1. Confucius’ classical Chinese writings
That’s what the Analects of Confucius said: “Isn’t it just a matter of learning and practicing it from time to time? Isn’t it a pleasure to have friends come from afar? Isn't it a gentleman if he doesn't know something but is angry?" A disciple said: "It is rare for a person to be filial to his younger brother but like to offend his superiors; it is rare for him to be a person who is not fond of offending his superiors but likes to cause trouble.
A gentleman is based on his basic principles. Being filial to his younger brother is the foundation of benevolence! "Zeng Zi said: "Knowing one's words clearly shows benevolence!" Zeng Zi said: "I will examine myself three times: Is it true that I am not being loyal to my friends? Don't you believe it? Don't you practice it? "The Master said: "A country with a thousand chariots: respect things and trust others, use things wisely and love others, so that the people can take care of themselves."
The Master said: "Disciples enter. If you are filial, you will be a younger brother, be sincere and trustworthy, love everyone, and be kind. If you have enough energy to do it, you should study literature."
Zi Xia said: "The virtuous person changes his appearance, and his parents can do their best. His power is to serve the king personally, and to be trustworthy when talking to his friends. Even if he says he has not learned it, I will definitely call it learning."
The Master said: "If a gentleman is not serious, he will not be powerful. It is not solid.
If you have no friends, don’t be afraid to change. ”
Zengzi said: “Be cautious in pursuing the future, and the people will be virtuous. "It's so generous." Zi Qin asked Yu Zigong: "Master, as for being a country, you must hear about its politics and ask for it."
What is the master's desire for?" The Master said: "When the father is alive, observe his ambition; when the father is gone, observe his conduct; he has not changed in three years. The way of doing things can be called filial piety." Youzi said: "The purpose of etiquette is harmony.
The way of the ancient kings is beautiful. It is impossible to do it with etiquette."
A disciple said: "Trust is close to righteousness, and words can be restored; respect is close to etiquette, and far away from shame; because it does not lose one's relatives, it can also be respected. "Yes." Confucius said: "A gentleman who has nothing to eat and nothing to live in, who is quick in his affairs and careful in his words, has the Way and is upright, and he can be said to be eager to learn."
Zi Gong said: "How is it to be poor without flattery, or to be rich without arrogance?" Confucius said: "That's right. It's not like being poor and happy, but being rich and courteous."
Zi Gong said: "The poem goes: "It's like cutting and polishing." What do you mean by "giving it to others"? Confucius said: "If you don't worry about others, you don't know yourself; when you worry, you don't know others." Volume 1: Governance The second master said: "Government is based on virtue, like Beichen, where it lives and the stars align with it."
Confucius said: "There are three hundred poems, which can be summed up in one sentence, saying: 'Thinking without evil'." Confucius said: "Tao is governed by government, unified by punishment, and the people are free from corruption; Tao is The Master said: "When I was fifteen, I was determined to learn; when I was thirty, I was established; when I was forty, I was not confused; when I was fifty, I knew the destiny. When you are ten, your ears are obedient; when you are seventy, you follow your heart's desires and do not exceed the rules." Meng Yizi asked about filial piety.
Confucius said: "No violation." Fan Chi Yu, Confucius told him: "Meng Sun asked if he was filial to me, and I said 'no violation'."
Fan Chi He said: "What is filial piety?" Confucius said: "When you are alive, you should do things with etiquette; when you die, you should bury people with etiquette and offer sacrifices with etiquette." Meng Wubo asked about filial piety.
Confucius said: "My parents only worry about their illness." Ziyou asked about filial piety.
Confucius said: "Today, filial piety means being able to raise people. As for dogs and horses, they can be raised. How can they be different if they are not respectful?" Zixia asked about filial piety.
Confucius said: "It's hard to see. When a disciple has something to do, he has to do his work, and when he has wine and food, do you ever think you are filial?" Confucius said: "I will talk to you all day long, and if you don't violate it, you will be like a fool.
It is enough to retreat and save oneself. It is not stupid."
Confucius said: "Look at the reason, see where the person is. "How can a man be so weak?" Zi Gong asked: "You can become a teacher by reviewing the past."
