(1) Cao Cao's positive role in unifying the north.

As mentioned earlier, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to political darkness, social production was seriously damaged, and people could not live, and finally a vigorous Yellow Scarf Uprising broke out. However, under the historical conditions at that time, the peasant uprising could not achieve the final victory, which was followed by the disintegration of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the warlord scuffle. In the scuffle, not only Dong Zhuo, Li Jue and other Liangzhou warlords slaughtered people and robbed property everywhere, but also the eastern generals under the banner of diligent king. Therefore, there is a bleak scene of "people eat people and the state is depressed". Apart from the reactionary rule in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it is unforgivable to suppress the peasant uprising and the warlords who destroyed social production. But relatively speaking, there are still differences between warlords. Take Cao Cao as an example. Although he suppressed the peasant uprising and killed innocent people, from his political, military and economic performance, he was better than the warlord he eliminated. For example, he reclaimed land, built water conservancy projects and implemented the system of selling salt and iron by officials, which played a positive role in social and economic recovery and economic rectification. These will be introduced when talking about the economy.

As soon as Cao Cao embarked on his official career, he tried to use stricter laws to change the rampant situation of extravagance of powerful people at that time. However, because the curse lies in the central government, Cao did not dare to show his intentions. It was not until he came to power himself that the policy of restraining arrogance was fully implemented. He said: "the punishment of the husband is also the life of the people"; The policy of bringing order out of chaos should put punishment first. He used Wang Xiu, Sima Zhi, Yang Pei, Lv Qian, Man Chong, Jia Kui and other local officials to curb the lawless strongmen. If we compare Yuan Shao's and Cao Cao's political skills in Jizhou, we can see two different situations: "At the end of the Han Dynasty, politics was lenient and salt was lenient, so we didn't take it." Under Yuan Shao's lenient policy, "it is not enough to make the powerful and powerful arrogant, annex their relatives, make the people poor and weak, pay taxes on their behalf, and show off their wealth." As a result, it is naturally impossible to be "people-friendly to Qiang Bing". So Yuan Shao was defeated by Cao Cao, although he was big, with many soldiers and food. After the war in Jizhou, he immediately "emphasized the method of merging powerful countries" and thus received the effect of "making the people happy". As long as we look at Wei Zhi's reflection, we can see that under Cao Cao's rule, the political outlook and social atmosphere from the central to the local are different from before. Few ministers in North Korea engage in graft; Unscrupulous local officials and strongmen have also been restrained to some extent. Sima Guang said that Cao Cao's "turning chaos into governance" was not groundless. Moreover, the officials he elected should be "sensible" and be able to govern the country according to law. Cao Cao also advocates honesty. He used Cui Yan and Mao Jie for the election. "Everyone he uses is honest and upright. Although he was famous at that time, he didn't do what he should do, and he was finally admitted. " Thrift guides people, so people all over the world are inspired by honesty and thrift. Although your minister, dare not cross. "So the social atmosphere has improved.

Complementing the implementation of the rule of law policy is to concentrate on yourself as much as possible and not let the princes form a party. He ordered: "In this Qing Dynasty, even though personal relationships were better than others, it was useless to serve the country and the king." Fuck, in order to supervise the governors, the establishment of "school affairs" was opposed by the minister, who thought it was an "untrustworthy purpose" Cao Cao explained it this way: "If you want to stab, you can do a lot of things, but you can't." The so-called "sages and gentlemen" mainly refers to noble ministers, who have been officials all their lives, have branches and leaves attached, and have great fame and influence. On the one hand, we should win over the Rightists and make them occupy the upper position without real power; On the one hand, they also use ordinary school affairs to check their behavior. Is it necessary to do this? You can use Sun Quan's words to answer later. Sun Quan said: "The disciples of Chang Wen (Chen Qunzi) used to be able to keep good deeds and try their best to behave themselves, but they were afraid of being strict and did not dare to do anything wrong." Sun Quan followed suit and set up a school post, which showed that it was reasonable to set up a school supervisor in order to prevent the recurrence of the ministers' group at the end of the Han Dynasty and the small group of Yuan Shao Group. From the internal structure of Cao Wei regime, there are the most noble ministers, and the potential danger is heavier. Cao Cao planned for himself and future generations, and set up school affairs to wait on the ministers. Although it is harsh and political, it is difficult to subdue them without it. The history book says: "Cao Gong is strict and an official, so he often adds a stick." . Cao Cao also let the general's family live in his home to prevent them from fleeing from themselves, which is a reflection of the estrangement and contradiction between Cao Cao and his subordinates.

