The first one: based on the existing way of artistic image, art can be divided into time art, space art and space-time art.. Time art: music, literature; Space art: architecture, sculpture, painting; Space-time art: drama, film and television, dance.
second, based on the aesthetic way of artistic image, art can be divided into auditory art, visual art and audio-visual art. The art of hearing: music; Visual arts: architecture, sculpture, painting, calligraphy, bonsai, catering; Audio-visual arts: drama, film and television.
third: based on the content characteristics of artistic works, art can be divided into expressive art and reappearance art. Performing arts: music, dance, architecture, calligraphy; Reproduction art: painting, sculpture, drama, film.
fourth: based on the materialized form of artistic works, artistic works can be divided into dynamic art and static art. Dynamic art: music, dance, drama, film and television; Static art: painting, calligraphy, sculpture, architecture, arts and crafts, etc.
Classification
Art embodies and materializes certain aesthetic concepts, tastes and ideals of people. No matter the aesthetic creation or aesthetic acceptance of art, it is necessary to feel and convey through the subject's certain senses and trigger the corresponding aesthetic experience. The aesthetic classification of art should be carried out mainly according to the aesthetic feeling and perceptual mode of the subject. According to this principle, art can be divided into four categories: language art, plastic art, performing art and comprehensive art.
plastic arts
the so-called plastic arts are arts, which refer to the art of conveying and accepting aesthetic experience through people's visual senses (eyes) and corresponding aesthetic means.
among all kinds of sensory organs, vision is the most complex, delicate and sensitive, and it is also the main source for people to obtain information. The richness and diversity of the external world are often perceived by people through visual activities. Therefore, the types and styles of visual arts are also the most abundant, and even other arts often need to construct artistic images based on visual feelings.
Humans have been exploring visual modeling since ancient times, leaving behind the earliest paintings and sculptures. With the progress of human civilization, there are more and more kinds and means of art that take vision as the aesthetic approach. Painting, sculpture, architecture, arts and crafts, paper-cutting, calligraphy and photography are the most typical types of visual arts.
Intuition is the most basic aesthetic feature of visual arts. What is directly perceived by vision is the intuitive shape, color (or tone) and texture (texture or volume) and their relationship. Therefore, in the visual arts, both plane (painting, calligraphy and photography) and three-dimensional (sculpture and architecture) modeling attach great importance to the application of the law of formal beauty. Diversity, unity, symmetry, balance, contrast, harmony and the relationship between the picture and the bottom are all important factors that constitute the aesthetic characteristics of visual arts. In visual art, form and content, image and meaning are expressed in various ways, which constitutes the incomparable aesthetic charm of visual art. For example, based on the high generalization ability of life movement changes and different textures or senses, lines can produce direct aesthetic appeal, and different lines can give people different aesthetic feelings. Therefore, lines not only become the main language elements of painting, but also become an important language of other visual arts. Color has the function of affecting people's emotions, and it is also the main aesthetic element of visual art. Different color configurations or tones can make people have different emotional tendencies, get visual pleasure and realize its expressive significance.
(1) painting and sculpture
both painting and sculpture mainly use shape, color, quality, point, line, surface and body to form certain artistic images. The former is expressed in two-dimensional plane, while the latter is shaped in three-dimensional space, and modeling is their most important aesthetic feature.
Due to different means of expression, there are many kinds of paintings, and realism and expression are the two most important ways. Realistic painting directly imitates the images of natural and realistic things, and uses realistic means to achieve specific figurative effects; Expressive painting emphasizes subjective spirit, and adopts exaggeration, deformation, symbol and abstraction to directly express the subject's emotional experience and aesthetic needs, so as to create artistic images. For example, the characteristic of Chinese painting lies not only in the great particularity of its tool materials (brush, Xuan paper, ink color), but more importantly, it attaches great importance to expressing the inner spirit of the subject, emphasizes "writing spirit with form" and "both spirit and form", and pursues charm, vividness and artistic conception, not to study the material characteristics of the image towards the objective world, but to touch the image of painting for the needs of the soul, and to express it implicitly and deeply.
Sculpture has a high degree of generality and symbolism in shaping artistic images. It creates a visible and touchable three-dimensional artistic image in three-dimensional space with material entity, and its aesthetic characteristics are obtained in space, and the surrounding environment related to sculpture is also an organic part of sculpture works. Generally speaking, sculpture is mainly expressed in two ways: one is clear presentation, and the other is implicit suggestion. For example, modernist sculpture often obtains novel artistic effects through abstraction and suggestion.
