There used to be fanatics, nicknamed immortal. Put pen to paper shocks the wind and rain, and poetry becomes tears.

Since then, fame has never spread. The literary talent is extraordinary and the communication will be unparalleled.

-Du Fu

Li Bai was a talented poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. When I was young, I moved to Changlong County (now Jiangyou County, Sichuan Province) with my family. Sichuan is a place with a strong Taoist flavor. During the Kaiyuan period, several famous Taoist priests in Qingcheng and Emei were highly valued by the imperial court. Weizi, near Li Bai's home, is a Taoist resort, and Qingcheng Mountain is one of the top ten caves in Taoism. Such an environment has a great influence on his belief in immortal Taoism. He said, "Wei Zi is my home, but the Taoist style has not fallen" (titled "Song Mountain Danqiu Mountain Residence"). He said that he "visited the immortals fifteen times and never stopped" (five of the eight songs in "Feeling Xing"). The influence of Taoism has been with him almost all his life.

In addition, Zhongshu is also a place with chivalrous spirit, which has a deep influence on Li Bai. Liu's Record of Hanlin Bachelor in Tang Dynasty said that he was "little, not in charge of industry, and famous as the capital". Hao Wei even said in the preface of "Li Hanlin Collection" that he "lacked Ren Xia, a few hands and a few knives". He himself said, "If you don't know what you are doing, you will do your best, and ... you will be in a white blade and kill people in the world of mortals." Li Bai once described the fight with people when he was young in a poem "Reminiscing about Time Past and Giving Land to Tune". It was probably his first time to Chang 'an. I was entangled in the north gate of Chang 'an by a group of cockfighting Chang 'an hooligans. Li Bai and Lu Diao fought with this group of people. Later, being outnumbered, Lu Diao first rushed out of the encirclement to attract Guan Xian to save Li Bai. When he was a teenager, he went into seclusion and wandered around Ren Xia.

At the age of 25, he began to "leave his hometown and travel far" and went to Shu with his sword. In the fifteenth year of Kaiyuan, I married my granddaughter. Three years later, in the 18th year of Kaiyuan (AD 730), Li Bai left Nanyang for Chang 'an, when he was just 30 years old. Li Bai first entered Chang 'an for about 3 years. He lives in seclusion in Zhong Nanshan, making friends, hoping to get the recommendation of the princes. At that time, Princess Yu Zhen, the sister of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, was in Zhong Nanshan, and literati (including famous poets Wang Wei and Chu Guangxi) frequented her. When Li Bai met the princess, he hoped to be introduced, but he failed to do so, and finally he left disgruntled. In the summer of the 20th year of Kaiyuan (AD 732), Li Bai traveled to Jiangxia, Luoyang and Taiyuan along the east of the Yellow River. Twenty-four years later, the whole family moved to the east, "learning the sword and coming to Shandong" ("Going East in May to Answer Wen Shangweng"). When he lived in Rencheng, he and Kong and others would drink in Culai Mountain, which was called "Six Chapters of Zhuxi". Later, he roamed Henan, Huainan, Hunan and Hubei, climbed Mount Tai in the north and reached Hangzhou and Huiji in the south. Wherever he went, all kinds of poems were sung, and the names of poems and songs spread far and wide, shaking the ruling and opposition parties. Finally, even the emperor was shocked.

In the autumn of the first year of Tianbao, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, on the recommendation of Princess Zhen, ordered Li Bai to visit the Hanlin in Beijing. This was the most proud period of his life, but the proud poet was soon hated by the court dignitaries. /kloc-began to be vilified after 0/year. "What's the matter with Bai Bi? The blue fly became a grievance ("Book Feelings to Cai Sheren Bear"), and "Although you love Emei, you can't help killing people in the palace" ("Yu Hu Yin"), these poems are all portrayal of his sinister situation at that time. In the spring of Tianbao three years, Li Bai was put back to his hometown. This time, his tenure in North Korea was only 1 many years, but it made the poet's understanding of society change profoundly. From then on, "wandering around the world, adapting to poetry and wine." In Luoyang, I met Du Fu, and forged a profound friendship that has been celebrated through the ages. They walked with Liang and Song, where they met Gao Shi, missed the past and shot and hunted. Later, he invited Gao Ci Dao Kun from Beihai to hold another Taoist ceremony. At this time, his thoughts are complicated and full of sadness. "It's not that I gave up the world, but that the world gave up me" (To Cai). Full of dissatisfaction and disappointment with the imperial court, but also concerned about the fate of the country, actively joining the WTO, hoping to establish achievements, the mood has never subsided. In the fourteenth year of Tianbao, the Anshi Rebellion broke out, and Li Bai lived in seclusion in Xuancheng (now Anhui) and Lushan Mountain. In the second year1February, he was invited to the Lee Shogunate in Wang Yong, hoping to eliminate the rebellion and restore national unity. Later, Wang Yong's attempt to usurp independence angered Su Zong, and Li Bai was also convicted. He was imprisoned in Xunyang (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi) and soon exiled Yelang (now Tongzi, Guizhou). On the way, I was forgiven and came back. I was 59 years old. Living in Jiangnan area in his later years. At the age of 6 1, I heard that Qiu Li Guangbi led an army out of the city to attack the Anshi rebels and went north to join the army to kill the enemy. He turned back halfway due to illness. The following year, he died in Li's apartment in dangtu county.