On the whole, under Cao Cao's rule, the Yellow River Basin has a certain degree of political clarity, the economy has gradually recovered, the class oppression has been slightly alleviated, and the social atmosphere has improved. Therefore, we say that the unification of the north and some corresponding measures still have positive effects.

(2) Cao Cao is an outstanding strategist.

First of all, Cao Cao is good at commanding generals; For example, in the 19th year of Jian 'an (2 14), Cao Cao left three generals, Zhang Liao, Lejin and Li Dian, and Xue Mian, the defender, to guard the battle. The following year, before Cao Cao led his army to the west to explore Zhang Lu, he sent someone to send Fatwa to Xue Mian. The cover said, "A thief is a thief." . Soon, Sun Quan personally led 100,000 troops to attack Hefei, and Xue Biao and others wrote a letter, saying, "If Sun Quan arrives, General Zhang and General Li will go out, General Le will defend himself, and the army will not have to fight." At this time, the total number of defenders in Hefei was only 7000. Being outnumbered, you will wonder whether it is the best policy to divide your troops and go out. Zhang Liao said, "Grandpa will go on an expedition, but if you save him, you will be defeated. Therefore, we should attack the religion and its failure, break its prosperity, reassure the public, and then defend it. The chance of success or failure, in this battle, why do you doubt! " Li Dian smell speech, immediately agreed. So Liao and the pawn night recruited 800 people who dared to follow, killing cattle. At dawn the next day, Liao, who held a halberd, took the lead, killed dozens of people, beheaded two generals, shouted his name and went straight to Sun Quan's headquarters. Seeing Liao's ferocity, Quan was at a loss and frightened, so he had to climb up the mound and defend himself with a halberd. Liao told Quan to fight, but Quan did not dare to move. When he saw Liao Serenade, he gathered around Liao. Liao broke through again and again, and those in power were invincible. No one dares to be that person. From the early wars to Japan and China, the Wu people seized the air superiority. Liao and others are still on the defensive, and everyone is at ease. After World War I, the whole army lost its momentum and stayed in Hefei for more than ten days, that is, withdrew its troops. With the departure of the public, the power and number of people will remain in the north of xiaoyaojin. When Zhang Liao saw it from a height, he rode his horse to act quickly and captured Quan alive. He fought to the death with Gan Ning, Ling Tong, and Quan began to flee on a fine horse, and several of them were captured alive. Historians are full of praise for Cao Cao's killing order. Hu Sansheng thinks that Cao Cao is brave and sharp in Liao and Yunnan, which makes him fight. Cheer up. Keep it. "Sun Sheng believes that Cao Cao's original intention is to be brave and afraid of deployment," in cahoots ". I think: Zhang Liao is brave and good at fighting, and Le Jin is also famous for his "small fruit". He always takes the lead in the battle, "struggling to break through and be invincible." I am afraid it is wrong to describe Le Jin as a "timid" person or a person who can only be "cautious". Cao Cao meant to know that Sun Quan was coming, and he would rely on a large number of troops, and Hefei would be arrogant and underestimate the enemy. We can take this opportunity to give an inaudible surprise attack. That is, as Zhang Liao said, "If you don't accept it, you will be arrogant", that's all. Cover your troops quickly, cover them unprepared, and know how to anticipate the enemy. This is extremely clear.

