In August of the 24th year of Guangxu (1898, 1898), Empress Dowager Cixi staged a palace coup and overthrew the New Deal of 1898.

At the beginning of the Hundred-Day Reform, Empress Dowager Cixi, who was in charge of the military and political power of the Qing Dynasty, temporarily adopted a tolerant attitude towards the reform of the reformists and the imperial party. The reasons are as follows: 1. The defeat of the Sino-Japanese War in 1894 and the humiliation of treaty of shimonoseki aroused the indignation of the people all over the country. After that, the party group blindly avoided war and negotiated peace, compromised and surrendered, and shouldered unshirkable responsibility for the defeat and signing of the contract. Cixi was afraid that "the invasion of foreign enemies was urgent and exciting" and had to temporarily retreat politically. Secondly, the voice of saving the nation from extinction and reforming the country has formed a strong public opinion, and Cixi has to obey the public opinion a little to show that she has the intention of "changing her mouth" to "save the current situation". Thirdly, Empress Dowager Cixi, as the actual supreme ruler of the Qing Dynasty, never sided with the die-hards. Her ruling power is based on the checks and balances between the die-hards and the Westernization School, and she is not opposed to the line and policies of the Westernization School. As long as the reform does not belong to the Westernization School's category of "learning from the middle school as the body and using western learning for the purpose", she is acceptable. Fourth, she must resolutely suppress the reformists headed by Kang Youwei, and she cannot allow Emperor Guangxu to carry out the reformist line and policies. So from the beginning, she was preparing for the coup, but she must be calm and ready to act. In the 15th year of Guangxu, she announced "returning to politics". /kloc-in the spring of 0/898, Emperor Guangxu boldly asked her for power: "If the Queen Mother doesn't give me the right to do things, I would rather give up this position than be the king of national subjugation." She can't treat lightly the abdication of this young emperor who has been "pro-government", supported by reformists and concerned by British and American powers. Before he obviously cheated, she could neither be good at abolishing the emperor nor give him "power" completely. Therefore, regarding Guangxu's struggle for power, she said, "Let him do it. If not, we will talk as soon as possible." Her countermeasure is to firmly grasp the military and political power from the central government to the local government, and never allow Guangxu to exclude his cronies, let alone allow him to form his own clique in the court. Therefore, on April 27th, the fourth day of the Reform, she coerced Emperor Guangxu into issuing three orders (see "Three Orders for Yourself"). On the 28th, he served as the commander of Houdang Chongli Infantry. On the sixth day of May, Huaitabu, the backbone of the post-Party, was sent to manage the officers and men of Yuanmingyuan and resolutely manage Jianrui Camp. In this way, Cixi got rid of Weng, the most prized minister of Guangxu, and took control of the appointment and dismissal of senior officials, while Rong Lu, a confidant, took control of the Beiyang Third Army and important areas of Gyeonggi, while Huaitabu and fortitude took control of Beijing's military command and public security. After completing the above arrangements, Cixi did not make any big moves until mid-July. She lives in the Summer Palace, watching the imperial edicts of the New Deal promulgated by Emperor Guangxu, and coldly watching the anxiety and hard work of the emperors, monarchs and reformers in reforming the New Deal. At that time, from the central government to the local government, all the military and political officials with real power were appointed by Cixi, and their attitudes towards the New Deal were based on Cixi's likes and dislikes. Chen Baozhen, the governor of Hunan Province, was the only one who seriously dealt with the New Deal, and other governors took a boycott attitude towards the letters of the New Deal. Although Emperor Guangxu made repeated orders and severe criticisms four times, he could not go to a person or punish a person, because Guangxu was useless to the governor, so the governor "despised it".

