1. Du Mu

Introduction:

Du Mu (803-about 852), named Muzhi, also known as Fanchuan Jushi, Han nationality, born in Beijing ten thousand years ago (today's Xi'an, Shaanxi Province). Du Mu was an outstanding poet and essayist in the Tang Dynasty. He was the grandson of Prime Minister Du You and the son of Du Congyu.

In the second year of Emperor Wenzong of the Tang Dynasty, he was awarded Jinshi at the age of 26 and was awarded the title of School Secretary of Hongwen Hall. Later, he went to Jiangxi to observe the envoys, transferred to Huainan Jiedu, and then joined the observation envoys. He was in charge of the compilation of the National History Museum, served as a member of the Ministry of Food, Bibu, Si Xunyuanwailang, and the governor of Huangzhou, Chizhou, and Muzhou.

Life:

Early career

Du Mu was the thirteenth in the family, so according to the custom of the Tang people, he was called "Du Shisan". Du Mu had outstanding political talent. When Du Mu was a teenager, it was the time when Emperor Xianzong of the Tang Dynasty was attacking the vassal towns and invigorating the state affairs.

In his spare time, he cared about military affairs. Later, Du Mu studied Sun Tzu specifically and wrote thirteen commentaries on "Sun Tzu" as well as many policy speeches. In particular, he once offered a plan to pacify the prisoners, which was adopted by Prime Minister Li Deyu and was a great success.

In the second year of Changqing (822), when Du Mu was 20 years old, he was well versed in classics and history, especially focusing on fighting chaos and military affairs. Du Mu composed "A Fang Palace Fu" at the age of 23.

At the age of 25, Du Mu wrote a long five-character ancient poem "Poetry of Feelings" to express his views on the issue of feudal towns. At this time, Du Mu was already very famous and his works were widely circulated.

In the second year of Yamato (828), Du Mu was 26 years old and passed the Jinshi rank. In the same year, he passed the examination of Xianliangfangzhengyanjijianke, and was awarded the title of Secretary of the Hongwen Hall, and the imperial guard Cao of Zuowu joined the army. ?

In the seventh year of Yamato (833), Du Mu was awarded the position of official by Niu Sengru, the Huainan Jiedu envoy, and later became the secretary in charge, responsible for the official correspondence of the Jiedu envoy's office. The title of Jing is Supervisory Censor Li Xing.

At this time, Du Mu was living in Yangzhou and especially liked banquets and outings. In the ninth year of Yamato, Du Mu was recruited by the imperial court as a supervisory censor and went to Chang'an to take up a post in the eastern capital. He took office in Luoyang, the eastern capital, in August.

Thus, we escaped the dangerous storm of the Manna Change in November. Here he met Zhang Haohao, an old friend from Xuanzhou City, and wrote the famous "Poems of Zhang Haohao". During his stay in Luoyang, due to his idle duties, he paid homage to historical sites and wrote many poems.

In the ninth year of Yamato (835), at the age of thirty-three, Du Mu went from Yangzhou to Chang'an to take up the post of censor.

In the second year of Kaicheng (838), Du Mu entered the service of Cui Dan, the observation envoy of Xuanhui, and was called to be the judge of Xuanzhou regiment.

At the end of the fourth year of Kaicheng (839), Du Mu left Xuanzhou and went to Chang'an to serve as Zuo Buque and editor of the History Museum. In the fifth year of Kaicheng's reign, Du Mu was promoted to the rank of Wailang, a member of the Food Department.

Moved to officialdom

In the first year of Huichang (841), Du Mu was transferred to Bibu Yuanwailang.

In the second year of Huichang (842), he was appointed as the governor of Huangzhou. There is no record in the history books of the reason for Du Mu's exile. Du Mu himself believed that it was the exclusion of Prime Minister Li Deyu.

The Li and Du families are family friends, so why does Li Deyu dislike Du Mu? Some people think that it is because Du Mu is a suave and informal person, which is inconsistent with Li Deyu's ideas.

Moreover, the Niu and Li factions are fighting. Du Mu and Niu Sengru have a very good personal relationship, and may be considered by Li Deyu to be Niu gangsters. Later, Du Mu served as the governor of Chizhou and Muzhou. To promote good things and eliminate bad things for politics, we should care about the people.

In September of the fourth year of Huichang (September 844), Du Mu moved to Chizhou as governor. He was forty-two years old. The administrative seat of Chizhou is Qiupu County (now Guichi, Anhui).

