Wine and Music

Looking at the thousands of years of music history in China, it is not difficult to find that music and wine have formed an indissoluble bond.

From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, songs were mainly divided into three categories: Feng, Ya, and Song. Feng is a folk song, Ya is a song adapted from folk songs by nobles and scholar-bureaucrats, and Song is a sacrificial song. Fengya songs were sung in the palace and during the banquets of scholar-bureaucrats. They were usually accompanied by harp or harp, so they were called "string songs". The ode is also accompanied by a harp, but some also use a harp or a harp. There are 305 existing lyrics in the Book of Songs compiled by Confucius. Many of these 305 songs are related to wine. For example, there are 12 romantic and elegant songs that are often used by scholar-bureaucrats for "countryside drinking ceremonies". They are "Lu Ming", "Four Zhuangs", "Huang Huang Zhe Hua", "Fish Li", "There are Jiayu in the South", "There is a platform in Nanshan", "Guanwei", "Pueraria", "Juaner", "Magpie's Nest", "Caifan", "Caiping", are known as It is "Fengya Twelve Poems". This set of poems and music is written in Lu Lu music notation. It was passed down by Zhao Yansu, a Jinshi during the Qiandao period of the Song Dynasty (1165-1173), and was used in general ceremonies during the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty (713-741).

In "Twelve Poems of Fengya", some songs directly describe wine, such as the second and third paragraphs of "Deer Ming":

Yo yo deer croaking, eating wild food Wisdom. I have a guest, Deyin Kong Zhao. A gentleman who treats the people without thinking about them is letting go. I have ordered wine, and the guests will show Yan Yi Ao.

Yo yo, the deer roars, eating the wild lings. I have a guest, playing drums, harp, drums and harp. The drums, harps, drums and harps are harmonious and exquisite. I intend to drink wine with the intention of enjoying the guests.

Another example is "The Beautiful Fish":

The fish is more beautiful than words, and the fish tastes the room. A gentleman has wine and plenty of purposes.

The fish is beautiful in words, and the fiber is spun. A gentleman has wine, and he has plenty of it.

The fish is more beautiful than the words, and the fish is more beautiful than the carp. A gentleman has wine and a purpose.

There are so many things, so they are so beautiful.

Things have their purpose, and maintaining them is borrowed.

Things are as they are, and they are in their proper time.

Three examples are "Jiayu in the South":

There is gold in the south, which is natural leather. The idea is reasonable, and the true style is to enjoy it.

There are Jiayu, Lamb, and Shantou in the south. A gentleman has wine, and a distinguished guest has his title.

There are tall trees in the south, which are full of sweetness. Gentlemen have wine, and guests like Yan Suizhi.

The graceful person is in the right direction, but the lamb is thinking. A gentleman has wine, and a distinguished guest has a cup of wine and is thinking again.

During the Warring States Period, wine was also reflected in music. For example, in "Donghuang Taiyi", one of the "Nine Songs" of Chu Ci:

The Yao feast is filled with jade and coffee, and the chair is filled with Sui Fang. Chilled dishes are steamed with orchids, and osmanthus wine is poured with pepper pulp. The catalpa trees and drums are flying, the songs are singing in the slow festival, and the taro is singing loudly. ..

"Nine Songs" is originally an ancient music song, and it has been mentioned in "Li Sao" and "Tian Wen". Legend has it that Xia Qi stole it from the sky. Based on this folk song for worshiping gods, Qu Yuan created a song of the same name for use in large-scale imperial ceremonies. "Donghuang Taiyi" is one of them. It is repeated many times and the tune is relatively simple.

Qu Yuan’s poem "Calling Souls" also contains some poems about wine, such as "The wine is old, there is more fine wine", "The beauty is drunk, the beauty is more beautiful," "Entertainment with wine is not wasteful" , the sun and the night will sink." As a lyric, "The Conjuring" has clear sections, changeable turns, colorful colors, and sincere emotions. To match it, it should be a set of highly artistic and unusual tunes. According to the analysis of Mr. Yang Yinliu, its musical form is: "There is a summary in the front, significant changes in tune in the middle, and a summary in the end." ("Manuscript of the History of Ancient Chinese Music")

