First, narrative and its types and characteristics

Narrative is an article that records people's narratives and writes about scenery. Through narration and description, people, things, things or scenes seen, heard, experienced and felt in life are vividly reflected, so as to achieve the purpose of inspiring and educating people.

There are many kinds of narratives, which can be divided into two categories: narrative and lyric.

From the point of view of narrative objects, it can be divided into three categories: mainly describing characters, or directly describing from aspects such as appearance, speech, movement and psychology, or indirectly describing through side contrast and environmental description. Narrative, mainly taking notes, is characterized by writing about the occurrence, development and ending of things. The focus of the article is the process of things, not the characterization. Of course, writing is inseparable from people. Narrative writing focuses on scenery, which is characterized by grasping the characteristics of scenery, expressing feelings while writing scenery, so that feelings come from the scene, feelings are in the scene, and the scene blends.

Narrative has a wide range. You can write about people, you can write about a person's life, you can write about several fragments of a person's life, you can write about a group of people. It can remember one thing, or one or two scenes during the development of an event; It can write landscapes from different angles, multi-faceted and multi-layered, classified and grouped, written in order, static or dynamic. Narrative can write about people and things in real life, as well as historical and foreign people and things. You can write a big theme or a little life.

Narrative is based on the description of real people, such as family history, communication, features, news reports, biographies, revolutionary memoirs, interviews, diaries, comments, etc. Some of them are written on the basis of real people through necessary artistic processing, but the artistic processing must also conform to the reality, and it is not allowed to make fiction out of thin air, such as reportage and travel notes.

Second, narrative elements and person.

Narrative, whether narrative or scenery, always makes the narrative content clear. Therefore, generally speaking, the people and things described in the narrative and the scenes and things written must have their time and space, antecedents and consequences. Therefore, the characters, events, time, place (space) and the cause and effect of events in the narrative are the six elements of the narrative. If these elements are missing in the article, the content of the article will be incomplete, the eyebrows will not be clear, and the central idea will not be well expressed. Because although the article is based on a certain aspect of life, it must reflect the style or a complete part of life, so that readers can fully understand the life reflected in the work and explain the truth. From the perspective of writing, in order to make the article coherent, clear in context and complete in structure, these elements must also be properly explained in the article. Otherwise, it is difficult for readers to grasp the theme of the work and find out the context of the article and the causal relationship between things.

Not every narrative must have "six elements". If readers are familiar with what they have written, there will be no doubt, and some can be omitted and not necessarily written. In narrative, what to write, what not to write, where to be detailed and where to omit should be decided according to the actual situation and writing needs. However, when you write a narrative, all these factors should be considered. Moreover, in a narrative, the cause and effect of people, events, time, place and events must be unified, and people and events here and now cannot be written, and people and events must conform to the characteristics of time and place. If there is any change in the narrative of time, place, people and events, it must be made clear to avoid confusion in expression.

The person in narrative usually uses the first person or the third person, which depends on the needs of the theme and content. Writing in the first person is convenient to directly express the author's thoughts and feelings, clearly put forward his own views, and make readers feel realistic and cordial.

Third, the narrative structure

Organizing materials in chronological order or event development order is called vertical structure.

Organizing materials according to the transfer of space or the nature of events is called transverse structure.

There is a crisscross structure between the above two structures.

1, vertical structure

It can make readers understand the story of a character or the development process of an event, grasp the ins and outs of the growth of a character or the development of an event, highlight the center more easily, and give people a deep and complete impression. However, when writing, we should pay attention to determining the beginning and end, be detailed and concise, highlight the key points, and avoid telling straight stories and running accounts.

Organize materials according to the time sequence or process sequence of events, and the narrative method is called chronological narrative. In the vertical structure, besides sequential narration, there are three narrative modes: flashback, insertion and supplementary narration.

The so-called flashbacks are not written completely in chronological order. Write something that happened later or the result of something first, and then write the reason, the occurrence and development of something.

The so-called narration is to temporarily interrupt the narrative clue and insert a situation related to the central event in the process of narrating the central event, so as to supplement and set off the plot and make the central idea more vivid.

The so-called supplementary narrative means that in some narratives, people or things related to the main content are often supplemented with two or three sentences or a short paragraph.

The difference between supplementary narrative and inserted narrative is that inserted narrative is a supplement to plot development, which can make the article appear ups and downs; Before and after the insertion part, there are often transition words, the former is to transition the topic to the insertion part, and the latter is to transition the topic back. Most supplementary narratives have no plot, and there is often no transition before and after. If the supplementary narrative is removed, the content before and after can still be connected.

There is no rigid format for sequential narration, flashback, interpolation and supplementary narration. When writing, you can organize the materials, arrange the order and use them flexibly according to the needs of expressing the central idea.

2. Horizontal structure

The horizontal structure organizes materials and narratives according to the shift of space or the classification of the nature of events. Its advantages are: not limited by time, writing according to the nature of the problem, highlighting several major issues, or several major events or events.

3. Staggered structure

A combination of vertical structure and horizontal structure.

Fourth, narrative clues.

In narrative writing, we should not only pay attention to the types and characteristics, elements, person and structure of narrative, but also pay attention to the clues, order, transition and care, tailoring and expression of narrative.