In July of the fifth year of Huichang (845), Emperor Wu issued an edict to ban Buddhism. Du Mu agreed very much with this measure. Later, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, he wrote "The Record of the New South Pavilion in Hangzhou", describing in detail the ban and destruction of Buddhism by Emperor Wuzong.

In the second year of Emperor Xuanzong's reign (848), with the help of Zai Bai Zhouchi, he became a member of the Department of Xun, Wai Lang, a compiler of the History Museum, and was transferred to the Ministry of Civil Affairs. ?

In his twilight years

In the third year of Emperor Xuanzong's reign (849), because the official salary in the capital was low and it was difficult to support his family, he requested to be sent to Hangzhou as governor, but was not approved.

In the fourth year of Emperor Xuanzong's reign (850), he was promoted to the rank of Yuanwailang. However, Du Mu still requested many times to release the governor of Huzhou, and after three requests in a row, he finally agreed to his request.

However, some people believe that Du Mu's request to be sent abroad was not just for economic reasons, but because he was dissatisfied with the government and believed that he could not make a difference in the government. In the autumn of the same year, Du Mu was appointed governor of Huzhou.

He paid tribute to his predecessors in Huzhou, made friends with poets, and wrote many poems. A year later, he was promoted to the title of doctor of examination and achievement. In the second year after arriving in Chang'an, he moved to Shushe.

During this period, Du Mu renovated his ancestor's Fanchuan villa and often met friends here in his spare time.

In the sixth year of Emperor Xuanzong's reign (852), he died of a serious illness in winter.

2. Du Xunhe

Introduction:

Du Xunhe (about 846-about 906), whose courtesy name was Yanzhi, was from Jiuhuashan. Han nationality, from Shidai, Chizhou (now Shitai County, Anhui Province). He came from a humble background. He became a Jinshi in his middle age. He was not yet awarded an official position, so he returned to his hometown to live leisurely.

He once wrote a poem to praise Zhu Wen. Later, Zhu Wen took over the Tang Dynasty and built Liang Dynasty. There is a biography in Liang Shu No. 23·Biography No. 13).

Life:

Zhu Wen gave him a name in the Ministry of Rites, and he won the eighth Jinshi in the second year of Zhong Dashun (891) ("Jian Jie Lu"). The year after he won the title, due to the political turmoil, he returned to his old mountain. Tian Kai was in Xuanzhou, and he valued him very much and used him for work.

In the third year of Tianfu (903), Tian Kai rebelled against Yang Xingmi and sent him to Daliang to contact Zhu Wen. Tian Bo was defeated and died. Zhu Wen recommended him and made him a bachelor of the Hanlin Academy and a foreign minister of host and guest. He died of a serious illness ten days later. The language of his poems is popular and the style is fresh. Later generations called him "Du Xunhe Style".

Some of the works reflected the social contradictions and the people's tragic experience in the warlord war situation in the late Tang Dynasty. They were more prominent at that time and the palace poems were also famous.

It is said that Du Xunhe was the son of Du Mu’s concubine. Zhou Bida of the Southern Song Dynasty believed that this was a fabricated story in "Erlaotang Poems". He first quoted what was said in "Chiyang Collection": "This matter is rarely known to people.

I visited Chizhou and tasted it. There is a poem saying: "Du Muzhi, who has been famous for thousands of years, is as good as Du Yun'er in poetry. I have always liked "Tang Feng Collection" (Collection of Poems by Du Xunhe), but now I realize that Fan Chuan (Du Mu's nickname) is my father and teacher."

< p>" Then Zhou Bida expressed his attitude: "What are you saying, and you must want to prove it, and why are you sincere? It is unbearable to slander Fan Chuan, and it is especially unbearable for Yanzhi. Yang Sen Jiashu once quoted "The Genealogy of Du Family in Taiping" is very consistent with the meaning of "Chiyang Collection" is now lost. Even according to Yu Jiaxi's research, there is "Chiyang Qianji" compiled by Fan Zhiming. Even if the author of "Chiyang Collection" and "Chiyang Preface" are the same person, Fan Zhiming was at least a figure who lived about two hundred years later, in the late Northern Song Dynasty.

Zhou Bida also told us that the "Genealogy of the Du Family in Taiping" at that time also had relatively credible records, proving that the theory of Du Mu having concubines was not credible. As for the so-called "Shi A Xuan" poem by Du Mu: "A son Ya Yao praises the prime minister, Xuan almost needs to be remembered.

Chang Lin Guan Xian Fengyue, there was a beautiful son who belonged to Du Yun." This is even more nonsense that only appeared in the "Chizhou Geographical Records" of the Ming Dynasty. Born into a humble family. He went to Chang'an several times to take the exam, but he returned home after failing to pass.