Confucius said: "First do what you say, and then follow it." Confucius said: "A gentleman is always in a circle but does not compare, and a villain is in competition but does not compare with others."
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Confucius said: “Learning without thinking will lead to indifference; thinking without learning will lead to peril.” Confucius said: "If you attack heretics, you will be doing harm!" Confucius said: "You!" Do you know this? To know is to know, and to not know is to know. This is knowledge.
Zhang Xueqianlu. Confucius said: "If you hear a lot of doubts and be careful about the rest, you will have few regrets; if you see a lot of faults and be careful about other things, you will have few regrets."
If you speak few words and act few regrets, you will be rewarded. " Duke Ai asked: "What is *** service? Confucius said to him: "If you raise the straight and wrong, you will be convinced; if you raise the straight and wrong, you will not accept it." "
Ji Kangzi asked: "How to make the people respect and be loyal and persuade them? Confucius said: "If you approach someone with dignity, you will be respectful; if you are filial and kind, you will be loyal; if you do good deeds but cannot teach them, then encourage them." " Or Confucius said: "Zi Xi is not interested in politics? Confucius said: "The book says: 'Filial piety is nothing more than being filial, being a friend to your brothers, and giving to those who have good governance.
'This is also for politics, and you are ridiculing it for doing politics? Confucius said: "People who have no faith do not know what is possible." How can a big cart move without a hook or a small cart without a shaft? "Zizhang asked: "Can we know the tenth life? Confucius said: "The gains and losses of the Yin Dynasty due to the Xia rites can be known; the gains and losses of the Zhou Dynasty due to the Yin rites can be known; and those who succeeded the Zhou Dynasty can be known for hundreds of generations." "
Confucius said: "Sacrifice to a ghost that is not its ghost is flattery. Not doing what is right is a lack of courage. " 2. Confucius' Classical Chinese
Zhuang Bao ① met Mencius and said: "I saw violence in the king ②. The king said that violence was a pleasure, but there was no response to violence.
Said: "How about Haole ③?" Mencius said: "If the king is very happy, then Qi will have as many as 4 common people!" " The next day, I met the king and said, "The king once said to Zhuangzi that he was happy, what kind of things are there? "The king changed his color and said: "I can't like the music of the previous king, but I like the music of the world. " Said: "The king is so happy that he can almost equal his concubines! The joy of today is still the joy of ancient times. "
Said: "Can I hear it? ” Said: “Which one is happy, whether you are happy alone or with others? " Said: "It's better to be with others. "Which one enjoys it?" ” Said: “It’s not as good as others. "
"I would like to express my joy to the king. Now the king is playing drums here. When the people heard the sound of the king's bells and drums and the sound of the pipes and pipes, they raised their heads and said to each other: "My king is so good at playing drums. Why did you bring me to this extreme? Father and son." Not seeing each other, brothers and wives separated.
'Now the king is hunting here. When the people heard the sound of the king's chariots and horses, and saw the beauty of the feathers, they raised their heads and said to each other: 'My king has a good field for hunting, why did you let me go to this place? This extreme? Father and son do not see each other, brothers and wives are separated. ’ If there is no other, you will not enjoy yourself with the people.
"Now the king is playing drums here. When the people heard the sound of the king's bells, drums and pipes, they cheered and said to each other: 'My king has almost no illness, how can he play drums?' 'Now the king is hunting here. When the people heard the sound of the king's chariots and horses, and saw the beauty of the feathers, they were delighted and said to each other: 'My king has few diseases, how can he hunt in the field?' There is no other. Rejoice with the people. If the king rejoices with the people, then he is king!
②See (appear) in the king: summoned by the king of Qi or to meet with the king of Qi. ③Music (yuè): "Shuowen": "The general name of the five tones and eight tones."
"Yi" said: "Thunder came out of the earth to stir up Yu, and the ancestors used music to worship virtue." "Book of Rites· "Le Ji": "The reason why the late kings decorated themselves with joy" is "the harmony between heaven and earth" and "the beauty of virtue".
It can be seen that ancient music was made for the harmony of body and mind. Music is the voice of moral emotions and a way back to the harmonious realm of heaven, earth, and all things.
④Shuji: Almost. Zhu Xi's "Collected Notes" says: "Jinci also means words are close to."