(II) Architecture
Architecture is a symbolic visual art, which "can only imply the meaning of transplanting into it with things in the external environment" and "create a work whose external shape can only imply the meaning in a symbolic way".
architecture fully embodies the organic combination of function and aesthetics, technology and art. Although the forms and uses of various buildings are different, they generally embody the principle of "practicality, firmness and beauty" emphasized by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius, and always try to show the forms of various basic natural forces and the spirit and wisdom of human beings. In other words, buildings have practical functions (people can live in them, etc.), and at the same time, they have certain aesthetic functional characteristics. Through physical structure, spatial combination and decorative techniques, it forms rhythmic abstract formal beauty to stimulate people's aesthetic association in the process of observation, thus causing various specific aesthetic experiences. For example, the founder of the ancient palaces in China is rigorous and the axis is symmetrical, which makes people feel neat and solemn; Gothic church is like a spire and towering tower, which makes people feel soaring upwards. The Tiantan in Beijing, the pyramids in Egypt, Notre Dame de Paris in France, Sydney Opera House in Australia, etc. all give people a unique aesthetic feeling and enlightenment with their unique abstract shapes. With
the increasing awareness of contemporary human beings on the ecological environment, the harmony between architecture and environment has become an urgent need of human beings. The blue sky, green space, water surface and tree-lined trees have expanded people's visual aesthetics of architecture to a larger scope.
Architecture is also a mirror of the cultural spirit of the times, just like history written in stone. When Hugo talked about the cathedral in Notre Dame de Paris, he once pointed out: "This is a time system. Every wave of time increases its sand layer, and every generation accumulates these deposits on this building. " Facing all kinds of buildings, people can not only appreciate the beauty of its modeling, but also know and feel the historical features, the changes of the times, the national spirit and the creation of culture. The solemnity and beauty of ancient Greek architecture, the towering Gothic architecture, the gorgeous style of Rococo architecture, the smooth and thin facade of modern architecture, and the metaphorical deformation, division and exaggerated decoration of post-modern architecture all accurately reflect the cultural spirit of the times in various historical stages and the aesthetic taste of people in different historical periods.
(3) Calligraphy
As a unique art in China, calligraphy is sublimated from practicality. It makes use of the particularity of brush and Xuan paper, and establishes an isomorphic aesthetic relationship between the combined movement of font modeling and people's emotions through the stippling of Chinese characters, which makes each Chinese character seem to have life and reflects the calligrapher's spiritual temperament and aesthetic pursuit. "China's calligraphy is a rhythmic nature, expressing a deep conception of life image and becoming an art reflecting life."
specifically, the aesthetic characteristics of calligraphy are mainly reflected in: first, posture. Cursive script and running script are light, agile or vigorous, official script and regular script reveal the beauty of flying and flowing in stability and steadiness, and the branches of seal script are rounded and neat, and their pens are smooth and flying, each of which has the beauty of modeling posture. In calligraphy works, brushwork and brushwork are in harmony, fonts and strokes are free and diverse, and lines move straight and round, conveying various postures and momentum, forming an endless artistic effect. The implication of the calligrapher's own personality makes the stippling pen and ink form a kind of power and momentum of using the pen, reflecting the sports beauty of life. Sun Guoting, a calligrapher in the Tang Dynasty, once marveled: "The
Preface to the Orchid Pavilion by Wang Xizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty is different, and it is amazing to rush to the thunder and fall into the stone, and it is amazing to fly the beast, and it is a snake-dancing state, and it is a trend of falling off the shore and falling off the peak, according to the shape of danger; Or as heavy as a cloud, or as light as a cicada; Guide the spring, and the mountain will be safe; "It's as slim as a cliff in the first month, and it's like a river among the stars. Wang Xizhi's Preface to the Lanting Pavilion has a kind of beauty of beauty that is natural and subtle. "The word is powerful, like a dragon jumping into the sky and a tiger lying in the phoenix pavilion", reaching the peak of posture beauty.
second, expression. Calligraphy is a portrayal of the soul. Wang Sengqian, a calligrapher in the Southern Qi Dynasty, said: "The wonderful way of books is that the magic color is the best". Zhang Huaiguan's Shuduan also said: "A few words in a text are what it means, and a word in a book is what it means." In the creation of calligraphy, the change of lines and spatial structure show a broad emotional realm, which freely and flexibly brings the calligrapher's inner temperament and personal life sentiment into pen and ink, making it a reflection of personality and spirit. "Emotions and sorrows, each with a score. Happiness is harmonious and the words are comfortable, anger is rough and the words are dangerous, sorrow is depressed and the words are condensed, and joy is flat and beautiful. If the feelings are heavy, the words will be relaxed and beautiful, and the changes will be endless. " This kind of emotional line pen and ink has an emotional corresponding effect with the appreciator, arousing similar aesthetic experience, so that it can be cultivated and enjoyed aesthetically.