Cixi and Rong Lu are very accurate in saying that with the implementation of the New Deal, the class interests of the die-hards will be touched and their hatred for the New Deal will be aroused. Abolish the stereotyped writing system of selecting scholars, so that feudal scholars who are obsessed with the imperial examination lose their "career of settling down"; The elimination of green camp cut off the "extra money" that corrupt officials usually sit in empty seats; Requiring the Eight Banners to "earn their own living" and "learn from the merits of the four people" also deprived Manchu people who had been accustomed to parasitic life for 250 years since they entered the customs. Although these reform measures could not shake the feudal autocracy fundamentally, they affected the vested interests of feudal bureaucrats and their social foundation everywhere, causing their desperate resistance. In mid-July, Emperor Guangxu boldly took three measures in the reform of the official system and the appointment and dismissal of personnel: First, reducing redundant staff. On July 14, imperial edicts were issued to abolish the idle yamen such as Zhan Shifu, General Political Department, Guanglu Temple and Split Temple, and to abolish the overlapping institutions such as the governors of Hubei, Guangdong and Yunnan provinces (because these three provinces are in one city) and the governor of Donghe. Second, on July 19th, the ministers of the Ministry of Rites, Huaitabu and Xu Ying, will be banned from writing. When all six officials were fired. Third, on 20th, Tan Sitong, Yang Rui, Liu Guangdi and Xu Lin were appointed as military planes to take part in the New Deal. The abolition of the idle yamen has "lost support" for those bureaucrats who have been vegetarian for many years, and the appointment and removal of personnel has dealt a heavy blow to the die-hards and strengthened the reformist forces. In particular, the appointment of the four ministers of military aircraft, "all imperial edicts are written and favored by military aircraft ministers", has made the die-hards unbearable and the contradiction between the old and new parties has rapidly intensified. Stubborn ministers have been actively planning a coup. After Bai Shou was dismissed, his wife went to the Summer Palace to cry to Cixi. After the imperial edict of "self-financing" was promulgated, Alexandra (? -1900) led dozens of subordinate officials to "kneel in front of the west" and cried that the New Deal was not good for Manchu; After the party suggested that Huaitabu and Yang Chongyi went to Tianjin to plot with Rong Lu and wait for an opportunity to counterattack; Celebrate the prince? Duan Wang Zaiyi (1856- 1922) and others also cried together, asking Empress Dowager Cixi to hang up the curtain and listen to politics again. Cixi felt it necessary to take action. Especially at the end of July, several actions of Emperor Guangxu became the direct motivation for her to launch a coup: First, please open the palace to discuss the system. At the beginning of the Reform Movement of 1898, Emperor Guangxu was ready to adopt Kang Youwei's idea of establishing a system bureau, but it was not realized because of the obstruction of stubborn ministers. Later, Kang Youwei put forward the story of imitating the former dynasty, opened a hall, recruited reformists as consultants, and "hired politicians from all over the world to discuss the system", which had the same function as the system. On July 28th, Emperor Guangxu adopted Kang Youwei's suggestion and drew up a list of consultant officers including Kang and Liang. The next day, he went to the Summer Palace to ask about the opening of the museum. If it can be realized, it means that the reformists will come to power. Cixi was furious and angrily denounced, "The boy played with the world and the old woman died." Second, summon Yuan Shikai. This is an important part of Kang Youwei's secret military coup plan to besiege the Summer Palace and hijack the Western Empress Dowager. On July 26, Kang Youwei invited Xu Zhijing and Tan Sitong to recommend Yuan Shikai, "Please make an exception" and increase his strength, "Make him unique and help his town forever". Emperor Guangxu didn't know about the "conspiracy" of the reformists, but in order to defend the New Deal and prevent the die-hards, he sent an imperial edict that day, asking Yuan to come to Beijing to see him. On the first and second day of August, he was summoned twice, awarded the title of assistant minister, and instructed him to specialize, implying that he was not controlled by Rong Lu and was directly responsible to the emperor. This move caused great anxiety and suspicion of Cixi and the post-party clique, who were afraid that Guangxu and the reformists would endanger their power if they mastered the military power. Third, prepare to summon former Japanese Prime Minister Ito Bowen. Former Japanese Prime Minister Hirofumi Ito actively planned and implemented reform policies during the Meiji Restoration. During the Reform Movement of 1898, he came to China in the name of personal travel. Arrived in Beijing on July 29th. In the eyes of Cixi, Yung Wing and others, scholars such as Kang Youwei are not afraid. What they are most worried about is the combination of reformists and foreign forces; I am most afraid that Guangxu will regain the ruling power from Cixi with the support of imperialism. The Houdang clique knows that Ito's visit to China is by no means for "tourism". According to the analysis of the press at that time, Ito "had a great relationship with this trip" and his visit to China was "quite meaningful". Indeed, Ito came here to learn about China's political reform, in an attempt to influence China's reform movement and make it conform to the interests of Japanese aggression. The reformists praised Ito's achievements during the Meiji Restoration, hoping that he could help China plan the New Deal. Therefore, after Ito arrived in Beijing, Kang Youwei made a special trip to tell him that Guangxu had no right, Cixi was constrained, and the stubborn and conservative ministers blocked the political reform. He asked Ito to "tell the truth" when he met Cixi, so that "the Empress Dowager would change her mind". Many reformists invited the Emperor and hired Ito as a New Deal consultant. At the same time, Kang Youwei also suggested inviting British missionary timothy richard as a consultant, and asked Yang Shenxiu and Song Bolu to recommend Ito Bowen and timothy richard. Guangxu Emperor accepted the suggestion and scheduled to meet with Ito Bowen on the fifth day of August and Timothy Richard on the eighth day of August, preparing to be hired as a consultant. Faced with this situation, the post-party clique was extremely afraid, and Cixi decided to launch a coup before Guangxu took over Ito.