⑤Change: Change the complexion. Zhu Xi's "Collected Comments" says: "Those who change their color are ashamed that their hobbies are not correct."
Zhao Zhu said that it was King Xuan who was angry with Zhuang Bao and told Mencius about his "love of happiness". ⑥Zhi: But, just.
⑦ Dulele: Enjoy listening to music alone and be happy. The former "乐(yuè)" means enjoying music as a noun, and the latter "happy" is used as a verb. The following similar sentences are the same.
⑧Guan Hu (yue month): Zhao Zhuyun: "Guan, Sheng; Hu, Xiao." Sheng is a reed instrument, which has been recorded in the oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty; the Xiao here is Refers to Pai Xiao, which is different from what is now called Xiao, which is similar to flute.
⑨ Ju: all, all. ⑩ Jishou frown (cù è): disease, "Shuowen": "disease."
Wrinkle, "Shuowen Xinfu": "force." Extended to gather.
Zhao Zhuyun said: "A sick head means a headache; a frown means a sad appearance." Wang Fuzhi's "Four Books of Barnyard Shu" says: "A person with a sick head has an unkempt head and is unkempt, drooping and dejected, just like a sick face and ears. "
"Shuowen": "Bi Jie" ⑾ Ji: "Shuowen": "Dong Ye."
"Tongxun Dingsheng" press: In the center of the house. Extended to the extreme, extreme.
⑿Field hunting: Hunting in the wild. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, this was an activity with the nature of military training.
Since it mobilizes the people to drive away wild animals, local officials at all levels must prepare supplies and participate in person. Therefore, the ancients advocated that it should be held in a controlled manner during slack periods to avoid disturbing the normal order of the main industry. ⒀旄:旄, "Shuowen": "Building."
Tong "Mao". In ancient times, the flag was decorated with yak tail. This kind of flag was held by the former army, so it was called "Qianye".
⒁Zhu: Equivalent to "zhihu", "zhi" is a pronoun, replacing the previous "Wang Changyu Zhuangzi said he was happy". "Hu" is an interrogative modal particle, equivalent to "is it?" Yi Zhuang suddenly came to see Mencius and said: "I went to see the king, and the king talked to me about his love of music, but I had no words to answer."
Then asked: "How about your love for music?" Mencius said, "If your king likes music very much, then Qi State will probably be governed very well!" A few days later, when Mencius went to see King Xuan, he asked: "Your Majesty, I once talked about loving music with Zhuang Bao. Is there such a thing?" King Xuan's expression changed and he said sheepishly: "I don't like the quiet and elegant music of the previous kings, but I just like the popular music of the day." Mencius said, "If your Majesty likes music very much, then Qi State will probably be governed very well! In this matter, today's secular music is similar to ancient elegant music. "
King Yi said: "Can you let me know what it means? Mencius said: "Which one is happier is to listen to music alone or to listen to music with others?" King Xuan said: "It would be more enjoyable to enjoy music with others." Mencius said: "Which one is happier is to enjoy music with a few people or to enjoy music with many people?" " King Xuan said: "It would be more enjoyable to enjoy music with the majority of people. ”
Mencius said, “Then let me tell the king about the principles of appreciation of music!” If the king is playing music, and the people hear the sound of the king ringing bells, beating drums, playing flutes and flutes, they will all complain to each other with sad faces: "Our king loves music, why does he make us so poor?" Fathers and sons cannot see each other, brothers are separated from their wives and children. 'Suppose the king is hunting, and the people hear the noise of the king's chariots and horses and see the gorgeous flags, and they all complain to each other with sad faces: 'Our king likes to hunt, why does he make us so poor? Father and son cannot meet each other. , the brothers were separated from their wives and children.
’ There is no other reason for this, it’s because he doesn’t have fun with the people. "Suppose the king is playing music, and when the people hear the sound of the king ringing bells, beating drums, playing flutes and flutes, they will all smile and tell each other: 'Our king is probably not sick, otherwise how can we play music?' Suppose the king is hunting. When the people heard the noise of the king's carriages and horses and saw the gorgeous flags, they all smiled and told each other: "Our king is probably not sick, otherwise how can he hunt?" This is for no other reason than because of the common people. For the sake of entertainment together.
