China is the first country to discover and utilize coal in the world. From 65438 to 0973, a large number of clean coal products were found in the lower floor of Xinle site in Neolithic age near Beiling, Shenyang, Liaoning Province. Among them, there are 25 round bubble ornaments, 6 earrings and 0/5 round beads/kloc. At the same time, 97 pieces of pulverized coal, semi-finished products of clean coal and coal blocks were unearthed. These coal products, identified by the Scientific Research Institute of the former Liaoning Coalfield Geological Exploration Company, are characterized by "weak oily luster, uniform structure, high hardness and good toughness", which are easily ignited with matches, giving off a bright smoky flame and emitting the smell of burning rubber. Industrial analysis and elemental analysis prove that the raw material is candle coal. This is the conclusive evidence of the earliest use of coal in the world, and it is also the historical witness that China discovered and began to use coal as early as six or seven thousand years ago.
In the mid-1950s and mid-1970s, archaeologists successively unearthed coal carvings in four Western Zhou tombs in Shaanxi Province, among which more than 200 pieces were unearthed in Rujiazhuang, Baoji City. According to this, it can be judged that as early as the Western Zhou Dynasty, as the political and economic center of the country at that time, coal had been developed and utilized.
During the Warring States period, in addition to carving daily necessities with coal, there were also records about coal in the works at that time. There are three records about stone nirvana in Shan Hai Jing, a geographical work in the pre-Qin period: one is in Xishan Jing, a mountain with a woman's bed, whose yang is full of copper and its yin is full of stone nirvana; In the other two places, we can see "The head of Minshan Mountain, named Daughter Mountain, is covered with stony pine" and "Traveling 150 miles eastward, it is called Fengyu Mountain, covered with platinum and covered with stony pine". According to relevant experts' research, Nvchuang Mountain, Nver Mountain and Fengyu Mountain are located in Fengxiang, Shuangliu, Shifang, Tongjiang, Nanjiang, Bazhong and other places in Sichuan. Compared with ancient times and modern times, there are coal outputs in the above places, which proves that the records in Shan Hai Jing are basically correct. At the same time, it shows that coal has been discovered in these places at that time, and some preliminary geological knowledge of coal prospecting has been accumulated.
From the Western Han Dynasty to the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, a certain scale of coal mines and corresponding coal mining technologies appeared. Coal is not only used to produce fuel, but also used to make iron. Not only raw coal can be used, but also pulverized coal can be molded into briquette, which improves the utilization value of coal. The origin of coal is not only in the north, but also in the south and even Xinjiang. At the same time, at this time, coal carving technology has been initially popularized.
From Sui and Tang Dynasties to Yuan Dynasty, coal was developed and used more widely. Metallurgy, ceramics and other industries all use coal as fuel, and coal has become the main commodity in the market, and its position is becoming more and more important, and people's understanding of coal has deepened. In particular, coking with coal began to sprout in the Tang Dynasty, and by the Song Dynasty, the coking technology had reached maturity. 1in the autumn of 978 and1in the winter of 979, Shanxi Institute of Archaeology excavated a large amount of coke in the brick tomb of the Jin Dynasty in Macun, Jishan County, Shanxi Province. 1957 winter solstice to April 0958, the cultural relics team of Hebei Provincial Cultural Bureau excavated three coke oven sites in Yantai Town, Fengfeng mining area, Hebei Province. The appearance of coke and the invention of coking technology indicate that the processing and utilization of coal has entered a brand-new stage.
During the twenty years from Ming Dynasty to Daoguang in Qing Dynasty (1840), the feudal rulers at that time paid more attention to the development of coal, took some measures to develop coal production, and the mining management policies also changed, and the coal industry developed greatly in all aspects. Coal development technology has been developed, forming a rich and colorful ancient coal science and technology in China. Although they were all manually operated coal mines at that time, they were mined and utilized earlier than other countries. Therefore, before17th century, China was in a leading position in many aspects of coal technology and management, which is worthy of our pride. However, the declining feudal system finally hindered the development of ancient coal industry and led to the birth of modern coal mines in China.
(B) a brief history of modern coal mining industry
1840 after the opium war, China was forced to open its doors and enter a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society. Modern shipping industry and machinery industry began to appear, which needed a lot of coal, but the old manual coal kiln production was far from meeting the needs. Therefore, the Qing Westernization School actively brewed the introduction of western advanced coal mining technology and equipment, so modern coal mines began to appear. The main signs of modern coal mines are: first, the capitalist management model; Second, steam-driven hoists, ventilators and drainage machines are used in the three production links of lifting, ventilation and drainage, while other production links still rely on manpower and animal power. This technical situation lasted almost until 1949, and even some changes were only partial and minor. This is the main technical feature that distinguishes modern coal mines from ancient manual coal mines and modern mechanized mines.
