Dynasty: Tang Dynasty
Author: Bai Juyi
There is no more interest in drinking alone, and there are things to think about. A glass of New Year's wine, poems by two old friends.
Liu Chu, yellow, half white mustache. We have always known the taste of wasted spring.
Bai Juyi (772 ~ 846), also known as Xiangshan Jushi in his later years, was a great realistic poet in Tang Dynasty in China. His poems have a wide range of themes, diverse forms and popular language, and are known as "Poet Saint" and "Poet King". Official to Hanlin bachelor, Zuo Zanshan doctor. Up to now, there are Bai's "Changqing Collection", and the representative works include Song of Eternal Sorrow, Charcoal Man, Pipa Travel and so on. Bai Juyi was born in Xinzheng, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, and was buried in Luoyang. Bai Juyi's former residence memorial hall is located in the suburb of Luoyang. Bai Yuan (the tomb of Bai Juyi) is located at Pipa Peak in Xiangshan, south of Luoyang.
Anecdotal allusions
Love Xiangling
When Bai Juyi 1 1 years old, he moved to Xuzhou mansion (now Su County, Anhui Province) with his mother, and his father was an official here. Then I met a neighbor woman who was four years younger than him. Her name is Xiang Ling, lively and lovely, and she knows a little about temperament, so they became childhood friends. When Bai Juyi 19 years old and Xiangling 15 years old, the seeds of love began their first love. Bai Juyi has a poem called "Daughter Next Door", which recounts the fifteen-year-old Xiangling and praises her beauty and sweet voice.
In the 14th year of Zhenyuan (798), Bai Juyi was 27 years old. For the sake of family life and his future, he had to leave Fu and his uncle in Jiangnan. Along the way, he wrote three poems in memory of Xiangling. They are To Xiangling, Cold Night and Sauvignon Blanc. It can be clearly seen from the poem that Bai Juyi and Xiangling fell in love 17 years and 8 years. After I left, I not only missed each other, but also thought about getting married. But Xiangling is worried that her family is the lowest and she can't climb Bai Juyi. Finally, I expressed my sincere hope to work together step by step.
At the beginning of the sixteenth year of Zhenyuan, Bai Juyi was admitted to the Jinshi at the age of 29 and lived outside for nearly 10 months. She earnestly asked her mother to marry Xiangling, but her feudal mother refused. Bai Juyi was helpless and reluctantly left home. In the autumn of the twentieth year of Zhenyuan (AD 804), Bai Juyi went to school in Chang 'an and needed to move his family to Chang 'an. After returning home, he begged his mother to allow him to marry Xiangling again, but his mother, who had more doors than anything, not only refused his request again, but also refused to meet them when the whole family moved away. Their marriage was hopeless, but their deep love didn't end there. Bai Juyi punished his mother's mistake by not marrying others, and wrote three poems to commemorate Xiangling: Missing Xiangling on a Winter Night, Feeling Autumn and Farewell. For eight years, my mother never allowed Bai Juyi to meet Xiangling again, nor did she allow him to mention Xiangling.
At the age of 37, Bai Juyi was forced to death by her mother and was introduced to marry her colleague's sister Yang. But she still wrote poems and missed Xiangling until the seventh year of Yuanhe. Such as rain at night, sensors, etc. Later, on the way to Jiangzhou where Bai Juyi was wronged, he and Mrs. Yang met the wandering Xiangling father and daughter. Bai Juyi and Xiangling cried bitterly and wrote a poem entitled "Meet Old". At this time, Bai Juyi was 44 years old and Xiangling was 40 years old, but she was not married. In this poem, Bai Juyi uses the word hate again, which has nothing to do with the hate in Song of Eternal Sorrow. Therefore, Bai Juyi's personal experience of this tragedy laid the foundation for Song of Eternal Sorrow.
It was not until Bai Juyi was 53 years old that on his way back to Luo Jing, he saw the change of the old village neighbors, and Xiangling had disappeared, and this love tragedy that lasted for 35 years came to an end.