When talking about the music of the Han Dynasty, we cannot but talk about Yuefu. Yuefu was originally the name of a music institution in the Han Dynasty. Founded during the period of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, its function was to take charge of the music used in the court, including folk songs and music, and appointed dozens of writers to write lyrics based on folk tunes. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the poems collected, composed and sung by Yuefu in the Han Dynasty were collectively called "Yuefu". "In Yuefu, the sound is eternal, and the rhythm and sound are also harmonious." (Liu Ting, "Wen Xin Diao Long") There are many folk songs in Han Yuefu that are "feeling sadness and music, and are inspired by events." The content reflects the The vast social life has a vigorous and refreshing artistic feature. Some of its song names are related to wine, such as "Jian Jin Jiu" and "Zhi Jiu". "Jian Jin Jiu" is the name of a Yuefu drum song. One part, with lyrics dedicated to banquets and poems, was later used to encourage morale and celebrate heroes. "Zhijiu" is a piece of Xianghe song. Before the fifth and sixth centuries, folk music was collectively called Xianghe in the north. The second volume of "Book of Song" "Yue Zhi" contains the lyrics of fifteen songs of "Daqu", including "Zhijiu"

Youye Yuefu is related to the enjoyment of wine. "Collected Poems" has 100 volumes, divided into 12 categories. The second one is "Yanshe Song Ci", which is used for feasts. As for the Yuefu that directly describes Sa, there are also many, such as the "Longxi Journey" with Zodiac and Gesel tunes. "Invite guests to the Zhaotang Hall and sit on a felt boat. There are different troughs of innocence, sprinkled with pure Chinese sprinkling. Drink wine with the guest, and the guest will talk to the host. Queluo knelt down and worshiped again, and then held a cup. "Describes the host's eager hospitality to guests. Another example is "Meeting Travel" by Zodiac and Qing Dynasty, which describes the luxury of a wealthy home: "Gold is the king's gate, and white jade is the king's hall." A trough of wine was placed in the hall, and the envoy Handan advocated it. There are osmanthus trees growing in the courtyard, and the lanterns are so bright..." Luxurious life is naturally inseparable from wine.

During the Three Kingdoms period, all the poems written by Cao Cao, a famous politician, strategist and writer, were Yuefu songs. He "will compose poems when he climbs high, and compose new poems, which will be orchestrated and turned into music." The first two interpretations of his "Dan Ge Xing" are related to wine: "Singing to wine, what is life like? It's like morning dew, there are many hardships in the day. Generosity should be generous, worries are unforgettable, how can you relieve worries, only Du Kang." At the end of the Wei Dynasty and the beginning of the Jin Dynasty, Ruan Ji composed a very famous guqin piece called "Drunken Madness". There are also many folk songs about wine in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, such as "Duquge" of Qing Dynasty Shang Dynasty. At that time, folk music was collectively called Qing Shang music in both the north and the south. "Duquge" belongs to Wu Sheng Song (a general name for songs produced in Wu, including many tunes). "Duqu" is also referred to as "duqu", that is, singing alone without musical accompaniment. There are lines like this in the song: "I can't bear to think about it, and I talk about the wine pot in a row, and I write about the end of the meal."

In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were many poets who wrote for singing. Many poems by poets such as Li Bai, Yuan Qi, Wang Wei, Bai Juyi, Li He, Li Shangyin, and Li Yi have been sung by people, many of which are related to wine, such as Li Shangyin's "Willow Branches":

< p>For the time being, you can win over Yuan Hui by drinking wine,

Don’t damage your frown and slim waist.

There is only separation before death,

The spring breeze is like cherishing the long strips.

Yangliu Xiao is the name of the music. There are Bai Juyi's poems as evidence: "Liu Mo Shui tunes are everywhere, white snow and plum blossoms are blowing everywhere, old songs and old tunes are forgotten, and old songs are replaced by willow branches."

Another example is Wang Wei's "Weicheng" The morning rain is warm and the dust is light, and the guest house is green and the willows are new. I urge you to have a glass of wine and go west to Yangguan without any old friends. "It was widely sung in the Tang Dynasty. This song was originally a qin song. Because the qin song repeated Wang Wei's poem three times, it was named "Yangguan Sandie". As this guqin song spreads, it gradually breaks away from the lyrics and becomes a guqin solo.

During the Zhenguan and Kaiyuan years of the Tang Dynasty, a song "Liangzhou Song" was circulated:

The willows in the palace of the Han family are like silk,

The peach blossoms are abundant and green. Pool.

Sheng Shouji passed down the thousand-year-old wine,

The emperor even wrote Bailu's poems.

"Yueyuan" says: "Liangzhou, palace tunes." "Yuefu Miscellaneous Music" says: "Liangzhou tunes are originally in the main palace tunes, including Daben and Xiaoben."