Li Bai's Yuefu style is diverse, some of which are decadent and pessimistic drunken songs, such as "Into the Wine" and "Xiangyang Song"; Some of them are beautiful songs, such as Sauvignon Blanc. Some of them are elegant and peculiar poems about immortals, such as Song of Huaixian. Some are painful argumentative poems, such as "The Battle of the South of the City"; Some are folk songs, such as the Long March; Some of them are personal feelings of parting, such as Visit to the Bank, Thoughts on a Quiet Night, Gifts for Wang Lun, and Parting in a Nanjing Hotel. When Yuefu arrived in Li Bai, it was a masterpiece. Yuefu originated from the folk, but the literati were poisoned by the flashy style of the Six Dynasties, and often did not dare to make full use of the folk language and humor. However, Li Bai realized the trend of literature and intended to use "halal" to save the disadvantages of "beauty", so he boldly used folk language to accommodate the style of folk songs, which was less carved and closest to nature.

Li Bai's quatrains are made casually, with many ingenious strokes, majestic, magnificent and romantic, full of natural and lively beauty and charm. His bright personality and freely adaptable temperament are reflected in his quatrains, which form a fresh and elegant emotional charm. For example, "Five Poems of Traveling to Dongting with Ye Lang, Assistant Minister of Punishment of my uncle, and Jia Sheren, a Chinese scholar" second: "Nanhu is smokeless in autumn, but it can last for one day. Let's buy wine and Bai Yunbian in the moonlight in Dongting. " A complicated glass world with water, moon and white clouds, and the fantastic imagination generated in this world, are written so clearly and beautifully, as if they have entered the realm of immortals. He also has a temperament that is integrated with nature, and he is integrated with mountains and rivers with his innocence. No matter what scenery and romance you write, there is a flowing elegance and hearty charm. For example:

The purple mist is illuminated by sunlight, and the waterfall hangs in front of the mountain. On the high cliff, it seems to be thousands of feet high, which makes people think that the Milky Way has fallen from heaven to earth. (Look at Lushan Waterfall)

The Yangtze River splits the Tianmen Peak like a giant axe, and the green river flows around the island. The green hills on both sides are neck and neck, and a boat meets leisurely from the horizon. (Looking at Tianmen Mountain from afar)

Early in the morning, I bid farewell to Jiangling city, which is high into the sky, thousands of miles away, and the boat is only one day away. The cries of apes on both sides of the strait are still unconsciously crowing in their ears, and the canoe has passed the heavy green hills. ("Early Baidu City")

Old friends frequently waved to me, bid farewell to the Yellow Crane Tower, and traveled to Yangzhou in this beautiful spring filled with catkins and flowers. Sailing alone in the blue sky, I can see the Yangtze River flowing in the sky. (The Yellow Crane Tower bid farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou)

In a word, Li Bai was a proud son of that era, a singer of prosperous times and a great romantic. His poems show infinite vitality with vigorous romantic temperament, which successfully reversed the trend of poetry since the early Tang Dynasty. Li Bai had a great influence on later generations. His extraordinary self-confidence, oh, how can I bow and scrape to high officials? His tough personality, his awesome style of "playing with thousands of friends and treating them like dirt" and his elegant charm combined with nature have attracted countless literati. Because he is talented in writing poems and temperament in writing songs, his poetic style can't be learned. In the history of China's poetry, Li Bai has an irreplaceable immortal position.

