The big river basin refers to a river with a large basin area, not a certain basin and river, mainly the Nile basin, which is the birthplace of ancient Egypt; Two river basins (Euphrates River and Tigris River), the birthplace of ancient Babylonian kingdom; Indus valley, the birthplace of ancient India; The yellow river basin, the Yangtze river basin and the great river basin, the birthplace of the Chinese nation, have humid climate, sufficient light and heat and flat terrain, which are suitable for human survival; The melting of mountain snow in the upper reaches of the river leads to the regular flooding of the river, which provides abundant water and fertile soil and is conducive to the development of agricultural production. [Ancient Civilization and Valley] Without labor, there would be no transformation from apes to humans, and there would be no today and tomorrow for us. "What does this sentence tell you? Historical materialism human beings evolved from ancient apes; Walking upright is a decisive step in the history of human evolution; Because the progress of productive forces led to the disintegration of primitive society and the emergence of the country, the replacement of primitive society by slave society is a historical progress, a humanistic quality, a collective production and labor practice, and a decisive factor in the process of transforming apes into people; The development of the brain finally separates human beings from animals completely; Love of labor and willingness to use one's brains can ensure the survival and continuous development of mankind. Why do ancient civilizations often appear in large river basins? The reasons are as follows: a. The big river basin has humid climate, sufficient light and heat, and flat terrain, which is suitable for human survival; B. The melting of mountain snow in the upper reaches of the river leads to the regular flooding of the river, providing abundant water and fertile soil, which are beneficial to the development of agricultural production. What is the difference between the origin of European civilization and the origin of Asian civilization? What inspiration did you get from it? Ancient Greece and Rome rose by the sea, and maritime trade and industry and commerce were particularly developed; Ancient Asian-African civilization rose in the big river basin, mainly engaged in agricultural management. This shows that different geographical environments have created different modes of operation and types of civilization. [River Civilization] River civilization mainly lives near rivers, such as the four major civilizations. They have created brilliant civilizations, because agricultural civilization is the increase of population and stable income, and people can use more manpower and financial resources to develop culture. The disadvantage is that it is easy to stand still. The four major civilizations and three major civilizations have been destroyed or merged by foreign cultures, and only Chinese civilization has been preserved intermittently (due to topographical reasons). About 5,000 years ago, China, Indian, Egyptian, two river basins and Crete in the Mediterranean entered civilization almost at the same time. Ancient Egypt, Babylon, India and China were all born in large river basins suitable for agricultural cultivation. Their distinctive history of civilization development constitutes a splendid river civilization, which has made great contributions to the progress of the whole mankind. Greek civilization and Roman civilization other than the four major civilizations together constitute the Mediterranean civilization. Greek civilization is the birthplace of Mediterranean civilization, while Rome is the successor of Greek civilization and the ruler of the ancient western world. Mediterranean civilization is the cradle of western civilization. The stability of river civilization is related to the stability of farming life of residents on both sides of the river; The great river civilization was born in the great river basin. These areas are rich in irrigation water, flat terrain, relatively fertile land and mild climate, which are suitable for human survival, conducive to the planting and growth of crops and can meet the basic needs of people's survival, so agriculture is often very developed. River civilization is based on farming economy and highly depends on the natural environment. Farming economy is a peaceful and self-sustaining economy, and the national psychology derived from it is also defensive. The Chinese nation, as a typical river civilization, rarely acts of expanding its territory and invading. The construction of the Great Wall is the best embodiment of China people's national defense thought. The Great Wall, with no offensive nature, focuses entirely on defense. For a long period of history, Chinese civilization once led the world civilization, especially the achievements in textile, shipbuilding, porcelain making, paper making, printing, gunpowder, construction and other industries, which once left all countries in the world behind. Dahe civilization created splendid and lasting feudal culture and maintained long-term political stability. The characteristics of river civilization based on farming economy are: being cautious and not thinking about change; Pay attention to defensive means, but lack offensive spirit; Respect morality, but despise efficiency; Be content with poverty, but do not take risks. For example, China's strategic culture, created by the great river civilization, advocates "goodness in the beginning" and "harmony is the most important", defines the basic strategic goal as defending the country, seeking reunification and ensuring peace, and regards "defeating the enemy without fighting" as the highest realm of war means selection. This strategic cultural tradition once caused the Chinese nation to be completely annihilated by the northern navy, but the good and peaceful national characteristics of the Chinese nation will not be buried, and the excellent side of China's strategic cultural tradition should not be buried. [The earliest script and the great river valley] Cuneiform (Sumer) Two River Valley Pictograph (Egypt) Nile Valley Seal (India) Indus Valley Pictograph (China) Yellow River Valley Linear Script (Greece) Crete and Mycenae alphabet (Phoenicia) Syria and Lebanon.
Characteristics of marine civilization
According to the current broad concept of culture, culture is everything created by human society, including object culture, system culture and spiritual culture. Mankind has been dealing with the ocean since ancient times, creating material culture and spiritual culture related to the ocean. This is marine culture, which is related to the creation of the ocean by human beings, including artifact system and spiritual creation. Specifically, ships, navigation, myths, customs and marine science about the ocean are all marine cultures. The marine culture used in this paper refers to the concept with such connotation and extension.
As Ci Hai explains, "Civilization refers to the progressive state of human society, as opposed to barbarism." There is a similar definition abroad. (1) Based on this definition of civilization, this paper defines marine civilization as a social culture that is ahead of human development in economic development, social system, ideology, spiritual art and other fields, mainly due to the unique marine culture in human history. Therefore, a marine civilization can be called marine civilization because it is ahead of the development of human society, and this lead mainly benefits from marine culture, and both are indispensable. A civilization is geographically close to the ocean, and even a relatively developed marine culture is not necessarily a marine civilization. Ancient Egypt was near the sea, but the development of its civilization mainly benefited from the Nile. Babylon is also close to the sea, but its civilization development mainly benefits from the two rivers; These are indisputable facts. The development of ancient civilization in China benefited from the lack of oceans. Although China has a long coastline and rich marine culture, it is not a marine civilization. The relationship between ancient Japanese civilization and the ocean is far closer than that between Chinese civilization and the ocean, but its civilization degree is far less than that of Chinese civilization centered on Chang 'an, so it cannot be regarded as a marine civilization. Although the indigenous culture of the Pacific islands has a close relationship with the ocean and has created some marine cultures, it lags behind the development of the times and is definitely not a marine civilization. Therefore, being close to the ocean and having a marine culture may not necessarily develop into a marine civilization. Starting from such a train of thought, we should first identify the first marine civilization in human history, analyze its characteristics, look for its later development according to these characteristics, and finally summarize its fundamental characteristics and advantages, so that our understanding of marine culture and marine civilization has a new height and a new starting point.
According to the above standards, the first marine civilization with sufficient historical data should be the ancient Greek civilization.
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