"Drunk Fishing Sings Evening" is also a famous Guqin piece. Its author is said to be written by Tang Dynasty poets Pi Rixiu, Lu Guimeng and "hermits of later generations". The music describes the fisherman's drunken state of singing loudly and unrestrainedly.

The "Qingbei Music" in the Dunhuang music score is a pipa song popular in the Tang Dynasty.

Songs of the Song Dynasty mainly contain lyrics. As lyrics, Song lyrics "put the consonance first. What's the sound? That's the notation." (Zhang Yan's "Etymology" of the Song Dynasty) The lyrics of Song lyrics, that is, music, are many related to wine, such as: Zui Taiping (Drunken Sifan), Drunk Penglai, Drunk Zhongzhen (i.e. washing the sand in the stream), Frequent Containing Wine, Drunk Weanyan (i.e. Nan Gezi), Zui Mengmi (i.e. picking mulberry seeds), Zui Huachun (i.e. thirsty for Kinmen), also known as Don’t be afraid of getting drunk, the east wind blows the wine noodles), getting drunk with springs, pouring cups of music, getting drunk with Taoyuan (that is, Ruan Lang returns), getting drunk with the fragrance (that is, Chaozhongcuo), getting drunk with plum blossoms (that is, cranes fly to the sky), and falling into disarray (that is, Yi Zhi Zhu, also known as Zuiluotuo), title Zuixiu (i.e. walking on the sand), Zui Qiongxiao (i.e. Ding Fengbo), Ji Jiangyue (i.e. Niannujiao), Diaoqiu for wine (i.e. congratulations to the bridegroom).

In Song poetry, there are many works that reflect or describe sprinkling. For example, Su Shi's "Life is like a dream, and I can still feel the moon in the river" in "Shui Tiao Ge Tou", "When will the bright moon come, ask the blue sky with wine"; "It's not wine for dry illness, it's not a sad autumn." In addition, Jiang Ling's "Stone Lake Fairy", "Light Yellow Willow", "Jiao Zhao", "Yue Jiu Ge", "The First Preface to the Colorful Clothes", "Cherish the Red Clothes", "Yin of the Cuilou", "The Order of Jade Plum" All sang about wine.

In the Southern Song Dynasty, music was also used as a means of promoting wine. Every year before and after Qingming Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival, the "Gambling Army Liquor Store" uses bands, prostitutes and girls, either playing musical instruments or dressing up as characters in stories, to form a procession and parade on the streets to promote the new wine. Starting from the wine warehouse, we went to the official hall to perform dramas and music, and then returned to the wine warehouse.

In the Jin Dynasty, at the end of Volume 7 of Zhugong Diao's "Dong Xixiang", the format is Sanban, and the ending sound falls on Shang Yin, and its content also involves wine: "Why does the matchmaker blame me for harm? It's not related to Sickness and wine are not harmful to spring, but only because enemies do not come."

There are many songs in the Yuan Dynasty, and their names are related to wine. According to incomplete statistics, they include: Zuihua Yin, Drunk in the cup, Drunk in Taiping, Drunk in Fugui, Drunk in Zhongtian, Drunk in hometown spring, Drunk in spring breeze, Drunk in song, Drunk in flag, Drunk in east wind, Good wine, Plum blossom wine, Drunken lady (also known as really drunk), Drunk Yemo Grass, Zuiyan'er, etc. The operas of the Yuan Dynasty, including Zaju and Nanxi Opera, all have musical scores handed down from generation to generation, and their names are related to wine. Zaju operas include Zui Zhongtian, Plum Blossom Wine, Jiu Qier, Drunk in the East Wind, Drunk in the Spring Breeze, Gu Meijiu, Drunken Lady, and Drunk Fu. Gui, Zui Huayin, Zui Zhongtian, Zui Taiping; Southern Opera has Zui Niangzi, Zui Luo Ge, Zui Dongfeng, Drunk Old Man, Zui Taiping, Zui Fugui, Zui Zhonggui, Guanquanjiu, (North) Gu Fine Wine Brings Taiping Ling, drunk and lucky.

Whether it is Zaju, Southern Opera, or Sanqu, it is not uncommon to sing with wine in the lyrics. For example, in Bai Pu's drama "Red Leaves in Yugou", the heroine of the palace maid, Mrs. Han, sings a verse that ends with: "Sit firmly and calmly, pouring a glass of jasper into the garden. Hold the red leaves in my arms with the silk. You and I I hand you a glass of wine to celebrate the wedding.

