Which dynasty did Yuan Hongdao belong to in the Ming Dynasty?
Further reading: Yuan Hongdao (1568 ─ 16 10 year), a word lang, did not learn words, was a famous teacher, and had a nickname. Han nationality, Huguang Public Security (now Gongan County, Hubei Province). Wanli has been a scholar for twenty years. He has served as magistrate of Wuxian County, director of ritual department, director of seal inspection of official department, doctor Ji Xun and doctor. The world thinks he is the tallest of the three brothers. Xiao Minhui, who is good at poetry and prose, became a student at the age of sixteen, joined the association of fellow townsmen in the south of the city and became the president himself.
He is the main leader of the repeated ancient movements in Ming literature. He opposed the imitation of Qin and Han prose by the first seven scholars, and also opposed the imitation of Tang and Song prose by Tang Shunzhi and Gui Youguang. He thinks this article is closely related to the times. He once said: "The world has changed, so has literature. There is no need to copy the ancients today, and it is also a trend. " He also believes that words should be true, and that "there is a time in ancient times, and now there is a time" (modern people call it literary evolution theory), that is, "I can't be with you, what about the face of the ancients?"
In literature, Yuan Hongdao opposed the trend that "literature must be in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and poetry must flourish in the Tang Dynasty", and put forward the theory of "expressing one's own spirit and not sticking to one pattern". He is as famous as his elder brothers Yuan Zongdao and Yuan Zhongdao. Because Sanyuan is a native of Jingzhou Gongan County, his literary genre is called "Gongan School" or "Gongan Style". Together, it is called "Three Parks of Public Security".
Qin Long was born in Yuanhong Road on February 6, 2002 (1568 65438+February 23) and came from a bureaucratic family. When he was a teenager, he lived a rich life and was very good at poetry under the education of famous teachers such as Wan Ying and Wang Ti. Yuan Hongdao became a student at the age of sixteen, that is, he organized a literary society in the south of the city and became the president himself. In addition to studying eight-part essay, he also devoted himself to ancient poetry, which is "Zaisheng", [2]? Social friends under the age of 30 all respect Yuan Hongdao as a teacher, and dare not commit crimes under their constraints [3]? . At the age of 2 1, he won an award, but he failed in his attempt to go to Beijing in Sun Shan.
Frustration in the examination hall may make Yuan Hongdao feel a lot of self-injury. In his poems such as Flowers are Things, he lamented loneliness, depression and unhappiness. Under the influence of his eldest brother, Yuan Zongdao, Yuan Hongdao began to seek spiritual sustenance from Zen Buddhism, so as to release Confucianism and realize an epiphany. He wrote his own experience as "gold scraps" and visited Li Zhi in Macheng. The two of them chatted about Zen and got along well. Li Zhi praised him for his "knowledge and courage, both of which belong to chinese odyssey. People with true spirit can shoulder this heavy responsibility "and give a poem saying:" I also want to whip when I read Jun Jun's words of' golden crumbs'. I have heard about it for a long time, and there is no such thing as "old bitterness". " Enlightened by Li Zhi's deviant thought, Yuan Hongdao's eyes were wide open. "I knew I had been picking up what I said, sticking to the secular world and dying under the old saying, and I couldn't reveal anything." From then on, he was determined to change the style of poetry creation, "being a teacher for the heart, not a teacher for the heart;" You can turn to the ancients, not for them. Hair as a language, one by one from the brain ",[4]? And stand out independently.
In the 20th year of Wanli (1592), Yuan Hongdao was a scholar, but he was not immediately appointed by the imperial court. However, the door of official career has entered, and the wish for many years has finally come true, and I am in a good mood. On the Shipu River in his hometown, Yuan Hongdao often meets with relatives and friends, recites poems and drinks, talks about Zen travel, and is carefree. At this time, he was deeply dissatisfied with the retro movement in the literary world and thought that poetry should be published at will and should not be imitated and bound. Yuan Hongdao wrote in "Answering Li Ziyou's Poems": "When you ask about the article, you should break your heart." "Grass ignorance push what, lee, smell will know. Although the shafts are the same, they are good teachers. Later, he was rich in literature and rhetoric. Spend a lot of money to hire a thin craftsman to wrap your feet to avoid ambiguity. Simulated thrift is narrow, arrogant and ridiculous. I want to be straight. Everything I say is a lie. There are no words in the contemporary era, but there are real poems in the alley. But I sold a pot of wine and took you to listen to bamboo branches. [5] ? "In his view, retro works are not as good as folk songs.
In the 23rd year of Wanli (1595), Yuan Hongdao was elected as the county magistrate of Wuxian (now Jiangsu). When he was in office, he decided the case decisively, facilitating the people and benefiting the people, which was deeply welcomed by the local people. However, it also leads to the dissatisfaction of those in power. Coupled with the complexity of official business, it is rare to be at leisure. He feels that "the days of being an official are very hard, and it is especially hard to make an order. If you give an order, it will be ten thousand times harder, and it can't be straight "[6]? . Therefore, the next year he resigned under the pretext.
