different from Qu Yuan's "Tian Wen", which is a question from an orphan of a declining dynasty about the injustice of loyalty to the emperor; Tang Xianzu's question is more a reflection on human nature and more humanistic.
sages learn from others, and the light of civilization shines for a long time, and the remote place of Zhong Ling is beautiful. Since then, there have been many scholars here, and a large number of talents, represented by the "Chen Sanjie" in Leizhou in the Qing Dynasty, have been bred. Among them, Chen Xie, a politician known for his incorruptibility and ability, Chen Changqi, a learned and outspoken official, and Chen Qiaosen, a "Lingnan genius" who combines books, paintings, poems and seals ... Leizhou dialect, known as Leizhou dialect in folk terms, belongs to a branch of Fujian language family, and the native language of Leiren compatriots at home and abroad is the same, mainly distributed in the southwest of Guangdong Province, China. Leizhou dialect is widely used in the daily life of the people in Leizhou Peninsula and its surrounding areas. It is the southernmost dialect in Chinese mainland and one of the four major dialects in Guangdong. Leizhou dialect is named after the ancient Leizhou, and is mainly distributed in the entire Leizhou Peninsula and its surrounding areas today. Because this area belongs to the jurisdiction of the ancient Leizhou government in history, it is called Leizhou dialect.
Leizhou, Suixi, xuwen county, Mazhang, Donghai, Chikan, xiashan district, Potou, southern Lianjiang, eastern Wuchuan, Dianbai, western Guangdong, southeastern Guangxi, Qiongbei and other counties (cities), districts and towns in Zhanjiang now speak Leizhou dialect, with a domestic population of more than 8 million and an overseas population of about 1.5 million.
Leizhou dialect in Leizhou City is the representative of Leizhou dialect, and it is the pronunciation. From the sixth year of Yuan Ding in Han Dynasty (111 years before) to the early Republic of China, it has been the seat of county, state, county, road, army, road and government for thousands of years, and has become the political, economic and cultural center of Leizhou Peninsula.
At present, there are works such as Leizhou Dialect Phonetic Vocabulary, Leizhou Dialect Dictionary, Leizhou Dialect Dictionary and Leizhou Dialect Records.
Leizhou people, also known as Leizhou people, is one of the four major ethnic groups in Guangdong. Leizhou Clan refers to the descendants of the early Han people who moved to Leizhou Peninsula and its surrounding areas from the Central Plains through Fujian (most of them passed through Guputian). According to relevant historical records, the earliest Putian ancestor who moved to Leizhou Peninsula was in the early years of Qin Dynasty (221 BC). Leizhou dialect is the mother tongue of Leizhou people, and now they live in more than 3 countries and regions at home and abroad.
The native population of Leizhou Peninsula is more than 6 million, the population living in other parts of China is about 2 million, and the population living abroad is about 1.5 million. Leizhou folk clan has its own unique Leizhou culture with a long history, and it is a representative of Minnan folk clan. Leizhou people's clan is closely related to Chaoshan people's clan, Quanzhang people's clan, Fujian-Taiwan people's clan and Hainan people's clan, but for a long time, according to the local geographical environment, Leizhou people's clan has already developed Leizhou culture which is different from the ancient Minnan culture. Leizhou people are resolute, pragmatic, simple and righteous, forming a strong unity. Hang Ai Hu
wrote about "Ai Hu" in The Chronicle of Jingchu Age: "On May 5th, I took Ai as a tiger, or cut it into a tiger, and stuck it with Ai Ye, and my wife competed to wear it." Some of the "Ai Hu" are made of mugwort and mugwort leaves, and some are stuck on tigers cut from cloth and silk, and local women and children tie them in braids. On the morning of the first day of May, most rural people put mugwort leaves on both sides of the lintel of their homes (to attract a hundred blessings), or put up yellow notes with tigers to "ward off evil spirits". In the towns of Leizhou Peninsula, from the first day, mugwort and herbs were sold in the streets and alleys, and citizens bought them to plug in doors and boil water to take a bath. According to the traditional custom, wormwood is inserted in the door to attract blessings and exorcise evil spirits, and bathing with wormwood liquid can wash away evil spirits and skin diseases. The wormwood of these vendors is collected from the nearby mountains, and several branches are tied into neat bundles with other grass leaves for sale, with a bundle of fifty cents or a dollar. The wormwood exudes a special fragrance, and people come forward to choose and buy it from time to time.
