-Visit Du Fu Caotang

□? Hushan

After visiting Wuhou Temple, we visited Du Fu Caotang. Many people know Caotang because they have read Du Fu's poems. This is the place where the song "The Hut is Broken by Autumn Wind" was written. "There are thousands of spacious buildings, and the poor people in the world are happy", which sings the pain of a wanderer and the poet's feelings of worrying about the country and the people. Although time has spanned thousands of years, it still affects the hearts of countless admirers.

Entering the thatched cottage from the side door, there is a big garden, where ancient trees are towering, bamboo is full of flowers and vitality. Follow the path, cross the low Chai Men, cross a stone arch bridge, and arrive at the former site of the thatched cottage. So a small hut was built on the original site, which was overhead on all sides, symbolizing Du Fu's hut, surrounded by gurgling streams, lush bamboo forests and very quiet environment. The nearby shrine of the Ministry of Industry, named after Du Fu, former foreign minister of the Ministry of Industry, is simple and elegant, offering a colorful clay sculpture of Du Fu and a brief introduction to his life. On the east side is a tablet pavilion. The big stone tablet in the pavilion is engraved with the words "Shaoling Caotang". The font is vigorous and powerful, and the brushwork is beautifully embellished, which is inscribed for Prince Guo of Qing Dynasty.

In front of the pavilion is the Poetry History Museum, and in the middle is a bronze bust of Du Fu, wearing a shawl, with a slender face and deep and melancholy eyes. A lock of goatee hangs down from his chin and is ready to come out. On both sides of the showroom, Du Fu's poems in different periods are displayed. Du Fu is a great realistic poet. His poems talk about the sufferings of the war, the sufferings of the people, the worries of wandering, and the worries of the country, reflecting the history of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, and are called "the history of poetry". Mr. Guo Zhuoruo's couplet: "The sages and philosophers mourn poems on earth, and the people's sufferings make waves at the bottom of the pen" highly summarizes Du Fu's feelings of worrying about the country and the people. However, more than 600 poems written by him wandering in the southwest truly recorded his life track in his later years and revealed the inner world of a wanderer.

In the winter of 759 AD, Du Fu came to Chengdu with his family to escape the Anshi Rebellion. Before that, he experienced a drought in Guanzhong, and his youngest son starved to death. With "a lot of worries and troubles", he resigned from Chang 'an and left Qin Zhou in the west with his family of seven, heading south to the same valley. Due to hunger and cold, he went from Han to Shu. The journey of mountains and rivers all the way, the difficulty of Shu Road, the difficulty of walking, the danger, and sometimes even thrilling. After a long journey, Du Fu finally bathed in the afterglow of the sunset on a cold winter night and walked into the peaceful and prosperous Chengdu.

When he first arrived in Chengdu, Du Fu spent the night in Caotang Temple in the west of the city. In the spring of 760, with the help of relatives and friends, he built a thatched cottage by the Huanhua River. Du Fu was short of money at that time. In order to settle down in Chengdu, he was busy writing poems, soliciting sponsorship everywhere, asking for funds to build houses and plant saplings. Even pots and pans and household items are sponsored. He asked for a hundred bamboo seedlings and many fruit trees, because his first consideration was survival. All kinds of bamboo can be sold to earn some income, and all kinds of fruit trees can use fruit to satisfy their hunger when they are short of food. After the thatched cottage was built, Lao Du was in a happy mood, and the displaced family finally had a place to live. He sat in front of the courtyard, admiring his new house with relish, and wrote a poem entitled "Tang Cheng": "The back of Tang Guo has become a green grass, and the green river road is ripe, overlooking the green fields. Castanopsis kawakamii forest prevents the sun from singing wind leaves and cage bamboo smoke drops. At present, birds will count their children and talk about new nests frequently. Some people borrow Yang Xiong's house, but they are too lazy to write Laughter. "

Du Fu lived in Chengdu for four years. During these four years, he didn't have any economic income and relied entirely on the charity of his old friends. These old friends are leaders in Sichuan and outside Sichuan. Pengzhou was a poet friend when he was young. Liang Song traveled with Li Bai. Chengdu Yin Peimian, an ancient consultant in the imperial court, can be said to be his old boss. The ambassador of Jiannan Xichuan has the friendship of family friendship with Du family, and he is also the chief commander of guarding Shu twice. These old friends attached great importance to feelings and righteousness. Instead of alienating Du Fu, they tried their best to help him. With the generous help of old friends, Du Fu spent the most stable time in his later years in Chengdu. A poem "Jiangcun" recorded his life at that time: "Qingjiang is a song that embraces the village, and everything in Changjiang Village is quiet. Since I left, I have come to Liang, and I am very close to seagulls in the water. The old lady is using a chessboard, and the younger son is making a hook with an injection. However, there are old people offering Mi Lu, what else can I ask? "