Tourism works
In order to eliminate the unhappiness in his heart, Yuan Hongdao did not return to his hometown immediately after leaving Wuxian. Instead, he traveled all over the southeast places of interest, strolling between Wuxi, Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Tonglu and Jiashan Xiushui in Shexian, and repaying his friends with poems such as Tao Wangling and Pan Jingsheng. For more than three months, "not a day goes by without traveling, not a day without playing, not for a while without talking, not for a while without talking", and "poetics has made great progress, with a larger collection of poems, a wider poetic mind and a wider poetic eye" [7]? . Especially when I read Xu Wei's posthumous work Bian Que in Hangzhou, I was "shocked" and "awakened like a nightmare" by Xu Wei's poetic style of "talking and laughing at will" [8]? As a result, he became increasingly dissatisfied with the retro style of Li Panlong, Wang Shizhen and other "post-seven poets", and put forward the creative idea of "expressing one's own spirit independently", demanding that poetry creation must "flow from one's own mind" and write more "original words" [9]? Oppose the blind pursuit of retro simulation lacking real feelings. He criticized the literary world shrouded by the retro school for stifling the vitality of creation, and pointed out that the changeable creative techniques of writers and poets in Qin and Han dynasties in the prosperous Tang Dynasty were a model for future generations to learn. Otherwise, only by "attacking imitation and affecting rhythm", poetry creation will be led into a dead end and become a mere formality, and poetry will not be able to express its own voice. Yuan Hongdao pointedly pointed out that the retro school and its last antique school are like "the dregs of chewing dung, which is easy to get a fart and bully the good by relying on the situation. Now Suzhou has taken refuge at home." Remember a few familiar stories and you will be knowledgeable; In a few words, also known as a poet. Du Gongbu was tricked into hoarding Li Kongtong, an eight-inch three-point hat that everyone wears. Therefore, if you speak poetry, you will get peace without poetry! " [ 10]
In addition to openly opposing the vulgar style of retro school, Yuan Hongdao also promoted the liberation of style with his own creative practice. His poems reflecting real life, such as Ode to a Ballad and Zhi Zhu Ci, are popular, fresh, beautiful and lively. He also wrote dozens of travel notes such as Tiger Hill, Lingyan, Xianghu Lake and West Lake, which are lyrical without the disadvantages of carving. "Everything overflows from its true source, and only those who open their eyes to sweep the king and the king can know that only those who are talented in the world can relax their minds and find wisdom to get rid of the disease of imitating painting" [660].
Go north to Beijing
Yuan Hongdao and his family visited the southeast and stayed in Yizheng for a period of time, where they wrote poems, talked with literary friends in the north and south, and publicized their "theory of spiritual nature". In the twenty-sixth year of Wanli (1598), he was appointed Professor Shun Tianfu (now Beijing). The following year, he went to Imperial College London as a teaching assistant. In the third year, does let the official department is responsible for.
In Beijing, Yuan Hongdao was able to exhibit a wealth of pictures collected by the people, and formed a "grape party" with Xie, Xie, Xie's brother Yuan Zongdao and Xie's brother Yuan Zhongdao. He is very relaxed and happy to comment on poetry in Guo Chong Temple in the west of the city. On the one hand, through extensive reading and discussion on making friends, he gradually corrected the previous tendency of "focusing on understanding" and overemphasizing self-importance. "Later, I corrected myself and studied my major, and my self-discipline was strict and my introspection was close, so I kept it and calmed down" [12]? . On the other hand, his criticism of the last stream of retro school is more powerful and profound. Yuan Hongdao systematically analyzed the style of Tang and Song poetry, and thought: "Yuan, Bai, Europe and Su, together with Li, Du, Ban and Ma, really flew by like geese. Poe is particularly difficult to understand, and the macro fallacy means that there is no author before. And those who learn English, because poetry is not Tang and writing about Han's illness, why not blame Nanwei powder, but spit stone can't be effective! " [ 13] ? He also said: "Song poetry is longer than style and shorter than rhyme, but it is for the sake of writing, dense with argument and neglected to use it." However, some of them surpassed the Qin and Han Dynasties and did not flourish in the Tang Dynasty. [ 14] ? "This paper specifically refutes the view that literature must exist in Qin and Han Dynasties, and poetry must flourish in Tang Dynasty", which makes the style of writing be reversed. Qian later commented on Yuan Hongdao's influence, saying that he promoted the change of style of writing, and made poetry creation full of vitality, with "great achievements" [15]? .
Concentrated literature
In the 28th year of Wanli (1600), Yuan Hongdao took a leave of absence due to the death of his younger brother Yuan Zongdao. He built the "Liulang Pavilion" in the south of the police station, and spent all his time reciting poems and composing poems with his old friends. He also visited Wudang Mountain, Taoyuan County and other places of interest, and gave heartfelt admiration to the nature that attracted Daiyu. He also admired Tao Qian's understanding of life, seeking self-adaptation in lush forests and grasses, and "begging instead of regretting" [16]? . Yuan Hongdao lived in Liulang Lake for six years and didn't return to Beijing until the thirty-fourth year of Wanli (1606).
After Yuan Hongdao returned to Beijing, he studied opera and novels. He praised Jin Ping Mei, Water Margin, Four Sounds Ape and other works, thinking that they can "aim high", break away from traditional stereotypes and create a new situation. Yuan Hongdao wrote Zheng Zheng, talking about wine culture and so on, and compared these novels and dramas with Confucian classics since Jiajing, giving a high evaluation. Soon, Yuan Hongdao moved to the official department to check the seal, and officials went to the official department to take the exam. He once presided over the rural examination in Shaanxi, and took advantage of the opportunity of visiting Songshan and Huashan to write down the travel notes and poems of "the fruit of sighing" with thick ink.