When Huang Chao's uprising army swept across Shandong and Henan, he returned home from Chang'an. From then on, he "lived in tobacco for fifteen years" ("Coming out of the mountains after the chaos and met with high-ranking officials"), and lived a life of "the world is poor in writing, and the mountains are fertile to cultivate" ("Working in the mountains after the chaos"). ?

Du Xunhe was talented, but his official career was difficult, and he never fulfilled his ambition. However, he was famous in the poetry world, established his own family, and was good at palace poetry. Because he has been in the embrace of Jiuhua Mountain for a long time, there are many poems about the appearance of Jiuhua Mountain, which have a distinctive color of the times.

"Missing Jiuhua's Former Residence in Autumn", written while living in a foreign country, reveals the mood of abandoning his official position and returning to Jiuhua as a hermit and the pain of being in a long-distance relationship. Poems such as "Reflections on Returning to Jiuhua from Jiangxi", "The Cottage I Live in" and "The Widow in the Mountains" reveal the gloomy social politics, cruel officials, warlords fighting, and the people's desperation. They reflect the people's sufferings and voices and are the key to the society at that time. A true portrayal of life.

Du Xunhe devoted his life to poetry. His popular poem "Resentment of the Spring Palace" uses the unfortunate life experience of the palace maid to symbolize his unrecognized talent, which shows the author's superb artistic skills.

However, the main achievement of Du Xunhe's poetry lies in the few works that sympathize with the suffering of the people. There are two poems in "Shi Shi Xing", one titled "Widow in the Mountains" and "Meeting the Old Man in the Village after the Chaos", which profoundly depict the heavy suffering caused by the war to the rural people.

"Encountering rebellion in the county and showing comrades when traveling in the park" exposed the crimes of local vassals and towns taking advantage of the situation. The poet reproduces the painful life of the people in the years of melee in the feudal town after the Huangchao Uprising was suppressed.

This type of poetry uses the form of rhymed verses and quatrains without being bound by rhythm. The language is fresh and popular, refreshing and powerful. There are photocopied copies of three volumes of "Collected Works of Du Xunhe" from Song and Shu dynasties.

3. Cui Hao

Introduction:

Cui Hao (hào) (704-754), a native of Bianzhou (now Kaifeng City, Henan Province), Tang Dynasty poet. In the 11th year of Kaiyuan of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (723 AD), he became a Jinshi and became the Prime Minister of Taipu Temple. He was appointed as Si Xun Yuan Wai Lang in Tianbaozhong.

The most praised song is his "Yellow Crane Tower". It is said that Li Bai wrote it for it. He once praised it as "the scenery in front of me can't be seen, so Cui Hao wrote a poem on it". "Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty" contains forty-two poems.

Life:

Jinshi in the eleventh year of Kaiyuan (723 AD) of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. "Old Tang Book: Wenyuan Biography" mentions him along with Wang Changling, Gao Shi, and Meng Haoran, but his official career was ups and downs, and he ultimately failed to achieve his goals.

He has an upright nature and quick thinking. His works are passionate, bold and magnificent. He is the author of "Cui Hao Collection".

Tianbaozhong is a foreign minister of the Shangshu Department. When he was young, his poems had flashy meanings, but were often frivolous; in the late period, they suddenly changed into normal styles, with awe-inspiring character. A glimpse of the fortress wall reveals the appearance of a military brigade, with strange constructions often driving Jiang and Bao together. Later, he traveled to Wuchang, climbed the Yellow Crane Tower, and composed poems with emotion.

Li Bai came and said: "There is a view in front of me, but I can't find it. Cui Hao wrote a poem on it." He left without doing anything and gathered his hands for the wise craftsman. However, those who are slightly inferior in behavior, good at gambling, addicted to alcohol, and choose beautiful wives will abandon them if they are not comfortable at all.

When Li Yong first heard of his name, he invited him humbly. Hao Zhi presented a poem. The first chapter said: "Marry Wang Chang on the fifteenth day." Yong scolded: "You are rude! You don't want to come in." Hao chanted bitterly. When he was sick and was weak, his friends joked and said: "Not a son." If you are so sick, you will lose weight by reciting poems! "Then it became an excuse. Tianbao died in the 13th year of his life. There is a volume of poems, which is now published. (Volume 1 of "The Biography of Talented Scholars of the Tang Dynasty" by Xin Wenfang of the Yuan Dynasty)

His poetry is famous, but his deeds are rarely circulated. There are only more than forty poems extant.

