The background of the picture is a magnificent classical hall. The walls of the hall are painted with niche reliefs. On the right is Athena, the goddess of wisdom, and on the left is Apollo, the god of literature and art. Plato and his disciple Aristotle, two great representatives of classical philosophy, walked into the hall with dignity. In this way, the two of them play the role of controlling the overall situation in the composition. The two great philosophers held large thick books in their left hands in different ways, and they argued as they walked. Plato pointed to the sky softly with his right hand, as if saying that heaven's revelation is the source of life; Aristotle waved his right hand vigorously, Pointing at the earth, he firmly opposed his teacher's point of view, as if studying the real world was the fundamental foundation. This is the dispute between materialism and idealism in ancient Greece. The painter centered the tit-for-tat debate between the two philosophers, and around them were a large number of scholars listening to the two philosophers' arguments. The lively discussions and debates spread to the two wings and foreground of the picture. The whole picture is filled with the atmosphere of a hundred schools of thought contending, forming a dramatic and lively scene. What is striking is that Raphael used the outstanding contemporary cultural master Leonardo da Vinci as a model to create the image of Plato, which illustrates his admiration for Leonardo da Vinci. Other famous figures who appear include Pythagoras, Socrates, Alexander, Euclid and Ptolemy.

In the picture: With Plato and his disciple Aristotle as the center, the exciting debate scene unfolds towards the two wings and foreground, forming a broad space. There are many important historical figures on both sides of these two central figures:

The upper left of the painting:

1. The one on the left is wearing white clothes and has his arms crossed. The young man is Alexander, King of Macedonia in Greece;

2. On the right of Alexander is a bald old man with a yellow beard, wearing a purple robe, facing the audience, listening quietly, seeming to be deep in thought. To the right of the old man is the ancient philosopher Socrates. He is wearing a light green robe and is turning his body to four young people to exchange opinions with their fingers;

3. Harmony among the four interlocutors Face to face with Socrates was an armored young officer named Alcibiades, who seemed to be listening carefully to Socrates' teachings. There is a person behind the officer waving to the two people on the left side of the picture to hurry up and listen to the philosopher's speech;

The upper right of the painting:

4. The person approaching Aristotle is Five scholars lined up in a row and an old man in a yellow robe, they were listening to the debate between the two great philosophers;

5. Behind the old man, there were two young people coming to listen to the two philosophers. Discussion;

6. There are three young people under the corner of the niche in the picture. The young man on the left is looking at the center and listening carefully to the philosopher's speech. The young man in the middle is sitting in the corner and bowing to record. The young man on the right is leaning against the wall. Meditation;

7. Close to the meditative young man is an old man with white hair and white beard. He is the famous Stoic philosopher Zeno. The old man is wearing a crimson cloak, alone, immersed in thinking;

8. There are three people on the left side of Zeno (right end of the picture). They have different expressions. Researchers believe that one of them is Zoroaster, the founder of ancient Persian religion;

Next The figures on the upper floor are divided into two groups on the left and right, including famous historical figures and real people at that time. In the group on the left:

9. The old man standing with his head looking to the left is the famous Arab scholar Ah Averroes;

10. Behind Averroes is Epicurus, an outstanding ancient philosopher. He wears a laurel wreath on his head and is leaning on a pillar to read;

11. In The bald old man squatting and reading in front of Averroes is the famous ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras;

12. The scholar standing in front of Pythagoras is the rhetorician Saint Nocles Tes, who was wearing a yellow coat and a purple robe, was looking back at the mathematician's performance;

13. Under Pythagoras' right hand, there was a bald old man who was squinting his eyes and reading mathematics.

14. Behind the rhetorician Saint Nocritus is a blond young man with a handsome face, who is concentrating on deep thought.

This young man is the Pope's nephew, the famous literary and art lover Francesco della Raphael, Duke of Urbino; ??

Bottom right of the painting:

15. 4 A young man is surrounding the ancient mathematician Archimedes (also known as Euclid), watching him bend over and draw geometric figures on a blackboard with a compass in hand;

16. Archimedes Next to him is Ptolemy, the founder of the geocentric theory, an Egyptian astronomer. He wears a crown of honor on his head, wears a yellow robe, and holds a celestial model in his hand;

17. Opposite Ptolemy is the great architect Ptolemy. Lamante;

18. On the far right of the picture is Raphael’s friend the famous painter Sodom;

19. Between Sodom and Ptolemy is Raphael , he wears a beanie hat and looks at the audience;

Middle of the painting:

20. The half-naked old man lying on the steps is an ancient Greek Cynic philosopher Diogenes;

21. Sitting on the steps and leaning on a box to meditate is the outstanding ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus. He is the earliest outstanding representative of naive dialectics and materialism in the West