third, artistic conception. Artistic conception creation is the highest realm of calligraphy. "If the ancient calligrapher in China wants to make' Zi' also express life and become an art reflecting life, he must use his own methods and tools to express the feeling of bones, tendons, flesh and blood of a living body in the words". In the form of strokes, the art of calligraphy is colorless, brilliant in painting, silent and harmonious in music. Calligraphy works with far-reaching artistic conception must embody the calligrapher's specific aesthetic ideal. In the Tang Dynasty, Yan Zhenqing pursued the majestic realm of "awe-inspiring" spiritually. His calligraphy was dignified, generous, vigorous and strong, which made people feel hearty and upright. Zheng Banqiao in Qing Dynasty was naturally born, and his "six-and-a-half-book" was so truthful and lively. The flying of tangible handwriting creates a metaphysical charm, which makes the calligraphy art transcend the limited form and enter the infinite realm. "Little by little, the meaning is vertical and horizontal, and the middle of Asia is graceful." The beauty of this artistic conception is the overall aesthetic intention of all China calligraphy arts, and also the soul of calligraphy arts.
(4) Photography
Photography is a visual art with a strong sense of modernity. Since Daguerre, a Frenchman, invented photography in 1839, photography has developed rapidly both technically and aesthetically. In particular, with the development of photography technology, human aesthetic vision has expanded to the vast world from space to the seabed, from micro to macro. Photography has become one of the main expressive tools of people's visual aesthetics and the "third eye" of human beings.
The unique aesthetic characteristics of photography are derived from its basic characteristics of using cameras and photosensitive materials to shoot real objects on the spot, which is mainly manifested in the unity of documentary and artistry. On the one hand, photography directly faces the actual object being photographed, captures vivid and touching moments from the complicated and rapidly changing object movements, creates artistic images with aesthetic value with a high degree of life realism in the works, and evokes people's unique aesthetic visual feelings about life phenomena. This is the fundamental aesthetic characteristic of photography which is different from other arts. On the other hand, because the birth of photographic artistic image is always completed in a short moment when the camera shutter is opened, it not only needs the artist's conscious aesthetic choice, but also is formed on the basis of the organic combination of lines, light and shadow, and color after the treatment of the artist's photographic modeling means (including composition and light and shadow control, etc.), therefore, the aesthetic expression, generalization and appeal of photographic art have their own particularity. For example, compared with painting, which is also characterized by aesthetic modeling, photography, especially modern photography, has unique advantages of objectivity, truthfulness, quickness and simplicity, which are incomparable to painting.
Folding performing arts
Performing arts is an art that shapes images, conveys emotions and emotions through human singing, performance or human movements and expressions, thus expressing life. Performing arts usually include dance, music, folk art, acrobatics, magic and so on.
(1) Music
Music expresses the subject's emotional state through organized musical sounds, and its basic elements include rhythm, melody, timbre, harmony, tone and intensity, which constitute an incomparably rich musical form. Beethoven once praised "music is a higher revelation than all wisdom and philosophy", while Heine emphasized that "music may be the last artistic language".
the aesthetic features of music are mainly reflected in the following aspects: firstly, music is the art of sound. Sound (including human voice and the sounds of various musical instruments, etc.) is the material material on which music depends. It can not only directly express the personal feelings of the subject, but also arouse the strong feelings of others. Music uses sound to shape images and express thoughts and feelings. In music, high or low, urgent or long, strong or soft sounds have aesthetic appeal to stimulate corresponding feelings and emotions.
second, music is the art of time. With the appearance and passage of time, music shows the continuous, changing and flowing life feelings or things, and summons the aesthetic experience of the subject in a certain time process. However, people's psychological world, spiritual activities and emotional experiences are carried out in the dynamic time flow, so in the time flow, dynamic and procedural music can fully show the complex psychological activities of the subject. In this way, the appreciation of music requires a certain agility in the perception and understanding of the subject, and it is difficult for the slow-witted to capture the image of music in the time flow.
Third, music is the art of expression. The famous Russian composer Stravinsky once said, "Music is emotion. Without emotion, there is no music." Music itself is the form and transmission medium of emotional materialization, which has the aesthetic charm of "moving people with emotion". Music does not need to rely on some intermediary link like other arts, but can directly act on the subject's mind through hearing, and directly convey the artist's inner thoughts and emotions. It has incomparable effects in expressing and expressing the rich, delicate and complex emotions of human beings, so it is suitable for expressing the ups and downs of the subject's emotions, making people have some emotional and emotional experiences, and even causing physiological changes and reactions of human beings.
fourthly, music also has the characteristics of uncertainty. Music language is not a fixed monosyllabic word, and its expression of emotion is not as clear and conceptual as written language, but has a certain model.