Su Fan xiaoman
In Hangzhou, whenever there are beautiful scenery or snowy days, he invites guests to his home, first blowing jars, then writing poems, and then holding silk and bamboo. So while drinking, I recited poems and played the piano. There is a boy playing "wearing a dress and feathers" and a little prostitute singing "Yang Liuzhi", which is a great pleasure. It didn't stop until everyone was drunk. Bai Juyi sometimes went out to play in the wild on a whim. He put a piano and a pillow in the car, hung two flagons on bamboo poles on both sides of the car, drank with the piano and came back happily. According to The Story of the Poor, Bai Juyi has a pond at home where he can row a boat. He entertained guests, and sometimes on the boat, he ordered people to hang more than 100 empty bags beside the boat, which contained wine and delicacies, and went with the boat. When he wants to eat or drink, he pulls them up, and when he finishes eating or drinking, he pulls up another one until he finishes eating or drinking. Fang Shao's Zhai Bo Discriminations says: Of the 2,800 poems written by Bai Letian, 800 were drunk. This number is not small. When he drinks, he drinks to relieve himself. He drank wine all day to relieve his nine days' hard work. He said: "Don't underestimate a day of drunkenness, that is to eliminate nine days of fatigue.
Plain mouth and thin waist, raising prostitutes (prostitutes here are equivalent to concubines or family singing and dancing prostitutes in the history of China) for fun, which began in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and was more common in the Tang Dynasty. In order to get rid of the troubles of life, Bai Juyi indulged himself with prostitutes' music and poems. He kept courting prostitutes and drinking until his later years. There are more than a dozen prostitutes whose names are known from his poems, among which Xiaoman and Su Fan are the most famous. Tang Mengbang's Poem of Feeling Things records: "Bai Shangshu (Juyi) Su Fanren is good at singing and prostitutes are good at dancing. It tastes like a poem: cherry Su Fan mouth, willow small waist ". Modern people describe beauty as cherry mouth, small waist or willow waist, which was learned from Bai Juyi.
Bai Juyi was old and sick, and decided to sell horses and let prostitutes go. He didn't want them to suffer with him. However, his beloved horse turned his back on him and could not bear to leave. Su Fan and Xiaoman still have feelings for Bai Juyi and are reluctant to leave. Su Fan said with tears, "I've been here for five years, and I'm not surprised. I have been a vegetarian for ten years, and there is nothing wrong with it. Although this plain face is ugly, it has not been ruined. Luo Li is still strong, without any embarrassment. That is, Luo Zhili can still lead; You can also give the Lord a glass of plainsong. Once you go back, there is no turning back. Therefore, Su will go, and the words will be bitter; Luo will go, and his song will be sad. This man's feelings are also the feelings of horses. Is it true that the Lord is heartless? " Bai Juyi also sighed: "Don't shush, don't cry; Luo returned to the temple and the boudoir. Although I am ill, I am old. Fortunately, I won't die before Ji Xiang. Why abandon my concubine one day? Sue Xi! Sue Xi! Sing a Yang Liuzhi for me. I will think about it, and I will go back to my hometown with you. "
Of course, in the end, when Bai Juyi was 70 years old, Su Fan and Xiaoman left. Bai Juyi wrote in "Random Thoughts": "In two willow buildings, Yan Na has been with drunkards for many years. Should there be a spring breeze in the world after she is released tomorrow? " Five years in March, today is the end, the guests are all gone, and there is no one. Illness lived with Lotte, and Su Fan came back for some time in the spring. "
At the age of 67, he wrote a biography of Mr. Drunk Sound. This drunken Mr. Yin, of course, is himself. In his biography, he said that there was a man named Mr. Zuiyin, and he didn't know his name, hometown and official position. He only knew that he had been an official for 30 years and retired to Los Angeles. He lives in ponds, bamboo poles, trees, pavilions, pontoons and so on. He likes drinking, reciting poems, playing the piano and playing with drunkards, poetry lovers and piano lovers. This is also the case. Bai Juyi has been roaming in temples, hills and spring stones inside and outside Luoyang.
Home-brewed wine
Bai Juyi's home-brewed wine is of outstanding quality. He wrote a poem for his wine: "in the mouth of the altar, jade liquid is golden grease;" It is pleasant to play and enjoyable to taste; Hospitality, then frown; After four or five minutes of deliberation, I entered the limbs. " ("Bai Juyi Volume"). The history of Bai Juyi's wine-making is not only recorded, but even today, the story of "Bai Juyi's wine-making New Year's Eve to enjoy his neighbors" has been circulated in Weibei for generations.