wormwood is a perennial herb with alternate leaves, deeply pinnate, green surface, dense white hairs on the leaves, and special fragrance on the stems and leaves. In ancient China, wormwood was used as medicine, and the moxibustion method of acupuncture was that wormwood was placed on acupuncture points and cauterized to treat diseases. Therefore, the ancients thought that wormwood could attract good fortune and drive away evil spirits. In an ancient book in China, it was recorded: "When the chicken did not crow, those who picked wormwood like human beings took it and collected it with moxibustion, which was very effective. It is the day when Ai Cai takes the form of a human figure and hangs on the door, which can poison gas. " In ancient times, it was thought that after the Dragon Boat Festival, the weather began to get hot, mosquitoes were breeding, and infectious diseases were easy to occur. Therefore, on this day, five kinds of plants, such as Acorus calamus, wormwood, pomegranate flower, garlic and Shandan, were used to drive away all kinds of poison.
Old customs of funeral
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the state has advocated the reform of funeral and burial, changing customs and traditions, and new funeral methods have gradually been accepted by local people. However, in the past, people on the peninsula followed the ancient saying of "buried in the earth" and did not dare to be careless about funeral. It has a complicated set of ceremonies and many taboos, which make people see things in a blur. Many of the old customs have disappeared.
Funerals believe that anyone who is over 5 years old and dies of old age due to illness is considered dead, which is called "happy funeral" (that is, a white wedding). For this normal death, the family has been psychologically prepared. As soon as the death of a loved one is confirmed, the filial families will burst into tears. At this time, a bowl of "leftover rice" (also known as inverted rice) should be provided at the feet of the deceased; Use a dish lamp to hold sesame oil and light it as an ever-burning lamp (also known as a street lamp); Fill a bowl with rice and put incense on it. Incense and lights go on day and night. And the bereaved family is already in Dai Xiao, so you can't wear shoes and hats and start to handle the funeral. Members of their clan or community will raise money to donate a coffin to the dead. The in-laws or neighbors in the village began to volunteer to help with chores.
After bereavement of a loved one's death, the mourners mainly send bereavements to relatives and friends as soon as possible, but their affairs are numerous and complicated, and they can't be separated from each other. They often send their relatives to help them run around and issue obituaries. The mourner can't enter the door when he goes to the other party's house. For those who come out to meet, no matter how old or young, they must kowtow to each other, and then tell each other why someone died, a funeral on a certain day and time, and so on.
there are two kinds of funerals. The funeral is mainly for the dead to bathe and wear shroud. It is usually carried out shortly after the death of the deceased, because after a long time, the body is stiff and difficult to wear. There are strict regulations on the number of shroud pieces, with even numbers for men and odd numbers for women. If a woman dies, her family members will put on rings and bracelets that she wore before her death, which is called "pressing" and take them out for later generations to wear when she picks up bones and reburies. You will also put pearls, jade, shellfish and rice into the mouth of the deceased, calling them "rice containing" or "rice containing".
the big coat will be put into the coffin. When the coffin is closed and nailed, the natives will ask if there are still people who have not seen the remains. This is to prevent bereavement from coming late and not seeing their loved ones for the last time.
from the death of the deceased to the funeral, filial piety should take turns to wake day and night, mainly to prevent the intrusion of animals such as cats and dogs, and also to show filial piety.
There are five grades of mourning clothes, namely, the mourning dress, the mourning dress, the zicui, the meritorious service, the minor service, and the mourning dress, which are called five clothes, and are suitable for relatives who have different intimate relations with the deceased. Cutting off the decline is the heaviest mourning, which is mainly applicable to the son, unmarried daughter and daughter-in-law of the deceased. It is made of the coarsest raw hemp, and it is simple and crude, which is used to express the depth of grief.
condolence is an important part of funeral customs. Different from the relationship between the deceased and the relatives, there are many differences in the manners and methods of condolences.
