Jazz was formed at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century. The recognized birthplace is New Orleans, a subtropical city in southern Louisiana.
Among many popular music, jazz is the first music that has a wide influence in the world. Jazz is actually American folk music. European church music, American black violin and banjo traditional music combined with African singing and American black labor horn to form the original "folk blues", while "ragtime" and "folk blues" formed early jazz.
17-18th century, western colonists sold a large number of African blacks to America and became slaves of white people there. They were forced to work and suffered great pain. In the field, slaves miss their hometown and relatives after work, and often sing a sad song to express their painful feelings. This kind of music also permeates some religious songs. Because blue is regarded as a melancholy color among the American people, this sad song is also called blues. China transliterated it as "Bruce". We often find songs with blues in American music works, such as rhapsody in blue, Blue Tango and Blue Love.
Another source of jazz is a kind of piano music called ragtime. "Ragtime" is a transliteration of the word Ragtime. This word means "uneven beat". So it is also called "Sanpai Music". It is also developed from African folk music. At the end of 19, a black pianist named scott Jopling (1869- 19 17) created a new piano music style: the right-handed tenor played the main theme or arpeggio with a special syncopation rhythm. Generally speaking, 4/4 beat of music, 1/3 beat is strong beat, 2/4 beat is weak beat. But when he beats three octaves every half, he has a strong voice, and his left hand regularly plays the rhythm composed of the light and heavy notes of the quarter notes. One or three beats are bass beats, and two or four beats are chord beats. In this way, the left and right hands form staggered beats, which makes the music humorous, joyful and lively. Because of this creation, Joplin is called "King of Ragtime".
Some people say that the word Jazz evolved from the African dialect Jaiza. The original meaning of this word is "to speed up drumming"; Another way of saying it is: In the early years, there was a musician named Jasper in New Orleans. Everyone used to call him Jas, but later he passed it around and became Jazz. It is also said that the word Jazz evolved from the word Chaz.
Most of the early black jazz musicians didn't understand music, but they were free to change familiar tunes by inspiration when playing. So it has a strong improvisation. Due to the small number of musicians, three or five musicians often work together, and after a long time, they naturally form a tacit understanding.
/kloc-in the winter of 0/923, paul whiteman, the head waiter of new york's "Palace Band", approached Gershwin, the composer, and said that he wanted to hold an ingenious concert. One of the finale programs that may surprise the audience is a mix of jazz and symphony. Gershwin is a music innovator. He started writing on 1924 1 month, and it only took a week. Because it mainly uses the blues scale and the seventh chord composed of minor, pure fifth and minor sixth, it was named rhapsody in blue and translated into rhapsody in blue in China. The performance was a great success. Since then, jazz has been reinterpreted by serious musicians and intellectuals, and many composers have followed suit and created many jazz-style music works, such as some American musicals, Hindemity's dance suite, Stravinsky's black concerto and so on. , all use the material and rhythm of jazz music.
The characteristics of jazz:
(1) In terms of major scales, the third (Mi) and seventh (Si) tones are often low (usually one semitone, but actually less than one semitone). Sometimes the fifth (Sol) will drop by a semitone. These falling notes are often supplemented by sliding notes and vibrato, thus strengthening the melancholy and sad colors of songs; Because of these characteristics, the scale formed in this way is called "blues scale".
(2) In melody, syncopation rhythm and triplet are often used to form the inversion of light and heavy sounds;
(3) The rhythm is mostly double beat, usually 4/4 beat, and some are 2/4 beat;
(4) In terms of lyrics and melody structure, Bruce mostly uses two lines of symmetrical rhyming words. Repeat the first sentence. Each piece has 12 bars, and each sentence has 4 bars, thus forming a stable musical structure: ‖: A: ‖+B.
(5) Chords generally use the main chord (Ⅰ), minor chord (ⅴ) and minor chord. (iv) Therefore, harmony sounds harmonious and simple.
Other characteristic factors:
Jazz singing forms a unique jazz singing method by using meaningless "lines" under improvisational rules.
The syncopation rhythm of jazz is complex and diverse, especially the continuous syncopation across bars often shifts the whole bar of the original rhythm, resulting in an erratic sense of wandering.
The original 4/4 beat rhythm was changed to 3/ 16 beat.
The blues scale (1 2 b3 3 4 5 6 b7 7) is often used to form the characteristics of jazz melody, and sometimes inflections such as # 4 are added to the blues scale to make it more colorful.