After settling down, Du Fu began to visit places of interest. He came to the nearby Guqintai to reminisce about the love affair between Sima Xiangru and Zhuo Wenjun. He visited Li Bing, commander-in-chief of the Warring States, and put forward the view that only by building dikes can water be controlled. Sometimes he paddles the boat and goes for an outing along Huanhuaxi until the new moon takes pictures. Sometimes he rides out of the suburbs alone, looking at the snow in the western hills and the Qingjiang River in Nanpu. He visited Wuhou Temple many times, and wrote the famous poem "Shuxiang": "Where is Mingxiang Temple? It is in a deep pine forest near the Silk City. The steps are dotted with green grass in spring, and birds are chirping happily under the leaves. The third call aggravated his state affairs, and he gave his sincerity to two generations. But before he conquered, he died, and since then the heroes have been crying on their coats. " By evaluating Zhuge Liang's achievements in his life, he expressed his pain that he could not serve the country.

In the early days of settling in the thatched cottage, Du Fu's mind got a rest. He holds the idea that "there is a way to see in the world, and there is no way to hide", so he cultivates the countryside, grows vegetables and flowers, and writes many peaceful and faint pastoral poems. During this period, Tian She, Water Threshold, Visiting, and Nine Poems Full of Lines are all quite poetic. His "For Agriculture" reflects the poet's state of mind at that time: "Apart from the smoke and dust in Jinli, there are round lotus leaves, thin wheat leaves and light flowers in Jiangcun village." Buzhai has been farming in the countryside on credit since he was 18. I'm too embarrassed to ask Dansha. "

Xiaojiang Village of 89 families is the Peach Blossom Garden in Du Fu's heart. He lives in harmony with his neighbors. The retired county magistrate in the north is his elegant poetry friend; Zhu, a southern hermit, is his outing companion; Huang Si's family's flower garden is a good place for him to enjoy flowers in spring. The rest of the farmers are also closely related to him and often give him some garden vegetables. One day, Du Fu went out for a walk in sandals and was pulled home by an old farmer to drink. The old farmer's son came home from military service to farm. He was very happy and enthusiastic. As a result, he drinks all day. Du Fu, who had been waiting for the emperor, was able to break out of the class camp, put down the figure of scholar-officials and make friends with farmers, although the Old Biography of Tang and Yuan ridiculed him for "hanging out with the fields and being unrestrained".

Ju Geng's peasant experience made him mingle with the peasants and gradually developed their thoughts and feelings. When a timely rain came quietly, he could not restrain his joy when he saw the scene of everything moistening, and wrote a poem "Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night": "Good rain knows the season, and it happens in spring. Sneak into the night with the wind, moisten things silently. The wild path is dark, and the river is bright. Look at the red and wet place, Jinguancheng is heavy. "

Du Fu's stable life in Chengdu is based on the support of his old friends. Once he loses his support, he will get into trouble immediately. He said in the poem "Madman": "A rich old friend's book was cut off, and the color of a hungry child was dim." This life of living on charity makes Du Fu's life very shameful, and it can be said that he has no dignity at all. The child is out of school because of poverty, and the old lady is worried about poverty. When her son is hungry, she points at him and scolds him, regardless of father and son. He often deliberately goes out to eat on the grounds of dropping in, which causes others' disgust.

In the autumn of 76 1 year, a strong wind swept away the thatch on the house. At that time, "there was no dry place in the bedside house, and the rain feet were like hemp." The family spent a long night in the biting wind and rain. The painful life experience made Du Fu's passion and expectation generate at the same time. Generate wrote a song "The Hut is Broken by the Autumn Wind", saying, "There are thousands of spacious buildings, and the poor in the world are happy!" It makes people feel sorry and tearful. A poor drifter still cares about the whole world when he is in deep suffering. This broad mind of worrying about the country and the people has been affecting readers' hearts for thousands of years.

Knowing Du Fu's living conditions, our classmates can't help asking a question. Why didn't Du Fu go out to work? His old friends, one after another, are in high positions, so it is better to find him a job and let him support himself and his family than to help him deal with Lu Feng. Let's see what Du Fu can do first. He has no ability to make a living except writing poems. Of course, with his writing style, he was certainly competent as a civil servant in yamen, but such a friend became a superior-subordinate relationship, which was the most taboo in officialdom at that time. I'm afraid I don't even have to be friends for a long time. Besides, they know Du Fu too well. This is a bad guy. Instead of asking him to work together, it is better to give him some money from time to time.