If the king can be kind and selfless, the music he likes will become more and more elegant, just like the gentle breeze and gentle rain that moisten the heart. Ritual music is natural and comes from the heart. The happiness of the people is the happiness of the king, and the whole world enjoys it. , that is, the king's existence.
3. 10 Confucius' classical Chinese poems, Kuai, Kuai, Kuai, Kuai,
Confucius said: "Learn and practice it from time to time, don't you also say (yuè)? It is not a joy to have friends from far away. ? Isn't it a gentleman if you don't know something? "Zeng Zi said: "I have been thinking about myself three times: Is it unfaithful to make friends? "Zengzi said He said: "Those who learn something new by reviewing the past can become a teacher." Confucius said: "Learning without thinking is a waste, thinking without learning is peril." Confucius said: "You know what you know! If you know it, you know it, but if you don't know it, you know it." I don’t know, but I know.” Confucius said: “When you see a virtuous person, you think about it; when you see an unworthy person, you have to introspect yourself.” Confucius said: “When three people walk together, they must have my teacher; choose those who are good and follow them, and those who are not good, follow them. Change it." Zengzi said: "A scholar cannot be ambitious, and his responsibilities are heavy and the road is long. Isn't it important to be benevolent? Isn't it just after death? Withered." Zigong asked: "Is there anything you can do for life?" Confucius said: "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you." 4. Confucius's most famous classical Chinese essay. >
Confucius asked Zigong about water: "When a gentleman sees a large water, he must look at it. Why?" Confucius said: "If a husband is a man of water, how can a son be more virtuous than a man of water?"
To be selfless and selfless, it is like virtue; to be born, it is like benevolence; to be humble, and to be arrogant is to follow its logic, which is like meaning; if it is shallow, it is popular, but if it is deep, it is unpredictable, it is like wisdom; if it goes, The valley of a hundred ren is not doubtful, it seems to be brave; it is weak and slightly reaching, it seems to be observing; it is not willing to accept evil, it is like a package; it is unclear to enter, and it is fresh and clean to come out, it seems to be good; it must be flat when it is measured, it seems to be right; The surplus does not seek generalizations, it is like a measure; its ten thousand twists and turns must be eastward, it is like a meaning. Therefore, when a gentleman sees a big water, he must look at it. ”
Notes: ①According to "Shuoyuan·Miscellaneous Comments" quoted from "Collected Works of Confucius", the title was added by the editor. ②Zigong: Confucius's student, with the compound surname Duanmu, given name Ci, and courtesy name Zigong.
③Yu: Give. ④Humble: low.
This sentence is based on the principle: it refers to the shape of water. Characteristics of shaping.
⑥Mianweiweida: soft and delicate. ⑦Rang: Dictionary, extended to defense.
⑧Good at educating and transforming. ⑨Abbreviation: The wooden board used to scrape the dendrobium in ancient times.
It is used as a verb, and it is extended to scrape and flatten. （10） Bidong: It must flow eastward into the sea. >
Translation: Zigong asked: "A gentleman must look carefully when seeing a flood. Why?" Confucius said: "Water can inspire gentlemen to use it as a metaphor for their own moral cultivation." It spreads all over the world, giving to all things without partiality, just like a gentleman's morality; wherever it goes, all things grow, just like a gentleman's kindness; its water nature goes downwards, and takes shape with things, just like a gentleman's high righteousness; in shallow places, it flows endlessly, The depth of the abyss is unpredictable, just like the wisdom of a gentleman; rushing into the abyss without hesitation is like the decisiveness and courage of a gentleman; penetrating into the details, reaching every detail, is like the discernment of a gentleman; suffering a bad name, silently refusing to defend, is like A gentleman has an open-minded mind that tolerates everything; even if it is full of mud and sand, it will still be a clear water in the end, just like a gentleman who is good at transforming things; when loading measuring instruments, it must be kept level, just like a gentleman's uprightness; when it is full, it will stop, and it will not be greedy for too much. Just like a gentleman, he pays attention to propriety and handles things with moderation; no matter what twists and turns, he must flow eastward into the sea, just like a gentleman's unwavering faith and will.