Cui Hao was the Prime Minister of Taipu Temple and the Secretary of the Supreme Council of Tianbaozhong.

4. Wang Zhihuan

Introduction. :

Wang Zhihuan (688-742) was a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty. He was named Jiling, Han nationality, and a native of Jinyang (now Taiyuan, Shanxi). He had a bold and unrestrained personality and often sang sad songs while fencing. , many of his poems were composed and sung by musicians at that time.

He became famous for a time. He often sang in harmony with Gao Shi, Wang Changling and others. He was famous for his ability to describe the scenery of the frontier fortress. , "Liangzhou Ci", etc.

Wang Zhihuan moved from Bingzhou (Taiyuan, Shanxi) to Jiangzhou (now Xinjiang County, Shanxi), and served as the third daughter of General Li Di, the magistrate of Hengshui, Jizhou. He was betrothed to him. Because he was slandered, he resigned from office, and later returned to serve as Wen'an county captain. He died during his tenure.

Wang Zhihuan was "generous and generous, suave and talented", and he was good at it in his early years. He is good at writing articles and poems, often quoted as lyrics. He is especially good at describing the scenery of frontier fortresses and is a romantic poet.

Jin Neng's "Epitaph of Wang Zhihuan" calls his poems "taste or song". Joining the army, chanting out of the fortress, I miss the bright moon in the mountains, and the sound of the cold wind in the Yi River spreads to the music and spreads among the people. "But there are only six quatrains of his works in existence, including three frontier fortress poems. His poems are represented by "Climbing the Stork Tower" and "Liangzhou Ci". Zhang Taiyan praised "Liangzhou Ci" as "the best quatrain" .

Life:

The mystery of his life experience

Wang Zhihuan is not recorded in the old or new "Book of Tang", and the biography of "Tang Talents" is also very brief. Wang Zhihuan was a native of Jimen.

The "Preface to the Epitaph of Prince Taiyuan of Wen'an County, Wen'an County in the Tang Dynasty" written by Jin Neng of the Tang Dynasty records that "his family was in Jinyang, and the official moved to Jiangjun", so Jinyang ( His native place was Taiyuan (now Taiyuan), and he lived in Jiangzhou (now Xinjiang County, Shanxi Province) when he was an official.

The epitaph states that Wang Zhihuan died in February of the first year of Tianbao (742) at the age of 55, which is presumed. It can be seen that Wang Zhihuan was born in the fourth year of Chui Gong of Empress Wu (688).

Unsuccessful in becoming an official

Wang Zhihuan was born in the Wang family of Taiyuan, which was a famous family at that time. His fifth ancestor Wang Longzhi was the governor of Jiangzhou in the later Wei Dynasty, and he may have moved to Jiangzhou because of this. His great-grandfather Wang Xin was a doctor and scholar in the Sui Dynasty, and he entered the Tang Dynasty as the magistrate of Anyi County.

Xuanzong Kaiyuan. In the 14th year of Kaiyuan (726), Wang Zhihuan was appointed as the chief administrator of Hengshui, Jizhou, and wrote "Yanyan Ci" and "Farewell".

In the 10th year of Kaiyuan (722), Wang Zhihuan married the Li family of Bohai, and the latter was named Li. The third daughter of Li Di, the magistrate of Hengshan County in Jizhou.

In the fourteenth year of Kaiyuan (726), Wang Zhihuan resigned from his official post because he was framed and slandered. ?

Singing Harmony at Home

From the fifteenth year of Kaiyuan (727) to the twenty-ninth year of Kaiyuan (741), Wang Zhihuan stayed at home for fifteen years. He wrote two poems: "Nine Days Farewell", "Climbing the Magpie Tower" and "Liangzhou Ci".

In the 20th year of Kaiyuan (732), Wang Zhihuan lived in Jimen. Gao Shi did not see him when he came to visit, so he wrote poems and left them as gifts.

He died of illness

In the first year of Tianbao (742), Wang Zhihuan was promoted to Wen'an County Lieutenant in Wen'an County. On February 24 of the same year, he died of illness and died at the age of fifty-five.

In the second year of Tianbao (743), Wang Zhihuan was buried in Beiyuan, Luoyang, and Wei Jinneng of Yongning County wrote the epitaph.

5. Jia Dao

Introduction:

Jia Dao (779-843), a poet of the Tang Dynasty, with the courtesy name Lang (pronounced láng) immortal, known as " "Shinu", also known as "Jiao Handao Shou" with Meng Jiao, Han nationality, from Fanyang County, Youzhou, Hebei Province (now Zhuozhou, Hebei Province) in the Tang Dynasty. Called himself "Jieshi Mountain Man".