Beware of Luoyang
In the fifteenth year of Zhenyuan (799), Bai Juyi went to Luoyang's mother from Fuliang County, Jiangxi Province. In February of the twentieth year of Zhenyuan (804), when Bai Juyi was appointed as the school librarian, Zeng Chunyou traveled to Luoyang. In May of the 4th year of Changqing (824), Bai Juyi, who was appointed as the secretariat of Hangzhou, refused to go to Chang 'an and planned to return to Luoyang to live in seclusion. He used the rest of his salary, plus the money from two horses, to buy the old house of Yang Ping, the former assistant rider, on Luoyang Road (now in the area of Dongshiqiao, Zhaocun, southeast of Luoyang City). Realized his long-cherished wish of "but my heart is enough". Soon, Bai Juyi was appointed as the secretariat of Suzhou. In the second year of Bao Li (826), he returned to Luoyang with Liu Yuxi. In the first year of Taihe (827), he sent envoys to Luoyang to make friends with Huang Fuyong, Su Hong, Liu Yuxi and Yao He. In the third year of Taihe (829), Bai Juyi was 57 years old. In April, he went to Luoyang as a guest of the Prince, and lived in Dongshan Xiangshan Temple in Longmen, Luoyang for a long time until he died after 18. As he himself said, "If you stay in the past, you will return today." . Bai Juyi is a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty, with more than 3,000 poems, ranking first among the famous poets in the Tang Dynasty.
In the second year of Huichang (842), when Bai Juyi was 7 1 year old, he became a monk in Xiangshan Temple and became a fragrant society. He wore a dove's staff and called himself "Xiangshan lay man" and "Mr. Drunk Sound". He has been an official for more than 30 years. He lived in poverty, observed people's feelings and never forgot the sufferings of ordinary people. At the age of 73, he donated money to suggest that the people jointly manage the dangerous section of the Yi River, calling it "Bajie Beach", so that "the boat will sail here at night without capsizing, and the road will never be bitter". He thinks he is satisfied with it. One year before his death, he wrote "Two Poems of Yuefu", in which there are two sentences: "If you are unhappy, open the Dragon Gate and Eight Rings Pond."
In July of the sixth year of Taihe (832), Bai Juyi donated the money he wrote for Yuan Zhen's epitaph to the monks to revise Xiangshan Temple, which made Xiangshan Temple look brand-new.
In the first year of Kaicheng (836), Bai Juyi compiled 65 volumes of Bai Wen Ji, with 3255 poems. It is hidden in Buta Courtyard of Shengshan Temple in Luoyang, which provides a lot of useful historical materials for future generations to study the social situation and poetry creation in the Tang Dynasty. Among the more than 3,000 poems he left behind, more than 800 were in praise of Luoyang. For example, in "Flowers in the East of Luocheng", "Remember to return to the poem, and the flowers will return to Luoyang". "Eight Poems of Willow Branches", "Why the Golden Branches Reflect Luoyang Bridge in February in the East". In Bai Juyi's works, people understand the beauty of Luoyang and love Luoyang more. As Xu Ning, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote in his poems, "Today, when poetry is written in white, no one can but sing autumn in Luoyang."
In the spring of the fourth year of Huichang (844), Bai Juyi was 73 years old. I also went to Zhaocun (now southeast of Luoyang City) to watch apricot flowers and wrote the poem "Apricot Flowers in Zhaocun".
In the fifth year of Huichang (845), he disguised himself as Yi and formed a seven-person meeting with six friends who were over seventy years old in Luoyang. Later, 95-year-old monks, such as Man He 136-year-old Li, also attended the seven-year conference, which was called the "Nine-year Plan" in history. They drank and wrote poems, which became a much-told story in the poetry circle.
In August of the sixth year of Huichang (846), Bai Juyi died. His last wish before he died was "not to return to Wang Gui and be buried on the side of Xiangshan Mountain", and he wanted to be with Luoyang landscape forever. According to his will, his family buried him on the Pipa Peak in the East Mountain of Longmen. In order to better commemorate this great poet, people expanded his mausoleum on Pipa Peak and built a "white garden". The whole white garden is solemn, simple and elegant. The layout is combined with the terrain, winding and winding, winding and secluded, and houses and pavilions built on the mountain.