Therefore, a gentleman must observe carefully when he sees floods. (Because this is undoubtedly contemplating oneself!) ". 5. What are some of Confucius' classical Chinese works?
Confucius said: "Isn't it true to learn and practice it from time to time? Wouldn’t it be great to have friends from far away? Isn't it a gentleman who doesn't know something but doesn't get upset? "
Youzi said: "It is rare for a person to be filial to his younger brother but like to offend his superiors; it is rare to find someone who is not fond of offending his superiors but likes to cause trouble. A gentleman should stick to his roots, and the Tao will be born from his roots. Being a filial brother is the foundation of benevolence! ”
Confucius said: “Knowing words and making people look fresh and benevolent!” "
Zengzi said: "I examine myself three times every day: Have I been unfaithful in my plans for others? Make friends but don’t believe it? Are you not used to it? ”
Confucius said: “A country with a thousand chariots of Tao: respect things and be trustworthy, be frugal in use and love others, and keep the people in good time.”
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Confucius said: "When a disciple enters, he is filial, and when he goes out, he is a younger brother. He is sincere and trustworthy, loves others broadly, and is kind and benevolent. If you have enough energy to do it, study literature. ”
Zixia said: “A wise man changes his appearance. He can do his best to serve his parents, he can do his best to serve his king, and he can keep his word with his friends. Although I say I haven’t learned yet, I will definitely call it learning. "
Confucius said: "If a gentleman is not serious, he will not have authority, and if he is learned, he will not be solid. The Lord is faithful. He who has no friends is not as good as himself. Don’t be afraid to correct it if it’s too late. ”
Zengzi said: “If you pursue your goals carefully, the people’s virtue will be strong.” "
Zi Qin asked Yu Zigong: "Master, as for being a country, you must hear about its politics and ask for peace? Withhold and with? Zigong said: "Master, you can get it by being gentle, kind, respectful, frugal, and generous." What is the Master's pursuit of? Is it different from what others seek? "
The Master said: "When the father is here, observe his ambitions; when the father is gone, observe his actions. If you have not changed your father's ways for three years, you can be called filial. "
Youzi said: "The purpose of etiquette is harmony. The Tao of the ancient kings is beautiful, and the small and the big follow it. If there is something that cannot be done, it is impossible to be harmonious and to be harmonious without following etiquette. "
Youzi said: "Faith is close to righteousness, and words can be restored; respect is close to etiquette, and far away from shame; because it does not lose its closeness, it can also be a lineage. ”
Confucius said: “A gentleman who has nothing to eat and nothing to live in, who is sensitive to things and careful in his words, has the Way and is upright, and he can be said to be eager to learn. "
Zigong said: "How is it to be poor without flattery, or to be rich without arrogance? Confucius said: "Yes." It is not like being poor but happy, but being rich is also a courtesy. "Zigong said: "The poem goes: 'It is like cutting, like sparring, like plowing, like grinding. ’ What does this mean? Confucius said: "I have given it to you, and I can only write poems about it now!" Tell those who have gone before and know what is coming. ”
Confucius said: “If you don’t worry about others, you don’t know yourself; when you worry, you don’t know others.” ”
Volume 1: Governance Second
Confucius said: “Government is based on virtue, just like Beichen, who lives in his place and the stars align with it. "
Confucius said: "Three hundred poems, which can be summed up in one sentence, saying: 'Thinking without evil'. "
Confucius said: "The way is based on government, and the order is punishment, and the people are exempted from corruption; the way is virtue, the order is courtesy, and there is shame and dignity. ”
Confucius said: “When I was fifteen, I was determined to learn; when I was thirty, I was established; when I was forty, I was not confused; when I was fifty, I knew the destiny of heaven; when I was sixty, my ears were obedient; when I was seventy, I followed my heart’s desires without exceeding the rules.” "
Meng Yizi asked about filial piety. The Master said: "No violation. "Fan Chiyu, his son told him, "Meng Sun asked him if he was filial to me, and I replied, 'It's no violation'. Fan Chi said, "What do you mean?" Confucius said: "In life, things should be done with propriety; in death, burial should be done with propriety, and sacrifices should be done with propriety." "
Uncle Meng Wu asked about filial piety. Confucius said: "Parents only worry about their illness. "
Zi You asked about filial piety. The Master said: "Today's filial piety means being able to support others. As for dogs and horses, they can all be raised; if they are disrespectful, why should they be different? "
Zixia asked about filial piety. Confucius said: "Color is difficult. When a disciple has something to do, he has to do his work, and he has wine and food with him. Do you ever think you are filial? "
Confucius said: "I will reply to you all day long, and if I don't violate it, I will be like a fool. It is enough to make progress by retreating and saving one's own interests. Hui Ye,
is not stupid. ”
Confucius said: “Look at its reason, observe its origin, and observe its peace. How can people be so thin? How can people be so thin? ”
Confucius said: “You can become a teacher by reviewing the past and learning the new. "
Confucius said: "A gentleman has no weapons. "
Zigong asked the gentleman. The Master said: "First do what you say, and then follow it. ”
Confucius said: “A gentleman is not careful in comparing himself with others, and a villain is not careful in comparing himself with others.” ”
Confucius said: “Learning without thinking is in vain, thinking without learning is peril.” "
Confucius said: "To attack heretics is to do harm! "
Confucius said: "Yu! Do you know this? To know is to know, and to not know is to know. This is knowledge.