It is important to write a good narrative and determine the clues. The so-called clue is the thread that runs through the development of the plot of the article. If the teaching material is pearls, then the clue is the string connecting these pearls. The function of clues is to connect the narrative characters and events into a whole, so that the article appears organized.

There are various narrative clues: it can be an event, a person, time, space, or a sentence. Although there are many things that can be used as clues, not all of them will do. Be sure to choose something that can express the central idea and run through the whole text according to different themes.

A general narrative has only one clue, and some narratives have two or more clues. A multi-line article must have a main line, and the others are secondary lines, so that the priorities are clear and the organization is clear.

When writing, we should pay attention to the continuity of clues, that is, the clues should be from beginning to end and cannot be interrupted, otherwise the structure of the article will be chaotic.

Fifth, the order of narration.

It is necessary to describe the content of the article clearly and pay attention to the order of narration. The so-called narrative order refers to the sequence of narrative characters. Order is an important factor in organizing articles. Arranging the order of the articles can make the narrative content organized and the central idea of the articles clearly expressed.

The order of narration mainly includes the following ways:

1, in chronological order. Everything has its development process, which takes place in a certain period of time, so most narratives are described in chronological order. Sequential narration, flashback and insertion are all in chronological order. Flashback and interpolation are flexible ways to make articles tortuous to attract readers, or they are in order.

2. Press spatial order. When writing landscape, we should pay attention to the distance, the middle, the near, the high school and the low, and pay attention to the inside and outside, up and down, from far and near, from high to low, from top to bottom, from outside to inside, and vice versa.

In short, it should conform to people's observation habits and the law of line of sight movement. Don't be far and near, up and down, left and right, so that people can't see the clue. Visits and travel notes are often in the order of people's whereabouts, and the change of whereabouts is also the transfer of space.

3. Sort by the nature of things. According to the internal relations of several aspects of things, the materials expressing the same ideological content are put in the same part, and the parts are interrelated to form a unified overall performance of the central idea of * * *.

It is worth noting that in complex narratives, it is difficult to arrange the structure because of many clues and rich content, so it is difficult to write in one order, so there is a writing method that gives priority to one order and gives consideration to other orders.

When writing, either one order is adopted, or one order is the main one, and other orders are used together. You can't go hand in hand with several orders, and you can't change or confuse them at will, otherwise the structure of the article will be chaotic.

Transition and nursing of intransitive verbs

Transition and quotation are important methods to make all parts of the article closely linked, smooth in context and clear in clues.

Transition refers to the cohesive transformation between contexts, that is, the cohesive link between the preceding and the following in language.

There are several situations in which the article turns: first, the place where the meaning turns. The second is where the event or scene changes. Thirdly, the sequence is related to flashback and insertion. Where other contents have made great progress, where lyricism is narrated and discussed, transition is often needed.

The way of transition, sometimes with transitional paragraphs, sometimes with transitional sentences. Transition words, such as "since, then, because, so, although, in fact", can also be used when the meaning changes little or needs to be highlighted, and there is no need to stick to one format.

The so-called concern refers to the concern and response to the content before and after the article.

There are the following situations: First, the beginning and the end are harmonious. Second, the style of writing and the title should be coordinated. The third is the repeated attention to keywords in writing. Others include the details of the front and back care, the front and back care of the foreshadowing and pen.

When writing, we should be good at using transitional care, otherwise the article will be slack and difficult to get together into an article. When using transition, the connection with context should be naturally combined, and it must not be copied mechanically; When using care, make sure that there is a landing behind what is said before, and that there is an explanation before what is said behind, so leave it alone.

Seven, cutting

The so-called tailoring is to decide the choice and details of materials according to the needs of the central idea. Write in detail what can best express the central idea, skim what is not important, and don't write what is irrelevant.

Sometimes, many materials are meaningful and can express the central idea, so the so-called points can be written in the way of "combination of points and surfaces", which are the key examples with typical significance; The so-called surface is the general material of a certain aspect. The former can be described in detail, and the terrible can be summarized or simply explained.

When writing, you should carefully choose and arrange materials, and you can't make equal efforts regardless of primary and secondary details, just like keeping accounts of everything, which will simplify things and put the cart before the horse. You can't write a good article if you don't pay attention to your choice and pile up materials at will.

Eight, expression

Complex narrative is often a comprehensive application of narration, description, discussion and lyricism, and sometimes there are explanations. However, each article uses these expressions differently, and different articles focus on these expressions. In addition to narrative and description, each article is more of an argument and lyrical element, while others are more of an explanation. There are also many ways to express feelings: some writers stand up and express their feelings directly after narration. Some lyricism is closely combined with narration. Some are lyrical through description.

We should make good use of these expressions according to the characteristics of the subject matter and the need to express the central idea. When writing, try to be clear, specific and detailed, and choose fresh materials; The description should be vivid; Explain accurately; Lyricism should express true feelings, and lyricism should serve to form the emotional climax of the article unless it is felt by others. Try to be incisive and make the finishing point.

In the above aspects, the requirement of * * * is to closely focus on the central idea and serve for better expression of the central idea.