Xihu Bai Causeway
Before Bai Juyi went to the West Lake, the West Lake was not fundamentally rectified. In dry weather, the water in the West Lake is too shallow to irrigate farmland. Every time it rains heavily, the lake will flood again, and you can't save it. This situation makes the West Lake unable to exert its maximum utility, leading to problems in both agricultural and civil water sources.
Bai Juyi came to Hangzhou to be a secretariat with the ambition of "being close to the people". After taking office, he put the project of thoroughly managing the West Lake on the agenda. One of his main achievements as the secretariat of Hangzhou was to build a large-scale lake protection platform along the northeast bank of the West Lake, which effectively stored water and discharged floods, ensuring that farmland was irrigated with water and people had water to drink.
The construction of dams and water storage lakes was completed two months before Bai Juyi left office. In March, 824, Bai Juyi personally wrote the article "Stone Story of Qiantang Lake", carved it into a stone tablet and stood on the shore of the lake. This inscription has become an important historical document of West Lake water conservancy. Bai Juyi's pagoda for protecting the lake is called "Baigong Dike", which expresses his love and nostalgia for Bai Juyi.
Of course, Bai Juyi also encountered some troubles in the process of building dikes to protect the lake. For example, at that time, some people were very worried about the measures of building dikes and opening floodgates and definitely putting lake water to irrigate farmland, and raised objections. Bai Juyi explained and refuted one by one. Moreover, Bai Juyi also made a detailed calculation of the water storage capacity of the West Lake after the completion of the lake embankment and the actual effect of releasing water to irrigate farmland.
Of course, the final construction of the lake levee was very successful.
By the Ming Dynasty, Baigong Dike still existed. It was not only a water conservancy facility, but also a busy and prosperous traffic artery in Hangzhou at that time. Unfortunately, the original site of Baigong Dike no longer exists. When people visit the West Lake, they take body double with them, of which Bai Causeway is Baigong Dike, to show their love and nostalgia for Bai Juyi. Of course, the Bai Causeway we are talking about today is not the Baigong Dike built by Bai Juyi.
Bai Juyi went to Hangzhou in October of the second year of Changqing, which lasted for three years and the actual time was only twenty months. In this short time, Bai Gong has done a lot of great things for Hangzhou, which is of great significance to the development of Hangzhou.
Hangzhou, a beautiful city, is surrounded by mountains on three sides, with endless mountain springs, a 30-mile-long West Lake and a fresh water lake. Supposedly, there is still plenty of water. But in the Tang Dynasty, drinking water for residents became a big problem.
It turns out that Hangzhou is very close to Qiantang River. Due to the long-term erosion of the Qiantang River salt tide, the groundwater is salty and bitter, and it is not drinkable at all. The scope of Hangzhou in the Tang Dynasty was much smaller than today. Most residents in the city live by wells and drink well water, but the well water is salty and bitter. There is still a long way to get water from the West Lake, and it is even longer to get water from the surrounding mountain streams. In order to solve the daily water supply problem, residents often run around, wasting time and energy.
The first official to solve the drinking water problem of six wells was Li Bi. Six wells, built by Li Bi, is not a well to dig underground water from the surface, but a well to pump water from the West Lake to a certain position and store it through pipelines. It is similar to a reservoir, and its water source is the West Lake. As long as the water in the West Lake does not dry up, there will be no shortage of fresh water in the wells in the city, and residents will no longer have to take water from a long distance.
It has been forty years since Bai Juyi went to Hangzhou to make a secretariat and built six wells in Limi. At this time, the underground diversion pipeline is often blocked and the water flow is not smooth, which affects the water supply of six wells in the city. Bai Juyi discovered this problem and decided to continue Li Mi's achievements in benefiting the people, thoroughly manage the West Lake and dredge six wells. From the autumn of 823 to the spring of 824, he personally presided over and completed the huge West Lake water conservancy project.
Living in a big city is not easy to maintain.