The earliest modern coal mines in China are Keelung Coal Mine in Taiwan Province Province and Kaiping Coal Mine in Hebei Province. Keelung Coal Mine was set up by British coal engineers hired by Shen Baozhen, Governor of the two rivers of the Qing government. Built in 1876 and 1878, it produces coal, with an annual output of about 30,000 ~ 50,000 t. Due to poor management, the output gradually declined shortly after it was put into production. 1884 during the sino-French war, the mine was bombed and stopped production. Kaiping Coal Mine was built by Li Hongzhang, the governor of Zhili, in 1876 by Tang et al. Established in 1877, Tangshan mine was built in 188 1, and later Linxi and Xishan mines were built. To 1894, the average daily output reached 1 500t, the highest daily output. During this period, 14 modern coal mines with different scales and years were successively opened, which were either government-run, jointly run by government and businessmen, or jointly run by government and businessmen, all of which were bureaucratic capitalism. Due to poor management, insufficient funds and small scale, most of them failed.
After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, 1894, China's national strength declined, and the foreign powers took advantage of it one after another, and a large number of foreign capitals invaded and occupied China coal mines. 1In April, 898, the Jiaoao Lease Treaty signed by China and Germany stipulated: "Germany will build two railways from Jiaozhou Bay, Shandong Province, and German businessmen have the right to mine minerals within 30 miles (15km) on each side of the railway." Since then, Britain, Russia, France and Japan have successively seized similar rights. According to incomplete statistics, during the period of 1895 ~ 19 12, there were 42 treaties, agreements and contracts (including other mineral deposits) that imperialists seized the right to coal mines in China, involving Liaoning, Kyrgyzstan, Heilongjiang, Yunnan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Anhui, Fujian, Guizhou, Shandong and Anhui. Kaiping, Luanzhou, Jiaozuo, Mengxian, Pingding (now Pingding County), Lu 'an, Zezhou, Pingyang, Benxi Lake, Lincheng and other large coal mines have been opened one after another. The output of foreign coal mines accounted for 83.2% of the total output of modern coal mines in China at that time, which basically controlled the coal industry in China. The imperialist aggression aroused the resistance of the people of China. From 1903, the campaign to recover mining rights was launched, which reached its climax at 19 1 1. The patriotic gentry and businessmen in China were dissatisfied with the outflow of profits, and raised funds to start many coal mines in the people's campaign to recover mining rights. Bureaucratic comprador saw that it was profitable to open coal mines, did not want to miss the opportunity, and tried their best to open coal mines. Thus, from 1895 to 1936, modern coal mines in China show a development trend.
1937 "seven? After the "July 1st Incident", Japanese imperialism occupied most of the coal mines in China, including foreign-funded coal mines, which were successively occupied by them. This mining method is completely predatory. From 193 1 to 1945, the Japanese occupied more than 200 coal mines in China, plundered 420 million tons of coal and destroyed countless coal resources.
During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, the National Government Resources Committee directly managed 29 coal mines, and also encouraged private enterprises to set up 59 coal mines with an annual output of about 6 million tons. In the liberated areas, some small coal mines were also opened for local soldiers and civilians to use as fuel. According to post-war statistics, there are 473 small coal mines in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei border region, with a daily output of 2739 tons.
1945 after War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, a small number of Japanese-occupied coal mines were taken over by the People's Government of the Liberated Areas, and most of them were taken over by the Kuomintang regime. At the beginning of the war of liberation, affected by the changeable political and military situation, some coal mines changed hands several times and were in a state of suspension or semi-suspension. After 1947, the national government gradually disintegrated. It was not until 1949 that the new China was born that these coal mines returned to the hands of the people's government, but they were seriously damaged.