The harmony of jazz is much more complicated than that of pop music. Based on seven chords, it uses a lot of sustained tones (such as 9 tones, 1 1 tone, 13 tone) and substitute chords. Sometimes, pure fifth subordinate chords that fall continuously often appear, which makes them present rich and colorful harmony effects.
Improvisation is one of the performance (or singing) skills that jazz musicians (or singers) must practice.
Some ever-changing branches of jazz:
Early jazz
The early jazz (1900- 19 17) had 32 bars and 4 phrases of AABA pop songs. A ragtime tune with four bars and two tones; And 12 summarized instrumental blues tunes. The harmony rhythm of ragtime music is often faster than the other two. The harmony rhythm of blues music is the slowest, but its solo melody line has more tone sandhi, different starting sounds and many pitch changes. There are also many early songs named "Blues", but they are actually pop songs or other homologous forms.
Early jazz bands had an average of eight musicians. Two instruments were added to the fixed form of New Orleans jazz band. Sometimes trumpet and rhythm instruments are added, and sometimes violin is added as the protagonist. In the performance, not only the soloist, but also every member of the band has to improvise. Their spontaneous mutual humility and cooperation are only limited by the chord progression structure. At the beginning of the 20th century, this new sound could be heard by any audience below, and it was "jazz".
freejazz
Free jazz appeared in the 1960s. As soon as this brand-new music appeared, it was deeply loved by jazz musicians and jazz fans.
Free jazz is different from previous jazz, and there are not too many restrictions on harmony and melody. Players can play freely, boldly and arbitrarily in the process of playing. Free jazz has a brand-new concept of rhythm, and rhythm and symmetry are completely disrupted. At the same time, it also emphasizes the strength and tension of music itself, adding a lot of dissonance, blending different music from Africa, India, Japan and Arabia, and adopting Indian sitar, tabula double drum, amplified thumb, Sai Ren and a large number of electronic devices and percussion instruments. Therefore, some free jazz bands look like a non-jazz avant-garde.
Swing music
In the late 1920s, the Great Depression appeared in the United States, and jazz became popular in some secret hotels, bars, brothels and other places, which led to the emergence of some jazz bands, the Big Swing Band, which was more suitable for dancing. Fletcher Henderson was the first rock band to appear, but it was the success of Benny Goodman (Benny Goodman) in 1935 that really established rock music. Rock music has been an important force in pop music until the end of the era of 1946 big band. Swing music is different from early jazz. In the process of playing, it pays less attention to ensemble and pays more attention to solo. Personal improvisation is mainly melody, which is more risky than previous performances.
During this period, many jazz artists often communicate, discuss and learn from some European classical music artists, so you can also hear the echoes of Beethoven and Brahms in swing music.
Swing music inherited some traditions of early jazz, but it also opened up a new field of personal performance. Many musicians in big bands later became jazz superstars.
Mr. cool
1950, Miles Davis released the album The Birth of Cool, which marked the birth of Cool Jazz.
Healthy.
Sir Cool chose soft and elegant timbre, and the sound quality was soft and dry. In solo, it brings you a soft, soothing and restrained feeling. Its ensemble part is implicit and profound, which sometimes reminds you of European classical chamber music. Although jazz Cool also draws lessons from the timbre, melody and harmony of Bop, it is smoother and more harmonious than the improvisation of Bop. Compared with Bop, jazz Cool often highlights a sense of relaxation, but it is not as strong as the inherent tension of Bop.
Cool jazz drummers are also quiet and will not interfere with other timbres. In short, the cool jazz style is restrained, "point to stop", which is why its fans call it "cool".
mix together
In 1970s, fusion music developed gradually. Its original definition was actually a kind of music that combined jazz improvisation and rock rhythm. However, with the gradual prosperity of pop music, rhythm and blues and various music forms in the world music scene, fusion music has borrowed from these music styles, and the fusion music we are familiar with now has actually become a kind of mixed music with jazz names.
hour of log-on
Regtime jazz combines the characteristics of European classical music and European military music. He upset the strict beat rules in classical music, and the player mastered the rhythm slowly. The progress of music is usually delayed, and then syllables are emphasized, which is very common in piano playing at that time. Rhythm jazz has been very popular for 15 years since the 20th century. Although this style has a great influence on the form of jazz, it can't be called real jazz because of its lack of blues and improvisation.
Bebop
The word "Bebop" comes from meaningless syllables (or meaningless shouts) made by jazz musicians while practicing or humming instrumental melodies. Bibopop's phrases often end abruptly with a distinctive "long and short" sound pattern, and this rhythm is often hummed as "Libo" or "Bibo". The word first appeared in print as the title of gillespie Six's record in new york on 1945-salted peanut Bebop.