Because Sun Quan often invaded Hefei, Cao Wei and the secretariat of some States near Hefei also led troops to station troops here. In the 24th year of Jian 'an (2 19), Cao Cao ordered Pei Qian, the Yanzhou secretariat stationed in Hefei, to prepare for the March. Because there was no military atmosphere in Hefei at this time, Pei Qian and others did not act quickly. Wen Hui, the secretariat of Yangzhou, secretly said to Pei Qian, "This is an urgent matter in Xiangyang. I want to go there. So don't worry, don't want to disturb people far away. In a day or two, there will be a secret book to promote the Qing and Jin Dynasties, and Zhang Liao and others will be called again. Liao will know the king's will at the same speed, and then call first, and you will blame it! " So Pei Qian quickly prepared for an urgent March. Sure enough, the order to March quickly was received. Then Zhang Liao and others also received letters. It shows that Cao Cao has strict constraints on generals, and there is no room for slow-motion letters.

As can be seen from the above, Cao Cao is good at using generals and strict with them, but he can get their support. Even Sun Quan said that Cao Cao "emperors and princes are rare since ancient times". Prove that Cao Cao is good at commanding generals.

Cao Cao is also resourceful and always improvises in strategy and tactics. When fighting, Cao often makes decisions according to the situation of the enemy and ourselves, which is changeable. As mentioned earlier. In a series of wars with Lu Bu, Zhang Xiu, Yuan Shao, Ma Chao, Han Sui and other drug farmers, Cao Cao often used the methods of introducing from the east, evading reality, ambushing, circuitous, raiding, alienating, robbing food, attacking them unprepared, and abandoning things to lure the enemy in order to win and turn weakness into strength. Strategically, Cao concentrated the wisdom of his subordinates, chose good and followed, and rarely made mistakes. For example, when Cao Cao and Lu Bu fought for Yanzhou, Tao Qian, a herdsman in Xuzhou, died of illness. Cao Cao wanted to take the opportunity to attack Xuzhou and then attack Lu Bu. Yu Xun dissuaded it. Cao Cao changed his mind and defeated Lu Bu with all his strength to pacify Yanzhou. Then Xuzhou joined the party. In the sixth year of Jian 'an (20 1), that is, the second year after the Battle of Guandu, Cao Cao decided to settle on Hebei for lack of food, and wanted to break ground for salt, so as to attack Liu Biao during this period. Yu Xun said, "Shao has been defeated, and all his men are indifferent. It is advisable to take advantage of its difficulties; And carry Yan, Yu, away from Shijiang and Han. If you collect its embers, it will be business. " Cao Cao followed, and finally settled Jizhou.

As can be seen from the above, Yu Xun corrected Cao Cao's wrong ideas in strategic decision-making many times, which played a key role in Cao Cao's success or failure. Other counselors, such as Xun You and Guo Jia, had similar feats and were praised by Cao Cao. It proved that Cao Cao attached great importance to strategic deployment and had a thorough discussion with the group members in advance. His ability to adopt other people's correct strategies shows that he has strong judgment.

When Cao Cao and Yuan Shao confronted Dong Zhuo, Shao asked Cao Cao, "Why don't you make things up?" Cao Cao said, "What does the first step mean?" Shao said, "My south is near the river, and my north is against Yan and Dai. I am also a member of the army. How can I help the southern world? " Cao Cao said, "I am the wisdom of the world, and I can resist it with Tao." Cao Cao said to others, "Is Tang and King Wu the same as the earth?" With insurance as capital, we can't change according to opportunities. "One of the main reasons why Cao Cao Can defeated the enemy is, as he himself said," to gain the wisdom of the world ",that is, to give full play to the wisdom of his deputies and the fighting enthusiasm of the soldiers. The so-called "sages don't love their plans, and the group of scholars spare no effort." "