At the beginning of Bai Letian's debut, his name did not shake, and he praised Gu Kuang with songs and poems. The situation is ridiculous: "Chang 'an is expensive, and it is not easy to live in a big place. He read the poem "Farewell to the Long Grass" and said, "wildfire never quite consumes them, the spring breeze is blowing high. "。 The situation sighed: "There is a saying that it is difficult to live in the world! The preface of the old man is the theme of the play. "("Tang Yan Canon "Volume 7)
Bai Juyi (772 ~ 846), also known as Lotte, called himself a Buddhist in Xiangshan, also known as Mr. Drunk Sound. My ancestors were from Taiyuan, Shanxi, and later moved to Hancheng, Shaanxi, and finally settled in Xiaao, Shaanxi. It is said that Bai Juyi was just born for two months. The nurse held him and pointed to the books at home for him to read. Although he can't speak, he already knows the words "knowledge" and "martial arts" in his heart. So later, when people modestly claimed that they didn't know much or had limited knowledge, they often used this allusion to say that they didn't know much. When I grow up, Bai Juyi especially likes reading and has an amazing memory. Whenever he reads a book, he keeps it firmly in mind. The extraordinary talent revealed in his poems is even more surprising.
Bai Juyi, an outstanding poet, 16 years old, came to the capital Chang 'an alone. He was famous for visiting Gu Kuang, the author who was in charge of compiling national history and drafting imperial edicts at that time, and asking Gu Laodoyen to kindly guide his poems. Gu Kuang, a native of Suzhou, is a famous poet who thinks highly of himself and seldom recommends him to others. Although there is a large flow of people at his door, many people come to visit and ask for advice. In the evening, the servant will open the lantern to eat; A young man in a hurry handed in his name at this moment, and stamped the cover of the manuscript with the words "Bai Juyi" in neat regular script.
Gu Lao, a poet who was tired of frequent visitors, caught a glimpse of the word "Bai Juyi" and couldn't help laughing: "Haha, what a big breath! You know, the price of rice in the capital Chang 'an is very high now. It is not easy to live in Chang' an, let alone live in vain! " Later, before his family brought the food to the table, he casually glanced at the poems presented to him by Bai Juyi. As soon as I opened the title page, the first song in it was the Five Laws, entitled "Farewell to Ancient Grass", which said:
The long grass is so lush that the withered grass will thicken the color of the grass every autumn and winter.
Wildfire can't burn it out, but the spring breeze can revive it.
Weeds and wild flowers are all over the ancient road, and the end of the grass in the sun is your journey.
I once again sent my bosom friend, and the thick grass represented my deep affection. ②
When he saw the couplet "The mountain fire never goes out, the spring breeze blows high", his eyes suddenly lit up, and Gu Lao's poems could not be seen anywhere else. As you can imagine, at this time, of course, he didn't dare to be careless. He twisted his slightly gray beard in one hand and grasped the manuscript in the other, then savored it and nodded from time to time. Then he smoothed his beard and sighed, "How difficult is it to live in Chang 'an if you can write such a good poem? "What I just said was just a joke!"
This is Gu Lao's appreciation of the tenacious vitality contained in weeds in Bai Juyi's poems. Even after the wildfire, once it was dispersed by the spring breeze (please note that this word is a very rich vocabulary in ancient poetry), it flourished and began to grow and reproduce rapidly. As a person, shouldn't we struggle tenaciously in adversity like weeds in this wilderness in order to survive tenaciously? And this, how need careful observation and profound understanding! Needless to say, this is a good quality that a poet must have, so Gu Lao's poet can't help but be deeply impressed by this talented teenager.
Next, the old poet Gu Kuang praised the introduction in many ways, and the young poem name of Bai Juyi immediately spread throughout the capital. But unfortunately, because Bai Juyi has not been able to get a stronger recommendation, although he lived in Chang' an for three years, he did not find his ideal way out and had to leave sadly. It was not until the sixteenth year of Zhenyuan in Dezong (800) that he was admitted to the Jinshi as a top scholar in high-tech and embarked on his official career. Moreover, his poems are not only famous all over the country, but also spread to Jilin country, which is now North Korea. It can be seen that Gu Lao, a poet, did not misread Bai Juyi in those days.
Press: ① But according to Bai Juyi's Nine Books with Yuan, it is called July and August. (2) Many anthologies in the 20th century only selected the first four sentences of this poem according to Tales of Talents in the Tang Dynasty, which is unscientific. Moreover, it is also a wanton castration of Bai Juyi's poems. As for his couplets, it is a way of sentence-making with flowing water, and at the same time, it also uses the poetic art of "every sentence is difficult to survive"