Poet and Sage-Du Fu

Historians only bear temporary merits, while poets show temporary fortunes. The beauty of poetry is that the pen of history is not everywhere. -Pu Qilong's Reading Du Xinjie

It's always in the layout, and it's multi-rhyme, big or a thousand words, hundreds of times. -Yuan Zhen

On the edge of Huanhua River, there are beautiful scenery, linhai pond, fine wheat and light flowers, and an idyllic scenery. This is a sacred place in the history of China literature, commonly known as "Du Fu Caotang". "Back into hair, river road cooked all over the green suburbs. Castanopsis kawakamii forest prevents the sun from singing wind leaves and cage bamboo smoke drops. Counting the birds for the time being, let's talk about the new nest. Others are more wrong than Yang Xiongjia, and they are lazy and have no intention of joking. " This is Du Fu's description of his home after four years of rough life. Caotang is one of the few stable apartments in Du Fu's life.

Du Fu, with beautiful words, was born in Gongxian County, Henan Province, and grew up in a traditional bureaucratic family. Du Yu, the thirteenth ancestor of Du Fu, was a famous Confucian scholar in the Jin Dynasty. His grandfather Du Fu was a famous poet in the early Tang Dynasty, and he officially worshipped Yuan Wailang, the catering department. His father was Zhou Sima and Fengtian county magistrate, and his mother was the daughter of Cui Rong, a famous scholar at that time. In such a prominent family background, Du Fu accepted the influence of orthodox Confucian culture and his ambition to make a difference in his official career. Therefore, Du Fu once proudly claimed to be "a Confucian official who never leaves his official career". Du Fu studied hard since childhood, learned poetry at the age of 7, and became famous at the age of 15. Before the age of 35, he lived a life of reading and roaming. This is not only to increase experience, but also to make friends with celebrities, publicize their reputation and prepare for future employment. At the age of 20, he finished his studies and began to wander. He traveled to Wu, Yue, Qi, Zhao, Liang and Song. Tianbao met Li Bai in Luoyang for three years. Du Fu is younger than Li Bai 1 1 year. They have different personalities, but their common interests make them close friends. Later, in the Song Dynasty, they met Gao Shi, three high-level talents who talked about poetry and literature, and walked hand in hand, forming a profound friendship. Wang Yue and Painting Eagle in this period show the optimism, self-confidence and youthful vitality of the poets.

In the fifth year of Tianbao, Du Fu came to Chang 'an with great ambition, ready to show his life ambition, but what was waiting for him was a cold and grim reality. At that time, it was the time when the traitor Li came to power; Li was most jealous of scholars, fearing that these lower-class scholars would become officials and talk about state failure, so he colluded with the examiner and deceived Xuanzong that none of the candidates did well in the exam. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was wondering, and Li wrote another congratulatory letter, saying that this just shows that the emperor is wise, the talented people have been appointed, and there are no talents left by the people. Therefore, Du Fu suffered great setbacks in the imperial examination, which originally symbolized the literati's way out. Later, after many twists and turns, I got a small official who managed the ordnance warehouse. The so-called right guard led Fuzhou Cao to join the army. During this period, Du Fu wrote more than 100 poems, including Chedian, Second Way, Before the Embargo, After the Embargo, and Memorizing 500 Words from Beijing to Fengxian, which reflected various social contradictions on the eve of the An Shi Rebellion and showed the national political situation of striving for glory in times of crisis, thus establishing Du Fu's objective reality.

After the An Shi Rebellion, the situation changed greatly. Du Fu fled with his family, first from Fengxian to Baishui and then from Baishui to Zhangzhou. The escape period is the most difficult and dangerous period in Du Fu's life, and it is also the richest and most profound period of his thoughts and feelings. Later, although Chang 'an and Luoyang were recaptured by loyalists, the Anshi Rebellion was not eliminated and the war was still fierce. Tang Jun has recruited able-bodied men everywhere to supplement troops, and the people can't live. One day, Du Fu passed Shihao Village (in the southeast of Shaanxi County, Henan Province), and it was very late. He went to a poor family for the night and was received by the old farmer and his wife. In the middle of the night, when he was tossing and turning, there was a sudden knock at the door. Du Fu listened quietly in the room, only to hear the old man next door escape over the back wall, and the old woman answered the door. Officials sent by the government to arrest able-bodied men entered the house. They screamed and asked the old woman, "Where is your man?" The old woman cried and said, "My three children have all gone to Yecheng to fight. Two days ago, a son wrote that both brothers had died on the battlefield. There is only one daughter-in-law and one nursing grandson at home. Who else do you want? " The old woman made many entreaties, but the officials still refused to give up. The old woman had no choice but to let the officer take her away and go to the barracks to do coolies for the soldiers. At dawn, Du Fu went out and the old farmer was the only one to see him off.