Bebop was developed in the era of swing music. Tenor saxophone musicians Lester Young and Don Bias, pianists Art Tatum and Nat Cole, trumpeter Roy Eldridge, Count Bass's rhythm instrument group, Charlie Parker, thelonious monk, dizzy gillespie, Miles Davis and Bud Powell.
Bebop music is usually played by a small jazz band composed of 3 to 6 people. They don't use music scores, which is the criterion they use to resist the use of adapted music scores in swing music. The procedure of playing is to play the melody completely once (twice if it is 12 bar blues), followed by several impromptu solo refrain, accompanied by rhythm groups (usually piano, double bass and drum), and then repeat the melody of the first refrain to end the whole song. The rhythm group repeats the harmony sound pattern of the whole song from beginning to end (including the changing sound pattern) to maintain the structure of the music.
========================================
The following rock aspects
China
1990 pop music is still in trouble. The rise of rock music, the creation of Asian Games songs and the continued popularity of Hong Kong and Taiwan music are three major events. The pop music scene in Chinese mainland has formed a tripartite confrontation of new folk songs, rock and pop.
The rise of rock music is the second remarkable event in the field of pop music in 1990.
Although rock music has a mature audience, due to the limitations of language, culture and audio equipment, the introduction of rock music in Europe and America has been greatly affected, and the number of listeners is limited.
As mentioned above, during 1984 and 1985, a group of rock music lovers in Beijing started their own singing attempts. At that time, Wang Di and Ding Wu made simple drum sets and speakers together. David Hoffman and Eddie, students studying in Beijing, formed the "Continental Band" (the predecessor of "Addo" Band); Cui Jian, Liu Yuan and others formed the "Seven Splints" band; Yan Gang, Sun Guoqing, Li Li, Li Ji, Cang Tianshuo and others formed the "Tumbler" band. During this period, the Japanese film "The Street of Simon" and the performance of the American band "Wittmann" in China 1985 both played a role in spreading rock culture, and a large number of European and American students studying in China even brought rock music directly to China.
1At the beginning of 986, Cui Jian, Liu Yuan, Eddie, Yu Beng and others formed a band to participate in the "Peacock Cup" National Young Singer Grand Prix, but failed to be selected; On May 9th of the same year, Cui Jian and others attended the concert of 100 singers in World Peace Year entitled "Let the world be full of love". Convey a song "Nothing" to the audience as the pioneering work of mainland rock music.
From 1986 to 1989, Cui Jian cooperated with "ADO" band and released many works one after another, which expanded the influence of rock music day by day. On the other hand, rock and roll, as an advertising language, frequently appears in the field of pop music. Especially during the "Northwest Wind" period, Wang Di, Sun Guoqing, Tian Zhen and Cui Jianhe were called "Four Rocks"; More and more experimenters began to engage in self-entertainment singing of rock music. 1987, Dou Wei and Thomas Lee formed the "Panthers" band; 1989, Wei Hua, Gao Qi and Handsome formed the "Breathing" band; Cang Tianshuo, Li Li, Jincheng, Chyi Chin and Jin Hao formed the band "1989"; Wang Xiaofang, Xiao Nan, Yu Jin and Angelababy formed a "women's rock" band; Yijun Liu, Ding Wu and Zhang Ju formed the "Tang Dynasty" band; Chang Kuan and others form a "bang" band; "Addo" band has Eddie (Madagascar), Blanche (Hungarian), Liu Yuan, Zhang Yongguang and others. In Guangzhou, Xie, Bi Xiaoshi and Zhang Quanfu formed a "new air" group at 1987 and began to create rock music.
1989 in the second half of the year, rock music developed greatly in the north, and all bands were trying to create their own music, holding various "parties" frequently-rock parties.
In February, six bands, 1990, Addo, Bang, Breathing, Woman, Tang Dynasty and 1989 jointly held the "1990 Modern Music Concert" in Beijing Capital Gymnasium, which received great response.
1990 65438+ 10, Guangzhou "New Air" Group held "Sun God New Air Shanghai Concert" in Shanghai.
In the same year, Shanghai-style rock music also sprang up, and Nie Jun, Ma Hongbing, Zhao Huimin and Liang Weixin formed the band "Electric Iron". Ye Kuifu, George Zhou, Cheung Nam and Mao Wenjun formed the "Key Project" band; , Tang, Hu Changjian, Xia and Chen Lin formed the "Tai Chi Guang" band; Qi Yan, Dong, Chai Yong and Ling Yong formed the "Singles" band; Jin Wulin, Zhang Kewei, Luohan and Yang Ruwen formed a "special mixed" band; Xu, Dai, Zheng Qunxin formed a "women's" band; On July 29th and 30th, the first performance of the newly developed' 90 Shanghai Modern Opera Troupe was held in Shanghai Huangpu Gymnasium.