It is said that when he was in Chang'an (today's Xi'an, Shaanxi Province), because there was an order prohibiting monks from going out in the afternoon, Jia Dao wrote poems and complained. Han Yu discovered his talent and became a "painstaking poet". Later, he was taught by Han Yu and returned to secular life to take part in the imperial examination, but he failed to pass the examination.

During the reign of Emperor Wenzong of Tang Dynasty, he was ostracized and demoted to be the chief registrar of Changjiang County in Sui. At the beginning of Huichang, Emperor Wuzong of the Tang Dynasty joined the army from Puzhou Sicang and was appointed as Sihu. He died of illness before taking office. There is a collection of poems and essays "Yangtze River Collection".

Life:

Jia Dao's family was poor in his early years. He once lived in Shi Village, Shiyukou, Fangshan, and left behind Jia Dao Nunnery. When he was 19 years old, he traveled around and got to know Meng Jiao and others, and he studied with Han Yu because of him. After returning to secular life, he was repeatedly cited as a failure to become a Jinshi. Tang Wenzong was the chief registrar of Changjiang County (now Pengxi County, Sichuan), so he was called "Jia Changjiang".

His poems are skilled in carving, and he likes to write about desolate and lonely places, with a lot of sadness and sadness. He said that "two sentences are obtained in three years, and one recitation brings tears to my eyes." But later he joined the army in Puzhou Sicang and died in his post.

There are 10 volumes of "Yangtze River Collection" and more than 390 poems. There are also 3 volumes of Xiaoji and 1 volume of "Poetry" handed down to the world. His poems like to describe desolate and lonely environments, and there are many words of bitterness. He is good at five-character poems. Pay attention to the refinement of words and sentences, and work hard. The allusion of "examination" comes from his poem "The monk knocked (pushed) on the moon gate". He is the author of "Yangtze River Collection".

Jia Dao and Meng Jiao were both called "Jiao Han Dao Shou", Meng Jiao was called "Poetry Prisoner", and Jia Dao was called "Poetry Slave". He did not like to interact with ordinary people in his life, "The Biography of Talents of the Tang Dynasty" He was called "the most knowledgeable person in the world". He just likes to write poems and recite them hard, working hard on the words.

In the winter of the fifth year of Yuanhe (810), I arrived in Chang'an and met Zhang Ji. In the spring of the following year, he arrived in Chang'an and paid a visit to Han Yu, where he was deeply appreciated for his poems. Later, he returned to secular life and was repeatedly cited as a Jinshi. During the reign of Emperor Wenzong, he was demoted as the chief administrator of Changjiang (now Daying County, Sichuan) due to slander.

He once wrote the poem "Sick Cicada" "To stab the minister" ("Chronicle of Tang Poems"). In the fifth year of Kaicheng (840), he moved to Sicang, Puzhou to join the army. He died in Puzhou on July 28 (August 27), the third year of Wuzong Huichang's reign (843).

Jia Dao's poetry formed a genre in the late Tang Dynasty and had a great influence. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Wei was listed as one of the seven people who were promoted to the hall with "Qingqi, Yazheng" in "Poet's Host and Guest Picture". Li Huaimin's "Host and Guest Picture of Poets in the Middle and Late Tang Dynasty" of the Qing Dynasty called him "a strange and remote suffering master", and listed many of his "house-in-house" and "door-to-door" disciples.

Li Dong of the late Tang Dynasty, Sun Sheng of the Five Dynasties and others respected Jia Dao very much, and even burned incense and worshiped his portraits and poetry collections, and he acted like a god ("The Biography of the Talented Scholars of the Tang Dynasty", "Junzhai Study Chronicles") . Jia Dao is the author of 10 volumes of "Yangtze River Collection", and there is a photocopied Ming Dynasty version of "Sibu Congkan" in Song Dynasty.

Li Jiayan's "New School of Yangtze River Collection" uses Jia's poems collected in "Complete Poems of the Tang Dynasty" as the base, with reference to separate editions and related collections and anthologies, and the appendices include "Chronology of Jia Dao" and "Chronology of Jia Dao" "Jiaoyou Kao" and the collection of Jia Dao's poetry reviews are relatively complete.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Jia Dao

Baidu Encyclopedia-Wang Zhihuan

Baidu Encyclopedia-Cui Hao

Baidu Encyclopedia-Du Xunhe

Baidu Encyclopedia-Du Mu