Zhang Xueqianlu. Confucius said: "If you hear a lot of doubts and be careful about what else you say, you will have few regrets; if you see a lot of faults and be careful about other things, you will have few regrets." There are few words and few regrets, and therein lies the fortune. "
Duke Ai asked: "What is *** service? Confucius said to him: "If you raise the straight and wrong, you will be convinced; if you raise the straight and wrong, you will not accept it."
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Ji Kangzi asked: "How to make the people respect and be loyal and persuade them? Confucius said: "If you approach someone with dignity, you will be respectful; if you are filial and kind, you will be loyal; if you do good deeds but cannot teach them, then encourage them." "
Or Confucius said: "Zi Xi is not interested in politics? Confucius said: "The book says: 'Filial piety is nothing more than being filial, being a friend to your brothers, and giving to those who have good governance. ’ This is also for politics, and you are ridiculing it for doing politics? "
Confucius said: "People who have no faith do not know what is possible. How can a big cart move without a hook or a small cart without a shaft? "
Zi Zhang asked: "Can we know the tenth life? Confucius said: "The gains and losses of the Yin Dynasty due to the Xia rites can be known; the gains and losses of the Zhou Dynasty due to the Yin rites can be known; and those who succeeded the Zhou Dynasty can be known for hundreds of generations." "
Confucius said: "Sacrifice to a ghost that is not its ghost is flattery. Not doing what is right is a lack of courage. ” 6. Who knows that the ancient texts about Confucius are better to be simpler?
He was quick and eager to learn, so he was not ashamed to ask. 'also? Confucius said: "Smart ② and eager to learn, not ashamed to ask ③, so he is called 'Wen'." Notes ① Kong Wenzi: A doctor of the Wei Kingdom, surnamed Kong, given name Yu, posthumous title "Wen". ② Min: Diligent. ③ Xia Qi: Ask Xia Xia for advice. Translation Zigong asked: "Why was Confucius Wenzi posthumously named 'Wen'?" Confucius replied: "He is diligent and studious, and is not ashamed to ask for advice from those who are inferior to him, so he is called 'Wen'." Interpretation: In ancient times, monarchs, ministers, and nobles were given a title based on their life deeds after their death. This is called "posthumous title", and the title given is also called the posthumous title. Regarding the title of "Wen", "Yi Zhou Shu·Posthumous Law Explanation" lists the world's longitude and latitude, profound morals, diligent learning and inquiring, kindness and love for the people, etc. There are many kinds of qualities, that is to say, anyone who has one of these qualities can be given the posthumous title of "Wen". So, for which kind of moral character did Kong Wenzi get the posthumous title of "Wen"? When he asked a question, Confucius replied: "Smart and eager to learn, and not ashamed to ask questions." In fact, it is what the Dharma said: "Study diligent and eager to ask questions." It can be seen that Confucius's answer is well-founded and not taken for granted. Return to " From the perspective of these eight words, it seems that for ordinary people, being quick and eager to learn is relatively easy, but not being ashamed to ask is very difficult. Because being quick and eager to learn is nothing more than being smart and diligent. , typical examples in this area include "cutting through walls to steal light", "capsules of fireflies reflecting snow", and even "hanging one's head on a beam and stabbing one's buttocks" etc. Being shameless means asking for advice from people who are inferior to ourselves, which is not just a good thing. The problem of studiousness also involves problems of self-esteem and vanity. People's nature is often so incredible. If you are in a low position, weak in ability, and ignorant, seek advice from someone who is respected, capable, and knowledgeable. Broadly speaking, it seems that there is nothing, and I am not ashamed of it. Once the reverse is reversed, if I ask for advice from someone of high status, I will ask for advice from a humble person, if I am strong, I will ask for advice from a weak person, if I am knowledgeable, I will ask for advice from a few, I will immediately feel that my face is disgraceful and I will be ashamed to speak. . If you are a teacher, if you are an official, try this: ask your students for advice, ask your subordinates for advice, don't be shy, don't hum, haha ??