In addition to the above groups, Hou Muren, Zhang Chu and Wang Di are also engaged in the creation of personal rock music.
Rock music in this period has not fully entered the market, and its creation is generally in its infancy. Some bands started their activities by signing contracts with overseas companies, while others were keen on "going to caves". The main way of activity is still to hold a "party". The dissolution and reorganization of bands are quite frequent, and new bands are constantly emerging.
This is the development of rock music in the 1990s. Personally, I am more concerned about the development of far-reaching music in this period. I suggest you send some books, mainly the publications of senior music critics in mainland China such as Jin Zhaojun and Fang Hao. Their introduction is more reliable and has strong academic value.
United States of America
First, the emergence of rock music.
1, background
Looking back on American history in the first half of the 20th century, from the late 1920s to the mid-1930s, there was an economic crisis in Europe and America, and the Great Depression appeared. In the late 1930s, World War II broke out. 194 1 year, Japan attacked pearl harbor, and the United States entered the anti-fascist war, which did not end until 1945. After 1950s, the United States was a relatively stable and prosperous period, and it was often regarded as a prosperous time for Americans. The 1960s was one of the most turbulent years in American history. Because the people opposed sending troops to participate in the Vietnam War, the whole country was in a state of extreme social and political turmoil.
In the 1950s, especially after 1952 Eisenhower came to power, the American economy began to stabilize and the whole society was in a state of living and working in peace. As a result, the middle class gradually increased, they raised children and there was a baby boom. The number of teenagers has increased unprecedentedly, and suddenly the world has become a world of young people. At that time, children's after-school life was usually to stay with their families. Television programs are also relatively healthy, and there is not much difference in music taste. Young people and old people enjoy basically the same music. They were all played by \ \ \ "big bands \ \" in the forties and fifties, and Ding Bangxiang's songs lasted for decades. Lyrics often express pure love, and music is not threatening, trying to give people a comfortable and peaceful feeling.
By the mid-1950s, because of their superior living conditions, these teenagers did not go through the war and suffering like their parents, but they were also loved by their families. So they began to understand their parents' thoughts and lifestyles, and were unwilling to follow the path arranged by their parents. They have their own pursuits and hobbies, and because there are many people, they have formed a powerful force. They no longer follow their parents to enjoy those sentimental pop songs. At this time, they just found their own voice in rock music. Rock music is simple, powerful and straightforward, especially with a strong sense of rhythm, which conforms to the characteristics of energetic and positive youth; The unrestrained performance situation of rock music adapts to their rebellious psychology; The theme of rock music singing is closely related to their concerns.
2. The emergence of rock music.
In the early 1950s, there was a three-legged phenomenon in the American pop music market. The music that blacks like is mainly rhythm and blues, while whites above the middle class listen to Dingbang Lane, while rural listeners in the midwest like country music related to rural life. However, in the mid-1950s (about 1954 ~ 1956), two obvious phenomena appeared in the record market, namely "market penetration" and "cover version". \ \ "Market Cross-border \" refers to a record that was originally released in one market and achieved good results in another market. For example, some songs are among the best in the sales charts of rhythm and blues, and they are also very popular in the pop charts. Seeing this profitable cross-market situation, some big record companies quickly produced their own versions based on popular rhythm and blues songs, which led to the emergence of a large number of \ \ \ "cover versions \ \ \". At this time, the three markets that have been divided suddenly feel that the fence in the middle has fallen down, and a new style-rock music was officially born in this ruin.
Rock music was formally produced in the mid-1950s, but the term appeared in the early 1950s. 195 1 year, alan freed, the host of Cleveland Radio Records Company, created "rock music" based on a rhythm and blues song "We want to rock, we want to rock". From 65438 to 0955, the release of Blackboard Jungle had a great influence on the production of rock music. It tells the story of a group of students rebelling. A middle school teacher sang a song in front of this group of students. This song is an episode of the movie Rock Around the Clock (case 16). This song caused a great sensation among teenagers. 1July, 955, Rock Day and Night won the first place in the pop chart, marking the arrival of the rock era. Its singer bill haley became the first rock idol worshipped by teenagers. Since then, rock music has become popular all over the country.