No matter how well Cao Cao does in strategy and tactics, his army can't do without strong fighting capacity. Lu Bu's army claimed to be brave; Yuan Shao's army has the largest number, and after many contests, it was defeated by Cao Cao, which shows that Cao Cao's fighting capacity is very strong. The reason why Cao Cao has strong fighting capacity is that Cao Cao has always taken measures such as streamlining troops and simplifying administration, and attaching importance to grain production and transportation. Cao Cao once said: "Lonely people can always defeat the enemy with fewer soldiers, but they always want to increase the number of soldiers and ignore the rest. It is because of the advocacy of the former dynasties that they love horses for soldiers. " I'm not satisfied with many officials. I love to send meals to soldiers. "Cao Cao said that during the battle of Guandu, Yuan Shaoyou had ten thousand armor collars, and he only had twenty. Yuan Shao has three hundred armour, but he doesn't even have ten armour. Although Cao Cao's army is small in number and poorly equipped, Cao Cao pays more attention to discipline and rewards and punishments strictly. As a result, Yuan Jun was defeated. On one March, Cao Cao ordered that horses should not trample on wheat fields. Any violation will be beheaded. So the soldiers all dismounted and walked to avoid trampling on the wheat. But Cao Cao's horse was surprised and stepped on the wheat field. So Cao Cao drew his sword and cut off a lock of his hair as punishment. Although this is just a show, it can also show that Cao Cao is more serious in maintaining the law in the army. In the early days, there were many defeats and wars, but the army never collapsed, because it was well managed and had good cooperation and support politically and economically. Therefore, we can finally turn the corner and turn the weak into the strong. Other warlords, such as Yuan Shaoze, "the imperial army is lenient and the law is not established"; Lyu3 bu4 "brave but not scheming" and "light and cunning"; Liu Biao "does not study military affairs" and only "protects the environment and defends himself"; Yuan Shu is "extravagant" and "good without fiber". "So fucking can finally break them one by one.

It can be said that Cao is an outstanding strategist in ancient times.

(3) Cao Cao's character and style.

Cao Cao is one of the famous figures in the history of China, and people have different views on him, with different opinions. The destroyer described him as a white-faced traitor, an ultra-egoist, who specializes in politics. "It is better to die than to die"; Those who respect him aim to be heroes, outstanding strategists, politicians and writers. According to relevant historical records, good and evil are wrong, and it is difficult to distinguish between true and false. If you rely on some accounts unilaterally and take them out of context, even if you publish more commentary articles, it will not help. When commenting on historical figures, we should sum up the mainstream things (such as virtue, talent, merit, excess, goodness, evil, function, influence, etc.). ) from the relevant reliable accounts, so as to draw a definite conclusion. It is not only necessary to compare this character with his contemporaries, but also with people of the same type in the long river of history, so it is not difficult to estimate its value in all aspects and determine its historical role. For example, we have analyzed Cao Cao's loyalty and treachery, and Cao Wei's regime was painstakingly managed by Cao Cao under the influence of the peasant uprising. At that time, there were no people in the Han Dynasty, so what power could Cao Cao usurp in the Han Dynasty? Cao Cao did play a trick of "holding the emperor to make the princes", but by doing so, the nominal national oak was extended to the Han Dynasty for more than 20 years. If Cao Cao is a traitor, who are the loyal ministers of Eryuan, Liu Biao, Liu Bei and Sun Quan? If you can't find a loyal minister who can safeguard the Han regime, can you still say that Cao Cao is a traitor?

As for whether Cao Cao is treacherous to people? Dedicated to self-interest Is it true that Cao Cao said in the legend that "it is better to die than to die"? According to the reflection (volume 1) and the Ji of Emperor Wudi, Wei was quoted in the book:

Mao was eventually defeated by Zhuo, so he didn't bow his head and fled to his hometown. He rode his old friend Gao Lv Boshe several times, but Boshe was not there. His son and guests robbed Mao, robbed horses and things, and Mao killed several people with a blade.

The annotation of Emperor Wudi Ji quoted again:

Mao lived in luxury and traveled in luxury. His five sons were there to prepare for the ceremony. Mao killed eight people with his sword in the night.

Liang Wudi's annotation of Ji quoted Miscellaneous Notes:

Mao heard the sound of his food container and thought it was for himself, so he killed it at night. Then he said sadly, "I'd rather be negative than negative!" " Go ahead.