- use the question to ask for advice. Tonally speaking, that is difficult. Therefore, although "not ashamed to ask" is a phrase we often talk about, it is really a test to actually practice it. 7. About Confucius's classical Chinese essays
Only "The Analects"! Original text 1·1 Confucius said (1): "Study (2) and practice (3) from time to time, don't you also say (4)?" Wouldn’t it be great to have friends (5) come from far away (6)? If a person doesn’t know (7) but is not stunned by (8), isn’t he also a gentleman (9)? "Notes (1) Zi: An honorific title for men with status and knowledge in ancient China, sometimes also referred to as men in general.
The words "Zi said" in "The Analects" all refer to Confucius. . (2) Learning: The "learning" that Confucius talks about here mainly refers to the study of traditional cultural classics such as rituals, music, poetry, and calligraphy of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
(3) Xixi: During the Zhou and Qin Dynasties. In the era, the word "Shi" is used as an adverb, meaning "at a certain time" or "at the appropriate time". However, Zhu Xi explained "Shi" as "often" in "Analects of Confucius".
"Xi" refers to practicing etiquette and music; reviewing poems and books. It also means review, practice, and practice.
(4) Say: Yin yuè, Tongyue, meaning happy and happy. (5) You Peng: One book is "You Peng".
An old note said, "A fellow student is called a friend", that is, people who study under the same teacher are called friends, that is, people who share the same goals. (6) Le: It is different from speaking.
An old note says that joy is found within, while joy is found outside. (7) People don’t know: This sentence is incomplete and does not say what people don’t know.
Missing object. Generally speaking, knowing means understanding.
People don’t know, which means that others don’t understand themselves. (8) 愠: Sound yùn, anger, resentment.
(9) Gentleman: The gentleman in the Analects of Confucius sometimes refers to a virtuous person, and sometimes refers to a person with status. This refers to Confucius’s ideal of a person with a noble personality.
Translation Confucius said: "Isn't it very pleasant to have learned and review and practice often? Isn't it very pleasant to have like-minded people coming from afar? I don't resent people who don't understand me. , Isn't he a virtuous gentleman?" Original text 1·2 Youzi (1) said: "He is also filial to his younger brother (2), but he likes to offend his superiors (3), which is rare (4); he does not like to offend his superiors. , but those who like to cause chaos are not there (5). A gentleman is based on his roots (6), and the Tao is born (7).
What is the basis of being a filial brother (8)? (1) Youzi: Confucius's student, with the surname You and the given name Ruo, was 13 years younger than Confucius, one said he was 33 years younger. The latter theory is more credible.
In the Analects of Confucius, the students of Confucius recorded are generally called "Zi", and only Zeng Shen and Youruo are called "Zi". Therefore, many people believe that the Analects was written by Zeng Shen and Youruo.
(2) Filial piety: filial piety, the correct attitude of children towards their parents in the slave society; brother, the pronunciation and meaning of "Ti" (sound tì) are the same, that is, the correct attitude of younger brothers towards their elders. Filial piety and brotherhood are two basic moral norms especially advocated by Confucius and Confucianism.
An old note says: Doing good things to parents is called filial piety, and doing good things to elders is called brother. (3) Guoshang: commit, offend, commit a crime.