(3) A brief history of modern coal mining industry
According to incomplete statistics, when New China was founded, the local people's government took over about 40 coal mining enterprises, 200 mines and a few open-pit mines in old China. Mainly distributed in Northeast China, North China, East China's Shandong, Anhui and other provinces. Except for a few places, they are small in scale, poor in equipment and backward in technology. Coupled with the destruction of long-term war, they are riddled with holes and a scene of decline and ruin. For example, 9 pairs of mines in Datong Coal Mine, Shanxi Province were all flooded, and all machinery and equipment were destroyed. There is no intact working face underground, no complete workshop on the ground, no machine can operate normally, no roadway can be opened to traffic normally, and production stops completely. The west open pit mine and Longfeng mine in Fushun coal mine in Liaoning province have been flooded and basically stopped production; 1 1 of the 18 pithead in Jiaozuo Coal Mine, Henan Province was completely destroyed, and only the derrick was left in 7 pitheads, which had completely stopped using. Zibo, Zaozhuang, Yangquan and other large coal mines are also in ruins. The coal mining industry in New China started from such a mess.
In the first three years after the founding of the People's Republic of China, during the period of national economic recovery, the main task was to restore the coal mine production left over from old China and carry out necessary transformation.
1953, China started its first five-year economic development plan. In order to ensure coking coal in the iron and steel base, solve the coal shortage in East China and gradually improve the coal mine layout, during the First Five-Year Plan period, the old mining area of 15 was expanded and the new mining area of 10 was started to be built. The output of coal increased from 32.43 million tons in 1949 to130.73 million tons, an increase of more than four times. At the same time, in order to meet the needs of coal mine production and construction, a supporting professional team of geological exploration, coal mine design and well construction has been gradually established. 1in July, 1955, three general bureaus of coalfield geological exploration, design management and capital construction were formally established, which further strengthened the leadership, strengthened the training of technology and team, and laid a solid foundation for the coordinated development of the coal industry in the future.
During the "Second Five-Year Plan" period, the mistakes of the "Great Leap Forward" caused serious consequences to the coal industry. The relationship between mining and excavation is unbalanced, the roadway and equipment are in disrepair, the coal output fluctuates greatly, and the infrastructure is wasted. The unqualified coalfield geological report accounts for 60%. Later, the policy of "adjustment, rectification, enrichment and improvement" was implemented, and production and construction were back on the normal track.
During the 10 turmoil, the national economic construction was seriously damaged, and the coal industry also experienced a catastrophe. 72 mining bureaus were successively decentralized to local governments, and the effective management system was cancelled.
When state-owned coal mines are disturbed and coal can't meet the needs of local industry and people's lives, local small coal mines develop spontaneously. 197 1 year, the output ratio of small coal mines at prefecture, county and team level 1965 increased by 1.35 times. In order to consolidate and develop local small coal mines, the 40-word policy of "starting with the whole party and running mines at all levels, focusing on small, from small to large, from soil to outside, forming mining groups, selecting key points and building bases" was put forward at that time. These policies not only promoted the development of small coal mines, but also laid the foundation for the great development of township collective coal mines in the future.
In order to carry out the decision of "reversing the transportation of coal from the north to the south" and speed up the construction of the "big third line", 40% of the national coal field geological exploration forces have been concentrated one after another since 1966, and a total of 37 exploration teams have gone to various provinces in the south of the Yangtze River to strengthen geological exploration. At the same time, the main force will be transferred from the north to strengthen the construction of new coal bases in the southwest, northwest and south of the Yangtze River. 1973 Faced with the increasingly prominent contradiction between coal supply and demand, and the reality that the northern provinces with large coal reserves and good mining conditions such as Shanxi, Shandong and Hebei are not strong enough to give full play to their advantages, the teams of coalfield geological exploration and coal mine infrastructure have successively returned to the north from Jiangnan and Southwest China.
In a word, the 10 turmoil has caused serious damage and loss to the coal industry. During the period of 10, although the output of raw coal increased by 92.2%, 720 new mines were built. However, it has left many long-term problems that are difficult to eliminate. In order to increase production, many mines resort to unscrupulous means, re-mining and light digging, suffering heavy losses and neglecting safety work, leaving various consequences; Disrupted the production order of geological exploration, the quality and efficiency dropped sharply, and "conquering the south and fighting the north" delayed the construction time; Mine construction violates procedures, ignores technical requirements, reduces project quality, and is easy to put into production, leaving many sequelae.
Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, China has entered a new period of reform and opening up centered on economic construction, and the coal industry has gradually embarked on a healthy development track. First, a good coal production order has been restored and established, and the relationship between mining and mining has been normalized. At the same time, mining machinery has been vigorously developed, safe production conditions have been improved, and stable production adjustment has been realized. By 1982, the national raw coal output reached 666 million tons, which better met the demand of national economic development for coal. With the in-depth development of the country's reform and opening up, the coal industry has put forward a new way to develop the coal industry through various explorations. Its main contents include four basic requirements, five changes and 12 specific policies.