According to Shu Wei, killing people by whoring is after being robbed, and this kind of killing is not a villain, but an act of punishing gangsters. Miscellaneous Notes says that killing people at night is afraid that others will kill themselves, so it is better to start first. This can also be said to be an act of "it is better to die than to die". However, after the exercise, I soon felt sad and sad, indicating that killing was a misunderstanding, and I was not willing to be a naturally negative person. Moreover, the language of "Better to die than to die" is only found in this book, and the other two books have not mentioned it. This shows that this statement is not reliable. Judging from the actual situation at that time, if you run away from fear, you will be as busy as a bee, and Ann will easily do things that kill people and cause trouble. If he is afraid of others and wants to help himself, he should run away while others are unprepared. Why did he kill to increase his guilt? The records in the above three books are quite different, so Chen Shou is useless. Pei's note is quoted, but no comments are made, which is for record only. Therefore, we should not regard it as a real substance. Instead of obsessing over this question, we should look for the answer from many more concrete actions. Chen Gong, for example, was originally a hero who supported Cao Cao's struggle for state animal husbandry, and Cao Cao "treated him like a son". But later, Chen Gong took advantage of Cao Cao's crusade to graze Tao Qian in Xuzhou, rebelled against Cao Cao, and welcomed Lu Bu as Yanzhou's shepherd, which made Cao Cao suffer several disasters. Later, Chen Gong and Lu Bu were captured. "Please castrate, Cao Cao will cry", which is quite old. After the death of the palace, "it is thicker than raising his mother and marrying his daughter." Another example is the 19th year of Jian 'an (2 14). Before Kuai Yue died, Cao Cao was asked to take care of his family. Cao Cao reported that "the dead are reborn, the living are innocent, and there are a few tricks." You will hear this statement when you do so many things. " It can be seen that Cao Cao has no responsibility for the entrustment of the deceased. Wang Shen's son was punished by Cao Pi for participating in the satirical rebellion of Wei. Cao Cao sighed and said, "You alone will not let Zhong Xuan have no offspring." It is more widely known that Jinbi saved Cai Wenji from the southern Xiongnu. Cao Cao also said to himself: "I have never done anything wrong in my heart", which shows that he is afraid of being negative, and it seems impossible to say "I would rather be negative than negative". Lv Simian said, "Treat others with a gentle attitude." . This statement is in line with the facts. Most of the rumors and anecdotes about cheating are not historical truth. But where did this statement come from? First of all, Cao Cao is good at using troops. "Set a surprise attack according to the situation and make the enemy win." Lu Bu once warned his subordinates: "Cao Cao is too arrogant." As a result, some people extended the "excessive criticism" when using troops to their own people and style; Secondly, Chen Shou said that Cao Cao was "less alert and more political". "Holding the emperor to make the princes" is his politics, and Zhao controls the people with politics. Political employment does have its place, but it is also partial to say that he relies entirely on political employment. How many feudal political leaders don't use politics? How many didn't kill anyone? Yuan Shao has asked Cao Cao to kill Yang Biao, Kong Rong and Liang Shao. Take Kong Rong for example, he didn't kill people at will! When he was appointed as Beihai Xiang, he killed five Du You for "underpaying rent tax". Kong Rong can't protect itself and refuses to cooperate with neighboring counties. Therefore, Zuo suggested that he "build a strong country by himself" and was killed by Kong Rong only because of this suggestion. As for the founding emperors of the past dynasties, it is unfair to blame others for indiscriminate killing.