Du Fu was very upset when he saw this sad scene with his own eyes. He wrote this story into a poem called "The Stone Excavator". In this work, vivid images and burning emotions complement each other. He pays special attention to the application of communication skills. This masterpiece is only in the final layout, and it is extremely wonderful. However, because the poet is good at integrating his praise and criticism, love and hate, shock and exclamation, resentment and pity, grief and helplessness into the incident of "arresting people on official nights", the old man climbed over the wall, the government was furious, the old woman cried, etc., without any subjective discussion, so the whole poem is vivid and touching, just like a fine drama, every scene.

When he was in Iowa, he wrote six such poems, which were collectively called "three officials and three parting" (Shi Haoguan, Tongguan official, Xin 'an official, newly married, resigned, homeless). In the unparalleled "three officials" and "three farewells", Du Fu reflected the special social situation at that time with his complex mood of worrying about the country and the people and his unique "record" of "poetry history": at the urging of the rebels, the people were arbitrarily recruited by the government; The people are dissatisfied with the cruelty of the government, but they suffer and bear the responsibility of killing the enemy and protecting their families. While wandering in the southwest, Du Fu is still concerned about the safety of the country and the joys and sorrows of the people. According to his own experience and feelings, he continued to describe the social reality at that time with passionate feelings, thus showing a broader and more complete view of history centered on the "An Shi Rebellion" and completing the important task of supplementing and correcting historical biography with "poetry history".

Du Fu was a great poet in the troubled times of the late Tang Dynasty. He faced the cruel reality and described the troubled times objectively and truly. At the same time, he turned to many teachers for help in the art of poetry. Yuan Zhen said: "As for the beauty of children, the so-called elegance must swallow Cao and Liu, hide their faces, thank them for their loneliness, and make them beautiful in ancient and modern times." It's not expensive for Zhong Ni to fake his purpose, but it's more than that. Do what you can and what you can't do. Since the poet, no one has been as beautiful as a child. Therefore, he not only has the strengths of various schools, but also sets an immortal example for later generations of poetry, so Du Fu is honored as a "poet saint".

Shi Fo, Wang Wei

A poem, which tastes like charm, has pictures in it; Look at the picture. There are poems in it. -Su Shi

Beautiful and elegant words, novel and reasonable meaning. In the forest, the walls are painted. Every word is unusual. -Yin Kun's "Water Margin Yue"

Wang Wei, touching words, poetry and painting are all unique. His ancestral home was Taiyuan Qi (now Qixian County, Shanxi Province), and his father moved to Yongji, Shanxi Province, so he became Puren. Wang Wei, a gifted scholar, left his hometown at the age of 15 and ran for his career in Chang 'an and Luoyang, the eastern capital. He is not only good at poetry, but also proficient in music and painting, which enables him to enter the official career easily. According to legend, when Wang Wei visited his home in Zhao Guofang, Chang 'an, he saw a music painting hanging on the wall, in which many actors were playing music. Wang Wei looked at it carefully for a while, then smiled and said, "The musician in this painting is playing the first beat of the third colorful feather." At present, there are really curious people who invite musicians to conduct tests, and the results are consistent with what Wei Wang said. The musician's fingers rise and fall, and there is no mistake in fingering. In this way, Wang Wei was welcomed by the upper-class dignitaries at that time. Besides, according to Dan Qing Ji, Wang Wei drew a "Stonehenge Map" for Li Fan, the king of Qi, just like a real boulder. On a stormy night, the boulder disappeared. Sixty or seventy years later, the North Korean emissary returned this map to Datang. Seeing that Wang Wei's painting was so magical, Tang Xianzong hid it in his palace and spilled black-bone chicken and dog blood on the ground to suppress it, fearing that Stonehenge would fly away again. Of course, this story is not true, but Wang Wei's painting skills are high. Because Wang Wei pays equal attention to poetry and painting, Wang Wei unconsciously integrates painting techniques such as composition, color, light and shadow into his own poems to make them picturesque.

Wang was recommended by nine princess, successfully passed the government examination, won the first place, and then entered the official career in one fell swoop. However, all kinds of erosion and corruption in officialdom made him feel very depressed. After Wang Wei's middle age, on the one hand, he was tired and worried about the officialdom at that time, but on the other hand, he was attached to the stack and could not leave decisively. So when in Rome, do as the Romans do, and live a semi-official and semi-secluded life for a long time. He used to believe in Buddhism. At this time, with the increasing negative thoughts, his Buddhist beliefs are also developing day by day. He lived in the mountains when he was young, and in Zhong Nanshan after middle age. Later, he found jobs in Wangchuan, Lantian, Song and other places, so he traveled with his friends and took pleasure in writing poems.

