Reading while standing and reading while kneeling

Chen Siyi

I am most afraid of reading books written by "sages", just as I am most afraid of reading books written by "sages" or "sages". Quasi-"saint" talks the same.

It is very pleasant to meet old friends and have a heart-to-heart talk. You can listen, you can be taught, you can argue, you can cross-examine. Even if you argue with each other, it will not hinder the friendship, because the mutual respect are equal. It's different when talking to a "saint" or a quasi-"saint". He is a "sage", he is right about everything, every word is the truth, you can only obey and listen attentively. You also have to give a few compliments from time to time, which creates a sense of psychological oppression. What's more, since the truth is in his hands, you have no room to think anymore. It's really boring to talk like this with a shaved head and a hot head.

Reading, like talking, is a communication of the soul. When I was studying at the university, a teacher said that reading the books of the ancients and making friends with them was the least dangerous thing, because the ancients would not argue with you, inform on you, or gossip with you. I think this statement has its own experience and truth. But that's not always the case. What if you are reading a book by a "sage"? Then you will also have a sense of oppression. Because society has dubbed him a "saint" and regarded his words as a guideline. You should follow what you understand, and what you don't understand should also follow. Otherwise, you are an "unsage", and you will be beheaded if you are an "unsage". Wouldn’t it be disappointing to read a book like this? Ji Kang in the Wei and Jin Dynasties had his pigtails grabbed and lost his head because of his sentence "Not Tang Wu but Zhou Kong"; Li Zhuowu in the Ming Dynasty was finally added to the list because he did not agree with "taking Confucius' right and wrong as right and wrong" The crime of "daring to advocate chaos and false accusations to confuse the people" and persecution to death are all ready-made examples. Therefore, the way to make it a habit is to read the books of "sages" while kneeling. Reading on your knees is certainly safe, but it also imprisons your thoughts. China has always had many vulgar and corrupt scholars, and this is the reason.

However, there are exceptions. Although they are rare, they shine with eternal brilliance. Wang Chong of the Han Dynasty was an outstanding one. Just looking at the titles of "Asking Confucius" and "Combating Mencius" in his "Lunheng" are refreshing.

"Confucian scholars in the world like to believe in their teachers but in the ancient times. They think that what the sages say is nothing more than www.91zhongkao.com. They specialize in teaching and do not know the difficult questions. When the sages write and write, they carefully review their intentions. , it can’t be said that everything is true, how can An Neng speak hastily?”

“How can it hurt justice to pursue Confucius’ teachings?” /p>

These confident words are heartening. Of course, in the era when Wang Chong lived, Confucius had not been deified so supremely, so he had not lost his head because of it. In later generations, it will be very difficult to be able to vaguely say something like, "Only when you have doubts where you are not doubtful can you make progress." More people can only use the banner of "saints" to stuff their own belongings and rebel on their knees.

Not only the "saints" designated by Confucius and Mencius, but no one dares to take advantage of them. Even some industry saints often make people stay silent.

For example, Du Fu did write many good poems, but any poet, even a very great poet, will inevitably have failures. However, since Du Fu was called the "Sage of Poetry", he also became somewhat popular. When it comes to Du Shi, people rarely dare to say disrespectful words.

However, there are exceptions. I have a "Collection of Du Gongbu" on hand, which is a version of five commentaries published by Hanmoyuan in eastern Guangdong during the Guangxu period. Although the printing work is exquisite, it is not an ancient or rare book. The so-called "five families" refer to Wang Yanzhou, Wang Zunyan, Wang Ruanting, Song Muzhong, and Shao Zixiang. The comments of each company are overprinted in purple, blue, vermilion, yellow and green. The advantage of it is that the reviewers have the courage to read standing up, and there is no rotten atmosphere of just kowtowing and not speaking. From time to time, there will be "not a sentence", "meaningless", "not good", "not good" and "not enough to recite". Comments like "jumped out.

Du Fu has a song "Song of Xu Qing's Two Sons", which praises the two sons of Mr. Xu, an official. The poem says: "If you don't see it, Xu Qing's two sons have a wonderful birth, and they are following each other in auspicious dreams. Confucius and Shi Shi gave him a hug, and they are the unicorns of the sky... I know that Mr. Xu has no worries, and he has accumulated good deeds and has given birth to Mr. Gun. Hou. If your husband has such a son, how can he be willing to give up his position as a second child? "It's really unimaginable to praise someone's son to such a disgusting level. In the hands of the "Poetry Saint".

I couldn't help but think of Lu Xun's "Li Lun". What's the difference between the great poet Du Fu and the mediocre people in Lu Xun's works who promised that their children would get rich and become high officials? Regarding Du Fu's poem, Shao Zixiang commented: "Such a poem is extraordinary. "Free from vulgar ears." Wang Bianzhou's comment was "little step" - too much praise.

16. Based on the full text, explain the meaning of "reading while standing" and "reading while kneeling" in the title. (4 points)

①Read while standing:

②Read while kneeling:

17. Please point out how the ancients "knelt down" to read the books of "sages" causes and consequences. (4 points)

Cause:

Result:

18. Looking at the full text, what are the main expression techniques used in this article? Give an example of the benefits of writing this way. (4 points)

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19. Based on the full text, summarize the author’s basic views on reading. (6 points)

Reference answer: Compiled by the primary and secondary school composition reading answer website

16. (1) It means that readers treat the books of saints with an equal attitude. (2) It refers to readers’ blind faith and blind obedience to the books of saints.

17. Reason: The rulers of the past dynasties used high-pressure policies to force scholars to accept the ideas of saints (or: if they are not "saints", they will be beheaded.) Result: Confined ideas, resulting in bad Confucianism and corrupt Confucianism.

18. Comparison. For example, in the second paragraph, the comfort of talking with old friends as equals is compared with the boringness of talking to saints or quasi-sages, accurately expressing the embarrassment of unequal conversations, and paving the way for "reading on your knees" in the following paragraphs. Another example is the comparison between Wang Chong's "righteous" rhetorical questions in the Han Dynasty and the "rebellious on his knees" literati in later generations, which effectively shows the great impact of the ruler's high-pressure policy on imprisoning people's thoughts.

19. The author firmly opposes blind worship or forced superstition of so-called saints, advocates emancipating the mind, thinking equally, and promoting the spirit of daring to question