Fuck this stain. First of all, he participated in suppressing the Yellow Scarf Uprising. Many places have already mentioned this matter, so I won't elaborate on it. Secondly, he committed the crime of killing Xuzhou people, which was also said before. There are always different opinions about why Cao Cao attacked Xuzhou to graze Tao Qian. Even if Cao's father was really killed, Cao should not kill innocent people. Chen Shou described Cao Cao's affairs in the History of the Three Kingdoms and never made excessive comments. He described Cao Cao's atrocities in attacking Xuzhou in a simpler way than his book, but he also had to admit that he had "destroyed too much". Cao Cao also has a decree that "those who surround and then fall will not be forgiven", and Cao Cao and his men often "slaughter the city" and cannot be forgiven. Others, for example, when Cao Cao attacked Lu Bu in Xiapi, Guan Yu repeatedly asked Cao Cao for Du Fu, the wife of General Qin, and Cao Cao "suspected his color and greeted him in advance because he had it for himself." Not long before this, when Cao Cao gave Wan the hand, he also accepted his aunt, which caused a rebellion. Things like this were not bad at that time, but they were always lacking. When commenting on Cao Cao, Chen Shou highly praised his achievements in strategy, contingency, magic, employment and entrepreneurship, and never praised his moral character. When talking about Liu Bei-shi, Chen Shou thought that "Wei Wu could not be arrested if the machine power was ignored". However, he strongly praised Liu Bei's "Hongyi is generous, knowing people and being a good teacher". It shows that Chen Shou is good at grasping the characteristics of Cao and Liu in virtue.

Many comrades think that Cao Cao is an outstanding strategist in ancient China, and I quite agree with him. Some comrades still think that Cao Cao is an outstanding politician in ancient China, which I think is a bit high. Because Cao Cao has atrocities of killing innocent people. An outstanding politician should not be like this. In addition, Cao Cao also has shortcomings in his personal moral style, which is despised by future generations. Since he is called a politician in history, he should set an example for future generations. Cao Cao is not up to standard in this respect.

Guan Yu

Both Guan Yu and Zhang Fei are mentioned in The Reflection of the Three Kingdoms, Zhang Guan Macelo Wong Zhao Chuan: "Guan Yu and Zhang Fei are enemies of ten thousand people, and they are all tiger ministers in the world. Feathering Cao Gong, flying Yan Yan, has the wind of a national scholar. But the feather is just proud, flying violently without grace, and it is normal to defeat with short service. " He also said: "I am kind to the foot soldiers, arrogant to the scholar-officials, and fly to love the gentleman regardless of the villain." That's true.

In the 19th year of Jian 'an (2 14), Liu Bei took Ma Chao in the process of seizing Yizhou, and after taking charge of Yizhou animal husbandry, he worshipped Ma Chao as the general of Pingxi. Guan Yu wrote to Zhuge Liang, because Ma Chao was not an old friend. Hearing that Ma Chao was brave, he asked, "Who can compare with people with super powers?" Knowing what it meant, Zhuge Liang wrote back and said, "Meng Qi (Ma Chao's word Meng Qi) is a hero all his life. His disciples (Ying Bu) and Peng () are not as good as Yi De (Zhang Fei's word Yi De). Guan Yu has a good beard, so Zhuge Liang called him a beard. Guan Yu's letter, joy, show it to the guests.

In the twenty-fourth year of Jian 'an (2 19), in July, Huang Zhong array beheaded Xia, a famous soldier, and was promoted to general of the Western Expedition. In the same year, Liu Bei was promoted to King Hanzhong, and Guan Yu was appointed as a former general, Huang Zhong as a post-general, Zhang Fei as a right general and Ma Chao as a left general. Zhuge Liang said that Liu Bei said: "The reputation of loyalty and righteousness has nothing to do with Guan and Ma Zhilun, and it is listed together today. The horse and Zhang are close at hand, and seeing is believing, which is still a metaphor; Guan Yao will be unhappy when he hears this. Are you okay? " Liu Bei said, "I want to solve it myself" (biography of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Shu and Huang Zhong). He also sent Sima Feishi to Yizhou to send a letter to Guan Yu.

Guan Yu heard that Huang Zhong was tied with himself. He was furious and said, "People with courage are not listed with veterans after all?" Refuse to accept the appointment. Fei said to Guan Yu, "The matter of establishing a king is different. Yesterday, Xiao (act the role of), Cao (act the role of) and Gao-zu (act the role of Liu Bang) were young and strong and evenly matched, while Chen () and Han Xin (act the role of) were left behind. As far as their class is concerned, Han is the best, but Xiao and Cao don't think so. Today, I admire Hanson's temporary achievements, but what is the importance of my intentions? Moreover, kings and princes are one arm and equal to each other, which is a blessing or a curse. It is foolish to think that princes should not count the ranks and titles of their officials. Humble servant, title for life, especially Hou don't worship, so it is also, if not cherish this move, I'm afraid I will regret it (reflection Shu Shu Fei Shi Zhuan)? Guan Yu was impressed by this seal and admired it very much.