After receiving the bad news, children or other close relatives who are away from home should first cry and mourn, then ask about the cause of death, and then go on the road in desperation. When you come home, you should look forward to your hometown and sing (the singer cries).
when you get home, go to the spirit and kneel and mourn. In Lianjiang, however, there is a popular oral literature called crying milk (no matter who the crying object is, it is collectively called crying milk), and its content is roughly to trace the past sufferings of the deceased and the nostalgia for the deceased. For example, a daughter is crying for her mother:
My mother raised me and nursed me; Hard life, milk!
no food, no milk; Hard life, milk!
today, milk; Children in groups, milk!
how do I know you're going, milk; Leave no words, milk!
leave your daughter behind, milk; I'm heartbroken, milk!
The wailing is so poignant and mournful that the listener can't help crying.
relatives and friends come to offer condolences, and the dutiful son should be greeted and accompanied. After the mourning ceremony, the mourners went to the mourning hall to formally mourn. Comfort by the concierge, that is, to pay the gift in the cashier's office. Most of them are six feet long white, black, gray and blue cloth. At that time, the words "eternal fame" and "typical forever" will be written in chalk, which will be cited at the funeral.
a funeral is also called going out of the mountain. Funeral time is different in different places. Some places are in Sishi (1-11 am), while others are in Youshi (4-5 pm). At the time of funeral, the Taoist priest first collected the evil spirit, and the lintel was affixed with the "evil spirit symbol". When the coffin was moved out of the house, the Taoist priest murmured, and continuous shooting struck the coffin three times with his sword belly, which was the funeral order. Sixteen porters drank in unison, with the dutiful son holding a fragrant bowl, memorial tablet and coffin as the leader and driving the spirit. Every few minutes, the barmen drank together, which meant to warn passers-by to avoid.
After the coffin leaves the village, it is usually held in an open area such as the village head or the village hall. At the opening ceremony, the sacrifices were made successively according to the relationship between relatives and distance. Celebrities include Mr. Da Sing (who is responsible for chanting and directing the whole process of the funeral ceremony), Mr. Li Yin (who leads the participants to bow down), Mr. Xi Jue (who offers one by one according to the sacrifices ordered by the Da Sing) and Mr. Wen Reading (who reads the funeral ceremony). After that, the filial piety made a farewell ceremony to the ancestors.
Buried coffins arrive at the cemetery, and the graves are sorted again. First level the bottom of the pit, erase the footprints, and light the paper and silk, which means to warm the tomb and prevent the ancestors from feeling cold. Then, the coffin was lowered slowly, and Mr. Yin and Yang sat back with a compass, and the dutiful son took the lead in shoveling and burying piles. When covering the soil, the figure should not be thrown into the grave pit. After covering the soil, the mourners walked around the cemetery three times, each grabbed a handful of soil and scattered it on the side of the house. Return by another path when you go home.
Dragon Boat Festival
Dragon Boat Festival is an important traditional festival among the people. It is named Dragon Boat Festival because the fifth day of May falls on the first afternoon of midsummer. There are also different names such as May Festival, Duanyang Festival and Chongwu Festival. In addition to the dragon boat race and eating zongzi, people are familiar with the Dragon Boat Festival. In the old days, Leizhou Peninsula was also popular with the customs of flying paper kites, wearing fragrant bags, drinking calamus wine and choosing flowers.
The custom of eating zongzi on the Dragon Boat Festival has a history of more than two thousand years. Liang Wujun of the Northern and Southern Dynasties wrote in "The Harmony of the Continuation of Qi": "Qu Yuanzi died in Miluo on May 5, and the Chu people mourned it. On this day, he threw rice in a bamboo tube as a sacrifice." Later, the kind people were worried that the zongzi would be "stolen by the dragon" when it was thrown into the water, so people used neem leaves to wrap it with colorful silk. It is said that both of them are dragons.