"Another example is Zhang Kejiu's Xiaoling "Chao Tianzi·On the Lake":

The parrot cup, the jade is cool, and the dream cold reed flower quilt. The clear phoenix and the white moon are always suitable, and I enjoy it.

I live longer than Yan Hui, I am as full as Boyi, and I am as idle as Yue Fan. Ask who is right or wrong? Let's drink to the West Lake.

The most representative music of the Ming and Qing Dynasties is folk songs and ditties. According to incomplete statistics, the collections of lyrics and music scores of folk songs and ditties that appeared in the Ming and Qing dynasties include "Flying in the Clouds at the Fifth Watch of the Four Seasons", "New Poems and Songs of Widows and Martyrs", "Yugu Diaohuang", "Ci Lin" "One Branch", "Hanging Branches", "Folk Song", "Xin Ling Ya Zhi Guan Guan Zhi Er", "New Ling Qianjia Poems and Wu Songs", "Cantonese Style", "Fashionable and Elegant Ten Thousand Flowers Ditty", "Nishang Xu" "Pu", "Jiyun Guan Xiao Sing", "Baixue Yiyin", etc. These collections all contain some folk songs related to wine. Some of the songs have wine in their titles, such as "Hanging Branches". "Scolding Du Kang", "Returning Drunk to the Team" "Every Family Helps", "Winding Wind"; "This Glass of Wine", "Wine", "Shangyang Wine", "Returning Drunk", "Weiweng" in "Baixue Yiyin" "Pour the Wine" and so on. Some of them sing about wine, such as "Six Joys of the Mountain Gate" sung by Wu Wanqing, which tells the story of Lu Zhishen getting drunk and hitting the mountain gate; "Yu'e Lang" sung by Pu Wenqi has this Phrases: "The fifth day of the fifth lunar month is the Dragon Boat Festival. Taixiang is fragrant, moxa tiger hangs beside the door, and rich cattails are sprinkled all over the ribs. "

Many of the opera music of the Ming and Qing Dynasties are related to wine. For example, the legendary "Lang Du Meng" has a play called "Three Drunkennesses"; the music scores of Ming and Qing dramas still exist. There are only four complete songs, one of which is "Banquet" from the play "Yinfeng Pavilion", Kun Opera "Little Banquet", Peking Opera "Wu Song Fights the Tiger", etc. Wine is an important part of the character's singing.

< p> In the court music of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, banquet music played an important role. For example, the banquet music of the Qing Dynasty included "Zhonghe Shao Band", "Qing Band", "Qinglong Dance", "Jinchui", "Fanbu Ensemble", and "Korea". Among them, "Jinchui", "Fanbu Ensemble", "Koryo Guolu", "Huibu Music", "Lubo Music", "Danlong Music", etc. "Walka Music and Dance" and "Huibu Music" are both ethnic minority music. The banquets are held on the "three major festivals", namely New Year's Day, "Wanshou" and Winter Solstice. When to play which music depends on the progress of the ceremony. There are strict regulations: "The emperor plays "Zhonghe Music" when he comes in and out, the ministers and servants play "Danlong Music" when saluting, "Qingyue" is played by lazy food, and "Qinglong Music and Dance" is played when patrolling the wine shop. "(Volume 45 of "The Later Edition of Lu Lu Zhengyi")

Wealthy families such as princes and Burmese gentry often use music to drink wine when holding banquets. "There may be three or four people, or many people singing big songs. Tao Beiqu. The musical instruments are zither, base, pipa, sanxianzi and clapper. ....Later, it was changed and used to sing in the south. The singer only uses a small board, or a fan instead, with a drum board in between. "(Gu Qiyuan, Ming Dynasty, "Guest Song") During the Republic of China, there were a vast number of folk songs, and there were countless songs related to wine. Among them, many were named after wine, such as "Eight Immortals Drinking" and "Eight Immortals Drinking", which were popular in Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia. "Nine Cups of Wine", "Ten Cups of Wine", etc. "Ten Cups of Wine" alone have songs with the same name but different names that are popular in Shiquan, Ansai, Xinning, Chunyao, Northern Shaanxi and other places. /p>

There are also many folk instrumental music related to wine, such as Guangdong music "Three Drunkens", "Drunkard Man Fishing for the Moon", "Drunken Man in the Jade Tower", "Drunk Dance in Wu Palace", "Drunken Taoyuan", " "Drunken Flower Yin" and so on.