Guan Yu's arrogance and weakness led to the Battle of Fancheng. From the beginning, the correct command was a great shock to China, and finally he was deceived and completely annihilated, which eventually led to the collapse of the Sun-Liu Alliance. The lesson was painful. At the beginning, Cao Cao often warned Xia: "When you are timid, you should not rely on courage. Will be brave-oriented and act with wisdom; But the one who knows, one is the enemy's ear "("The Reflection of the Three Kingdoms Shu Wei Xia Hou Yuan "), eventually people played with it, and Xia finally died heroically, as did Xia, Guan Yu and Xiang Yu.

Guan Yu also has an excellent personality.

Guan Yu kept his promise, kept his word, and was infinitely loyal to the interests of Liu Bei and his group. He shared weal and woe with Liu Bei for many years, kept his faith and never changed his mind. Even though Baima was captured and in Cao Ying, he still remembered his old love and finally returned to Liu Bei. His loyalty and integrity were the same for a while.

Guan Yu's bravery is extraordinary, which is the highest in the whole army. In later novels, he wrote that Hua Xiong, Lu Bu, Che Zhou, Yan Liang and Wen Chou rode thousands of miles alone, went to the meeting with one knife and drove the seven armies. Although some of them go against historical facts, they also highlight his military courage and charm. As for curettage, it is well known.

Guan Yu was shot by random arrows and hit the other left arm. Although my back hurts, my bones often hurt when it rains. The doctor said: "Sagittarius is poisonous, poisonous to the bones." Treat the broken arm as a wound, scrape the bone to remove poison, and then cut the ear. " Guan Yu stretched out his arm to let the doctor cut the wound. At that time, Guan Yu was entertaining the generals, saying that "the blood on the arm was off the plate, the feathers were cut and the wine was roasted, and the jokes were like cucumbers" ("Three Kingdoms Shu Shu Guan Yu").

When describing this passage in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, it is even more wonderful: "The knife cuts the meat to the bone, and the bone is blue; Scraping bones with a knife, hearing voices, and everything seen on the account was covered with shame. Drinking and eating meat, laughing and playing chess, there is no pain. "

In order to consolidate its ruling position, the feudal ruling class of past dynasties regarded Guan Yu as the embodiment of loyalty and righteousness, and Guan Yu's status was getting higher and higher, from "being crowned king" to "being proclaimed emperor" and finally being honored as "warrior sage". During the period of Chen Sui, the Buddha took the lead in building a temple in Dangyang under the guise of Guan Yu. In the third year of Tang Jianzhong (782), Guan Yu was listed as one of the 64 famous generals in ancient and modern times, and was put into the Wu Temple to enjoy Jiang Taigong. After the Song Dynasty, Guan Yu was crowned as a "warrior sage". Guan Yu, who has been unknown for 800 years, was promoted by Song Huizong to three levels: first, he was named "Zhong Gong", then "Zhong Ning Zhenjun", and then he was named "King Zhaolie Wu 'an" and "King Wu Yong 'an". Yuan Wenzong named Guan Yu as "Miao Zhuang Yi Wu 'an King, showing his spirit to help Britain", Ming Shenzong named him "The Great Demon of the Three Realms is far away in Megatronus Guan Sheng Di", and named Guandi Temple as "Wu Temple", juxtaposed with Confucian Temple. The Qing emperor flaunted Guan Yu as "the best in the world" and named him "loyal, benevolent, brave, protecting the country and benefiting the people, sincere appeasement, righteous praise, Xuande, Guan Sheng the Great" ("Rites and Music in Qing Dynasty"), and built Guandi Temple in Beijing, ordered the whole country to build Guandi Temple and offer sacrifices to incense on time. The number of Guan Gong temples in Vu Thang far exceeds that of Confucius temples in Wensheng. In the Qing Dynasty, there were 1 16 temples in Beijing alone. And some closed temples are much larger than Confucius temples. Some people say that Guan Yu is a culture; Some people say that Guan Gong is a kind of spirit. Otherwise, why are there so many temples for Guan Gong in China and overseas?

