A brief summary based on the relatively reliable information found is as follows: 1. The origin of "partnership" The concept of "partnership" began with the "Partnership for Peace Plan" promoted by NATO after the end of the Cold War. . After 1994, NATO expanded eastward, and Europe no longer mentioned the concept of "partnership." However, China has always used "partnership" to define bilateral relations. "People's Daily" published an article in April 1998 stating that relations between major powers can be summarized into three basic models, namely partnership, alliance, and non-aligned non-partnership. China's "partnership" is mutual respect, seeking common ground while reserving differences, and cooperation** *Winning relationships. 2. The connotation of "partnership" is that both parties respect each other, are not enemies of each other, share benefits and share risks, and both parties take practical actions to maintain and promote mutual relations. Countries that have not established a partnership do not necessarily mean that mutual trust is poor, and countries that have established a strategic partnership do not necessarily agree on all issues. 3. Our country currently has established "partnerships" (June 6, 2013) with 54 countries. Strategic relations of mutual benefit: Japan New type of major power relations: United States cooperative relations Friendly cooperative relations: Malaysia, Bangladesh, Israel Strategic friendly cooperative relations: Saudi Arabia Good-neighborly and friendly cooperation: Singapore's traditional friendly cooperation: North Korea's strategic cooperation for peace and development: Philippines Comprehensive cooperation: Australia Strategic cooperation: Turkey, Egypt Partnership Strategic partnership: Mongolia, Indonesia, Nigeria, Canada, Comprehensive strategic partnership between Germany and Argentina: Comprehensive partnership between South Africa, France, the United Kingdom, Mexico, and Brazil: Strategic partnership between Nepal and Ethiopia for peace and prosperity: New strategic partnership between India: Strategic partnership between the African Union and ASEAN : Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, South Korea Comprehensive Strategic Partnership: Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, EU All-weather Strategic Partnership: Pakistan Comprehensive Strategic Partnership: Russia 4. China-Japan, China-US, China-Russia Relations China-Japan In 1998, China and Japan proposed the establishment of a "friendly and cooperative partnership dedicated to peace and development." Since then, Sino-Japanese diplomacy has experienced a series of twists and turns, and Japan has clearly not been included in the list of "partners" in China's diplomacy. In 2008, China and Japan established and comprehensively promoted a "strategic mutually beneficial relationship." China and the United States In 1997, the heads of state of China and the United States exchanged visits, and the two countries committed to establishing a "constructive strategic partnership." Later, George W. Bush positioned China as a "strategic competitor" and Sino-US relations fell into a low ebb. After 2002, Sino-US relations have been described as "constructive cooperative relations" and "committed to joint efforts to build a cooperative partnership of mutual respect, mutual benefit and win-win". The current Sino-US relations are positioned as: "a new type of major power relationship" ". The "partnership" between China and Russia has a unique wording, which is a "comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination." I personally feel that this is just a relationship positioning, and the specific relationship between the two countries is affected by many factors. For example, the Philippines, which is "committed to a strategic cooperative relationship for peace and development," now has icy relations due to the Hong Kong hostage incident and island disputes. The so-called "traditional friendly and cooperative relationship" between North Korea and North Korea, in fact, these words are far from describing the complex and subtle relationship between China and North Korea. It can be seen from the description of relations with Pakistan and Russia that China has close relations with them. Hope it helps you. Thank you. References: "Global People" magazine "Beijing News"

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