Shang refers to the person in a superior position. (4) Fresh: The sound is xiǎn, meaning less.
The word "fresh" in the Analects of Confucius is used in this way. (5) What is not yet is: This is the inverted sentence pattern of "what is not yet".
There is a rule in the syntax of ancient Chinese. If the object of a negative sentence is a pronoun, it is usually placed before the verb. (6) Wuben: Wuben, concentration and dedication.
Basic, fundamental. (7) Tao: In ancient Chinese thought, Tao has many meanings.
The Tao here refers to the benevolence advocated by Confucius, that is, the entire moral ideological system with benevolence as the core and its embodiment in real life. To put it simply, it is the basic principle of governing a country and being a human being.
(8) The foundation of benevolence: benevolence is the highest category of Confucius’ philosophical thought and is also the code of ethics. Being the foundation of benevolence means taking filial piety and brotherhood as the foundation of benevolence.
There is another explanation that believes that the ancient word "benevolence" is the word "human", which is the foundation of benevolence and the foundation of being a human being. Translation Youzi said: "There are very few people who are filial to their parents, obedient to their elders, but like to offend the rulers above.
There are no people who don't like to offend the rulers above, but like to rebel. . When a gentleman devotes himself to fundamental matters, the principles of governing a country and being a man will be established.
This is the foundation of benevolence." Original text 1.3 Confucius said: Clever words make people look (1), fresh (2) benevolent. "Annotations (1) Clever words and colors: Zhu Xi's note: "Be good at your words, be good at your colors, decorate them externally, and be able to speak to others. "
Qiao and Ling both mean beautiful. But here it should be interpreted as pretending to be pleasant.
(2) Xian: means less. Translation Confucius said: " People who talk sweetly and pretend to be pleasant have very little benevolence. "
Original text 1·4 Zengzi (1) said: "I examine (2) my body three times in a day.
Are you being unfaithful to others (3)? Are you friends with friends who don’t believe in (4)? Are you not used to it? "Notes (1) Zengzi: Zengzi's surname was Zeng Shen (pronounced shēn) and his courtesy name was Ziyu. He was born in 505 BC. He was a native of the state of Lu. He was a descendant of the nobles of the state of Zuo who were destroyed by the state of Lu.
Zeng Shen was a favorite disciple of Confucius and was famous for his filial piety. It is said that he wrote the "Book of Filial Piety"
(2) Three Provinces: Province (pronounced xǐng), there are several interpretations of Three Provinces: 1. It is three inspections; the second is inspection from three aspects; the third is multiple inspections.
In fact, in ancient times, numbers were added before action verbs to indicate the frequency of actions, so it does not need to be regarded as three times. 3) Loyalty: The old note says: To do one’s best is to be loyal.
This refers to doing one’s best to others. (4) Faith: The old note says: A believer is sincere. > Honesty is called trust. It requires people to keep trust with each other according to the provisions of etiquette to adjust the relationship between people.
(5) Chuan Bu Xi: Chuan, the old note said: "It is said by the teacher. The legend. The teacher imparted it to him.
Xi, the same as the word "xi" in "learning and practicing", refers to review, practice, practice, etc. Translation: Zengzi said: "I reflect on myself many times every day. Have I done my best in doing things for others? Have I been honest and trustworthy in my interactions with friends? Have I reviewed the studies the teacher taught me?" Original text 1 ·5 The Master said: "The way (1) builds a country of thousands of chariots (2), respects service (3), is economical and loves people (4), and makes the people live in good time (5)."
Note (1): One book is called "guide", which is used as a verb. Here is the meaning of governance.
(2) The Kingdom of Thousand Chariots: Cheng, pronounced in shèng, means vehicle. This refers to the basic units of the ancient army.
Each military vehicle with four horses has 3 soldiers on board, 72 infantry under the vehicle, and 25 support personnel, totaling 100 people. The country of a thousand chariots refers to a country with 1,000 chariots, that is, a vassal state.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, wars were frequent, so the strength of a country was calculated by the number of vehicles. In the time of Confucius, the country of thousands of chariots was no longer a big country.
(3) Jingshi: The word Jing is generally used to express things.