Of all the Guandi Temple buildings in China, five or six are best preserved so far: Guanlin in Luoyang, Henan, Guanling in Dangyang, Hubei, Guandi Temple in Jingzhou, Guandi Temple in Baling Bridge in Xuchang, Henan, Guandi Temple in Changping, Shanxi, Guan Yu's hometown, etc. The largest and most magnificent is Guandi Temple, located in Guan Yu's hometown, west of Jiezhou, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province. The largest Guandi Temple in China is still preserved. There are more than 300 pavilions in the temple, which is one of the tourist attractions in Shanxi. It can be called the first temple in the world.

In the historical process of China's drama development, there has been an upsurge of "Three Kingdoms Drama", and there are quite a number of "Three Kingdoms Drama" and "Guan Gong Drama" in many famous dramas. Take Beijing Opera as an example. There are 148 "Three Kingdoms Plays", and there are only 20 about Guan Gong. Take Zhou Pu Bangzi, Guan Yu's hometown, as an example. There are 88 recorded "Three Kingdoms Dramas", of which "Guan Gong Dramas" is 18. On the stage, Guan Gong's image is a perfect hero, with thick eyebrows and big eyes, long beard and hale and hearty spirit. Even in Walking in Maicheng, his heroic qualities are still increasing.

For thousands of years, Guan Yu, a perfect image representing the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation, has appeared in front of the world after being sealed by rulers of past dynasties and described in operas and literature. "Serve the country faithfully, be kind to others, act with wisdom, make friends with righteousness, and fight with courage." He rose from a "strange man through the ages" to a "god among gods" and became a god of war, a god of wealth, a god of literature and a god of agriculture. He is an all-powerful god, worshipped by rulers and people of past dynasties. China and Japan are overseas, at home and abroad.

Needless to say, the feudal rulers of past dynasties revered Guan Yu, and even Li Zicheng, Zhang, Hong Xiuquan and other peasant uprising leaders worshipped Guan Yu as a hero.

Moreover, in China, Japan, Southeast Asia and overseas Chinese, the worship of Guan Yu is still vivid.

In Taiwan Province Province, with a population of more than 20 million, there are as many as 8 million followers of Guan Gong, and almost every household has set up incense tables, set up memorial tablets and hung icons for Guan Gong. The annual sales volume of Guan Gong's portraits in Taiwan Province Province far exceeds their most revered god Mazu.

The American "Longgang General Association" is a non-governmental organization, whose ancestor is Guan Yu, and there are more than 140 branches all over the world where Chinese live.

Countries in South Asia are competing to build temples to worship Guan Gong, and Thailand is the most prosperous.

In Japan, there was Guandi Temple as early as the Qing Dynasty. A new Guandi Temple was built a few years ago, which is said to be the largest Guandi Temple overseas.

Mr. David Jordan, a professor of anthropology at the University of California, San Diego and a doctor of anthropology at the University of Chicago, once said a very interesting sentence. "I respect you the great god, he deserves the respect of everyone. His benevolence, righteousness, wisdom and courage are still meaningful until now. Benevolence is love, righteousness is credibility, wisdom is culture, and courage is not afraid of difficulties. If all God's people are like you Guan Gong, our world will be a better place. " The American scholar's words are quite insightful.

The loyalty, faithfulness, wisdom, benevolence and courage condensed on Guan Yu and suppressed by the eternal * * * * contains the ethics and ideals of China traditional culture, permeates the essence of Confucianism in the Spring and Autumn Period, and merges with Buddhism and Taoism. Essentially, it is the soul of China people, which shines like the sun and the moon and has a noble atmosphere.