In July 762, Yanwu was called into the DPRK, and Yanwu was kind to Du Fu. He sent Yanwu 200 miles away. Just after being sent away, Chengdu warlord Xu rebelled after knowing it. Du Fu couldn't go back to Chengdu, but only got the Hanzhong King who took refuge in Xiangshan, Zizhou. In Zizhou, he was homesick and often suffered from insomnia all night, so he asked his brother to go back to Chengdu to pick up his family. In the first month of 763 AD, the seven-year Anshi Rebellion ended, and the news reached Zizhou. Du Fu was ecstatic and wrote down the banks of the Yellow River recovered by the imperial army: "News from Jinyuan West Station! The north has been recovered! At first, I couldn't stop crying on my coat. Where are my wife and son? There is not a trace of sadness on their faces. He loves reading. On a green spring day, I began to go home, singing my songs loudly and drinking my wine. Come back from this mountain, pass another mountain, go up from the south and then go north-to my own town! . "

Just as Du Fu was planning to pack his bags and go back to his hometown, the war resumed. Tubo captured Hexi, Longyou and other places, Chang 'an fell in October, Daizong fled to Shaanxi, and the three well-defended Ling Xue States also fell one after another. Du Fu was deeply saddened by the slaughter of the people. In his poem "Looking for a Husband", he described the disaster brought by the war: "There are many people in ten rooms, and money is empty. The road only cries, but the city doesn't smell songs. "

Living in one place for a long time is boring. After the Double Ninth Festival, Du Fu moved to Langzhou. In Langzhou, he advised Daizong on behalf of Wang Cishi, suggesting that the court send a virtuous minister to sit in Shuzhong. In the first month of 764 AD, the court appointed Yanwu as the envoy to Jiannan, which changed Du Fu's plan to return to China.

When the dust settled in Chengdu, Du Fu returned to the thatched cottage, and a warm feeling came into being. When he entered the house, he quickly spread out his books and looked at the trees. Four small pine trees have grown to more than one person's height, and five peach trees are covered with lush leaves. He couldn't help but write a set of poems: "Two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets go up to the sky. The window contains autumn snow in Xiling, and the Wu Dong Wan Li boat stops at the door. " Poetry reveals fresh and stretching breath and expresses deep homesickness by depicting the natural beauty in early spring.

Yanwu, an important town in Chengdu, is recruiting people. He hoped that Du Fu would devote himself to his official career and end the wildness of the thatched cottage, and recommended him as the foreign minister of the Ministry of Supervision Industry and the staff officer of our department. Du Fu came to the Yanwu shogunate for the livelihood of his family and for the country's inability to repay his filial piety. In July, Yanwu led the army westward, defeated 70,000 Tubo troops and recovered lost ground in one fell swoop. Although this period of life was relatively stable, Du Fu was difficult to adapt to the work of the shogunate and was excluded by his young colleagues. He repeatedly asked to resign and returned to the thatched cottage.

Character determines fate, and what character is fate. Du Fu always wanted to be an official, but he was always out of place with officialdom. In order to be an official, he took the imperial examination and dropped out of school. In order to be an official, he wandered in Chang 'an North for nine years, constantly offering poems and fu to the emperor, and finally at the age of 44, he got an eight-product county commandant. He has high integrity and conscience, and is unwilling to oppress and exploit the people and refuse to accept the position of county commandant. He will not be an official. He foolishly tried to learn from Wei Zhi's "direct admonition" and risked his life to defend the furniture, but he didn't know that he was even more powerful, and he didn't know that Tang Suzong was not Emperor Taizong, which almost led to his own death. He is also wild with Li Bai. When he was in the Yanwu shogunate, he was sloppy and unpretentious. He even sat on Yanwu's bed after drinking and called his father publicly, which made Yanwu lose face and was killed. He is opinionated, tactless, unable to handle the relationship between superiors and subordinates, and it is difficult to cooperate with colleagues. He can't get along in officialdom.

