Archaeological findings show that primitive residents lived in Gulou Gang in the center of Nanjing about 6000 years ago. Archaeologists excavated the ruins of Yangyingyuan Village in Beiyin with an area of about 1 10000 square meters here. About 200 village sites of this era have been found in the north and south banks of the Yangtze River under the jurisdiction of Nanjing, especially in Hushu Town of Jiangning County in the middle reaches of Qinhuai River. Therefore, it is known as "lake cooked culture".
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Wu built a smelting city here, specializing in smelting and casting. In 472 BC, after the destruction of Wu by Gou Jian, the King of Yue, a "Yuecheng" was built in the southwest corner of Zhonghua Gate. This is the earliest castle record in Nanjing, with a history of 2470 years. In 2 12, Wu Zhu Sun Quan built a stone city in the former site of Jinling City, with the natural stone wall at the west foot as the foundation. It is a strong fortress and fortress of Wudong Navy. In 229, Sun Quan established the capital here and Jianye City, which was the official beginning of Nanjing as the capital. The city is "twenty miles and nineteen paces a week", with mounds as walls and gates woven with bamboo fences. Although it is a grassroots creation, it is still quite big. In the capital, Sun lives in Taiji Palace. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the reconstruction industry was Jiankang, and on the basis of Soochow Jianye City, the earth city was changed into a brick city, and the new palace was called Jiankang Palace.
Song, Qi, Liang and Chen Dou in the Southern Dynasties were expanded on the basis of Jianye, which was renamed Jiankang. There are three sets of palace walls around Jiankang Palace, and the palace is more magnificent, collectively known as "Taicheng". According to research, the "Taicheng" behind Jiming Mountain today is the legacy of Jiankang Capital. Out of Miyagi, from Xuanyangmen, the capital of Jiankang, to Suzaku on the Qinhuai River in the south, sailing as the "Imperial Street", guarding officials and military camps along the way. The residential areas on both sides of Qinhuai River are bustling with businesses and houses. It is said that the residence of the great gentry Wang and Xie in the Eastern Jin Dynasty is in Wuyi Lane. This capital layout, which separated the imperial palace and yamen from the residents, was adopted by the planned and large-scale construction of Chang 'an and Luoyang in Sui and Tang Dynasties. The north-south Imperial Road is the central axis running through the city, and the east-west intersection in front of Miyagi and Imperial Road form a "D"-shaped skeleton. This layout technique spread to Beijing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and became the keynote of the feudal capital. The Eastern Jin, Song, Qi, Liang and Chen Dou were building their capitals, so they were called "the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties".
1368. Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, proclaimed himself emperor here and made Nanjing his capital. This is the first time that Nanjing has become the national capital. The Nanjing City built by Zhu Yuanzhang is 30.67 kilometers long, with a height of 14 ~ 1 m, a bottom width of about 14 m and a top width of 4 ~ 9 m, all of which are masonry structures. The scale of the city is huge, including Jiankang City in the Six Dynasties, Stone City and Jinling City in the Southern Tang Dynasty, and it has expanded eastward and northward, and it has become the largest city in the world in the14th century. The city wall is long from north to south, narrow from east to west, with twists and turns around, not sticking to the traditional specifications of China Fangcheng. Its southwest is based on Jinling City in Southern Tang Dynasty, which connects Qinhuai River inside and outside the city. South of the city is adjacent to Jubaoshan (Yuhuatai), east to the west foot of Zhongshan, surrounded by Fuguishan, covering Zhoushan Mountain and Jilong Mountain into the city, and then bypassing Lion Mountain along the north and south of the west bank of Houhu Lake, with Ma 'anshan, Qingliangshan and other western low mountains as the western boundary. Open 13 doors, among which Jubaomen (now Zhonghua Gate), Tongji Gate and Sanshanmen (now Shuiximen) are the most magnificent, all with four doors. There are tall towers on the Jubao Gate, a 1,000-pound gate on the door and 23 hidden soldier holes on the wall. Until today, we can still see its majestic posture.