It is precisely because of his life experience and the change of mood that later generations often praise his pastoral poems. He believed in Zen and spent the rest of his life wandering between official and seclusion. He described the quiet and comfortable pastoral life and beautiful and lovely landscapes with elegant and leisurely feelings. His pastoral poems depict a peaceful state of mind; Landscape poems depict a peaceful artistic conception. Moreover, Wang Wei's poems have painting method, painting meaning and painting style. He constructed poetry with the artist's ingenuity at a glance and realized the ideal of "painting in poetry" Liu Shilin said in Wen Zhi: "The swaying and full clouds are better than poems, so they are more picturesque. I said that you Chengshan painted, so his poetic state changed. " It is said that Wang Wei's poems and paintings complement each other. Looking at Wang Wei's poems, we can see that on the basis of inheriting the traditions of Tao Yuanming and Xie Lingyun, his greatest feature is to create a beautiful and beautiful artistic conception by painting into poems, which is full of poetic meaning. For example, The Riverside of the Hanshui River fully shows Wang Wei's painting skills: the meeting of Chu and Han, and the door of nine streams touching the scenery. The river crosses heaven and earth, where the colors of the mountains are yes and no. Human habitation seems to float on the ripples in the distant sky. These beautiful days in Xiangyang have fascinated my old mountain! .

In the first two sentences, the poet described the magnificent scene of the Hanshui River, boating on the river, looking from a distance, the Hanshui River is vast, entering the Jingjiang River and merging with the nine factions of the Yangtze River, which is magnificent and magnificent. Let the water go and fly away until the universe is out of time and space. As far as people's vision is concerned, the farther the water flows, the smaller the people's perspective, the smaller the objects, the more the shape of Hanshui disappears, the less the difference between light and dark, and it becomes an empty blank. When water flows outside the world and jumps into the field of vision, it is an atmosphere and a blank. It can be said that the flow is endless, the water is wide and flying, and it is extremely romantic without saying a word. The poet wrote the unattainable scenery into the poem, gathered the vast plains at the end of the paper, embraced the mighty river at the edge of the painting, and rendered the atmosphere for the whole picture. Then, the poet takes the scenery of mountains and rivers as the vision of the picture: the Han River is surging away, as if it has been flowing to the horizon, and there are many green hills on both sides, and the smoke is hazy, sometimes hidden and sometimes present. The poet painted a beautiful landscape painting with extremely light ink.

As far as painting art is concerned, Chinese painting landscape is often beyond the brush, leaving blank and promoting people's imagination. Wang Wei's poems, on the other hand, are difficult to write, expanding the space for anyone to hire. It uses the scattered perspective of China's classical paintings, regardless of the exact position of the Hanshui River in the air. It uses the principle of fuzzy perspective to show the macro vision, allowing readers to rush between heaven and earth with flowing eyes, not limited by focus or vision, thus forming a larger psychological space of "image outside the image".

Wang Wei's pastoral poems have an aesthetic style of implication and intention outside the pen. The feelings expressed by poets are characterized by "implication" and "meaning", and many poems belong to the category of blandness and a little rhyme. Liu Xizai once said in the "Art Outline": "The spirit of the mountain can't be written, but it is written in the haze; The spirit of spring can't be written, it is written by grass trees. Therefore, if there is no weather, then there is nothing mentally. " The same is true of silence in Wang Wei's poems. The spirit of silence cannot be written, but it is written by dynamics. He is quite good at skillfully combining motion and static to form a wonderful scene and increase the sense of silence. The quiet artistic conception in the landscape is another scene in Wang Wei's relaxed atmosphere. Such as "Bird Song Stream": "People are idle and osmanthus flowers fall, and the night is quiet and the mountains are empty. When the moon comes out, it surprises the birds and sounds into the spring stream. " The mountains and the moon are at the head, the spring fields are empty, the trees are graceful, the flowers are falling slowly, the birds are surprised by the moon, and the sound returns to the empty valley. What a peaceful and beautiful realm! The poet deliberately captures some short and subtle dynamics in the spring night, such as "flowers falling", "moonlight" and "birds singing", which sets off the quiet reality of the moonlit night in the spring stream and highlights the quiet beauty of the moonlit night in the peaceful and vivid unity of opposites between static and dynamic.