In 765 AD, Gao Shi and Yanwu died one after another, and Du Fu lost the last resort, so he had to bid farewell to the painstakingly managed thatched cottage and buy a boat owner to drift along the river. After staying in Zhongzhou for a few days, I lamented the lonely life because I had no food and clothing, and wrote a song "One Night Outside": "A breeze rippled on the grass bank, and blew through the night to my motionless tall mast. The endless plains are dotted with drooping stars. The moon runs with the river. I hope my art can bring me fame and liberate my sick old age from the office! . Flying around, flying around, what am I like, just a sandpiper in the vast world! . "

When the boat arrived in Yun 'an, Du Fu's lung disease worsened and he had to stop to recuperate. At this time, the plastic side let our servants stay in Huai 'an, colluded with Uighur and Tubo rebellion, and war broke out in Shu. Du Fu, who is in trouble, still does not change his concern for the country and the people. He wrote "Three Exquisites" with indignation: "The year before last, Yuzhou killed the history of stabbing, and this year Zhangzhou killed the history of stabbing. Thieves follow tigers and wolves, and cannibals are willing to keep their wives. " In September, 765, Du Fu drifted to Kuizhou, and with the support of Kuizhou Governor Bai Maolin, he managed public land cultivation for the court. The family has no worries about food and clothing, and their life tends to be stable. During his two years in Kuizhou, he wrote more than 400 poems and achieved a bumper harvest in creation. The main theme is still worrying about the country and the people. His "Negative Pay", with sympathetic pen and ink, describes the painful life of women and the hardships of undertaking heavy physical labor.

In the late autumn of 767 A.D., Du Fu dragged his sick body to the bank of the Yangtze River and wrote the immortal Ascending the Mountain: "There is a flurry in the sky, apes crow and birds crow, blue lakes and white sands, and return home. The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably. Li in the sad autumn scenery, a wanderer all the year round, lives alone on the high platform in today's illness. Bad luck has a bitter frost on my temples, and heartache and fatigue are a thick layer of dust in my wine. " The poet focuses on the hardships and sorrows of family affairs, state affairs and people's feelings, and blends in with autumn scenery, who is bleak in Jiangxia, creating a profound and tragic artistic conception. This is the representative work of the poet in his later years, which embodies the gloomy style and superb language skills, and is praised by later generations as "the first of the seven laws of ancient and modern times".

In anxious to return, in the first month of 768, Du Fu boarded a ship in Baidicheng and crossed the Three Gorges to Jiangling. After staying in Jiangling for a long time, I was deeply moved and weak. I continued to take a boat south, crossed Dongting Lake into Xiangshui, and arrived in Tanzhou via Yueyang. At this time, Du Fu was old and helpless, but he was still concerned about the sufferings of the people. His "Words and deeds of the New Year" and "Dismissal of Officials" lamented the tragic experience of the people under heavy taxes and embodied his consistent people-oriented thought. In the winter of 770 AD, 59-year-old Du Fu came to Leiyang. I was hungry for five days and died on a broken boat in Xiangjiang River. Before he died, he had only one last wish, that is, to leave the leaves and return to his hometown. However, it is such a request that Du Fu's family can't meet. It was not until 43 years after his death that the coffin was buried in his hometown.

Fortunately, there are poems. Du Fu has been wandering all his life, but he has preserved 1400 poems. These poems created in suffering are the greatest wealth in his life. After Du Fu moved to his hometown, his grandson Du Yesi found Yuan Zhen and asked him to write an epitaph for his grandfather. Yuan Zhen, the official prime minister at that time, was not only Du Fu's hometown, but also a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty. He read Du Fu's poems, as if he had discovered a gold mine, and his heart was surging, so he wrote down the ups and downs of the epitaph. He wrote in the article: "If we can do our best, since the poet, no one is as beautiful as a child." He thinks that no poet in the world can compare with Du Fu, and even thinks that Li Bai's poems are far less than Du Fu's.

An epitaph by Prime Minister Yuan Zhen had a great influence, illuminating Du Fu, who was unknown before his death, with dazzling brilliance. For a time, Du Fu's poems spread widely and became famous all over the world, which even triggered a debate between Shi Li and Du Fu about who was the first in the poems. Han Yu, the leader of the Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, gave an objective and fair evaluation: "Du Li's article is there, and the light is long." He thinks that both of them have made great achievements in poetry. Han Yu's evaluation can be described as a "final conclusion", which established Du Fu's lofty position in the history of China literature.

In 902 AD, after Du Fu's death 132, Wei Zhuang, the prime minister and poet of Shu before the late Tang Dynasty, discovered the former site of the thatched cottage in Huanhuaxi, Chengdu, and found that the thatched cottage had long been abandoned, so he rebuilt it as a symbol. After dynasties, the thatched cottage we see today has been repeatedly defeated and built. It can be said that without Yuan Zhen, there would be no Du Fu; Without Wei Zhuang, there would be no thatched cottage. Du Fu, who has been wandering in the southwest for more than eight years, will feel very lucky if he knows something under the spring.