The imperial city of Nanjing is a square with Miyagi. The Imperial City takes a north-south central axis as the backbone of the whole city. From Zhengyangmen (now Guanghuamen) in the south, build a wide and straight street, and pass through Hongwumen and Chengtianmen to Wumen. Outside the noon gate, left ancestral temple, right state altar. From Wumen via Neiwulongqiao to Fengtianmen, you will enter Miyagi. From the North Gate of Miyagi, Houzaimen, to Xuanwu Gate, out of the Imperial City and north, it is the emergency exit of Nanjing City. On both sides of the imperial city are Donghuamen and Xihuamen. Donghuamen is facing Chaoyang Gate (now Zhongshan Gate) in Nanjing. This imperial city was later collectively referred to as the Ming Palace. Xianfeng period of Qing Dynasty was destroyed by fire. Today, we can only see the ruins of Wumaomen and Wulongqiao inside and outside. After Zhu Yuanzhang built Nanjing City, he built a foreign palace on its periphery. Waiguo includes Jubaoshan, Zhongshan and Mufu Mountain, with a total length of about 60 kilometers. It is made of earth and has 65,438+08 doors. This foreign country has long been destroyed, leaving only some city gate names as place names. For example, Jiangdongmen, Andemen, Qilin Gate, Fangyaomen (Hua Yao Gate) and so on. 1853, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom established its capital here and changed its name to Tianjing. 192 1 New Year's Day, the Republic of China was founded, 1927, and the National Government made Nanjing its capital. Up to now, ten dynasties have established their capitals in Nanjing, so it is called "the capital of ten dynasties".
For thousands of years, Nanjing has been a densely populated and prosperous area, and it is the political, economic and cultural center of the whole country. From the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Southern Dynasties, the development of agriculture and handicrafts brought commercial prosperity. There are more than 100 commercial cities inside and outside the capital, and the range of goods is quite extensive. Closer to the economy and culture of overseas countries. On the basis of economic prosperity, Jiankang at that time became a famous cultural city with rich humanities. At that time, there were four study rooms in Jiankang: Confucianism, metaphysics, literature and history. Buddhism, Taoism, calligraphy, painting, sculpture, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry and medicine all developed greatly. Such as thinker Fan Zhen; Writers Guo Pu, Shen Yue and Xie Lingyun; Literary critics Liu Xie, Xiao Tong and Zhong Rong; Historians Ye Fan, Pei Songzhi and Xiao Zixian; Buddhist scripture translators Fa Xian, Bao Qu and Buddhabhadra; Taoist and chemical, medical scientists Ge Hong, Tao Hongjing; Calligraphers Wang Xizhi, Wang Xianzhi and his son; Sculptor Dai Kui and his son; Painter Gu Kaizhi; Mathematicians and astronomers Yu and Zu Chongzhi successively left immortal works in Jiankang. With the gradual prevalence of Buddhism in Jiangdong, there were many temples inside and outside Jiankang City during the Six Dynasties. Du Mu, a poet in the late Tang Dynasty, vividly described this: "Thousands of miles of Ti Ying are green and red, and the water town is full of wine flags." Four hundred and eighty halls in southern dynasties, how many towers are misty and rainy. "In the suburbs of Jiankang, palace gardens, luxury villas of the Han nationality, Buddhist temples and tombs are scattered among them, forming a prosperous scene of the so-called' six generations of luxury'. In the Ming Dynasty, especially in the 53 years at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Nanjing's economy and culture developed rapidly. Become the largest city in the country. At that time, there were more than 100 businesses in the city, especially the silk industry. Besides. The construction industry and shipbuilding industry in Nanjing in the Ming Dynasty were two huge government-run handicrafts, and the engraving and printing industry in Nanjing in the Ming Dynasty was also famous throughout the country.
Nanjing has a long history and splendid culture since its capital was established more than 2000 years ago, and it has been established for more than 450 years. It has left many relics of the past dynasties, recorded thrilling historical stories, sung epic achievements and written countless brilliant chapters for the development history of the Chinese nation.