After careful planning by the post-Party, Yang Chongyi made his first attack. Yang Chongyi, whose real name is Xin Bo, is from Changshu, Jiangsu. Guangxu Jinshi, editor-in-chief, supervisor of remonstrance and discussion, was in-laws with Li Hongzhang, and was relied on by Rong Lu, who was the backbone of the post-Party. In the twenty-first year of Guangxu, he attacked the strong society, and in the twenty-second year, he undertook Li Hongzhang's will and prose. In 24 years, he traveled to and from Beijing and Tianjin and plotted a coup with Rong Lu. On the third day of August, Yang Chongyi wrote a secret letter to Cixi, asking Empress Dowager Cixi to "instruct politics on the same day". Secret folding mainly says three things: first, "there will be an exam this spring, and the bus will be crowded." Kang Youwei and his brothers Kang Ren Guang and Liang Qichao will come to Beijing to give lectures, which will incite the hearts of the people of the world ... I don't know why, but lead the imperial palace. " Secondly, he said, "In the past two months, the law has been changed and Lao Ji has been expelled. The excuse is that the road has been opened and the partisans have been positioned. " Three said: "I got the wind of Toyo's old friend Ito Bowen, and now I am in Beijing. I used Ito, the handle of dictatorship, and handed over the world handed down by my ancestors to others. " The first two articles talk about the basic reasons for the die-hards to plan a coup; The latter is about the direct cause of the coup of Cixi. Yang Zhe only has more than 400 words, but it is enough to be the basis for Cixi to launch a coup. On the same day, the late party leader Rong Lu sent troops to prepare for the coup of Cixi. He sent three telegrams a day, pretending that Britain and Russia were at war in Vladivostok. British warships suddenly berthed in Tanggu, transferred Dong Fuxiang troops to Chenjiagou, Tianjin, and cut off the traffic between Beijing and Tianjin. Yuan Shikai, who was called to Beijing, was ordered to "return to the defense on the same day" (Yuan could not return to the defense on the same day because he had to wait for the "training" in the fifth day of the fifth day). At this point, the bow of the coup is full, just waiting for the arrow.

At the critical moment of the Reform Movement of 1898 and the New Deal, the reformists headed by Kang Youwei worked hard to save the New Deal. On July 29th, after Cixi became angry because of opening a temple, Emperor Guangxu realized that the situation was critical. The next day, he summoned Yang Rui and gave him a "secret letter" asking him to help Xu Lin, Liu Guangdi, Tan Sitong and other reformers "raise business as soon as possible". There is a sentence in the imperial edict, "I can't even keep my position, let alone others." On the second day of August, Cixi told Guangxu that Kang Youwei "slandered the monarch in disorder" and wanted to "take action". On the same day, Emperor Guangxu summoned Xu Lin and awarded him the second "secret imperial edict", which enabled Kang Youwei to leave Beijing quickly and get out of danger. Originally, after receiving the first "secret imperial edict", Yang Rui was afraid that he didn't know what to do, so he delayed the publication of the "secret imperial edict" for two days, and then passed it on to Xu Lin. On the third morning, Xu Lin handed two "secret edicts" to Kang Youwei. Kang Youwei immediately called Liang Qichao, Tan Sitong, Kang and others to discuss the rescue method and decided to take two countermeasures. First of all, he asked imperialism to intervene. Kang Youwei, Hong Rong and Liang Qichao looked for British and American envoys, timothy richard and Ito Bowen respectively, but they all failed. The British, American and Japanese imperialists tried to support Guangxu Emperor to seize power from the post-Party and carry out reforms in line with his aggressive interests in order to compete with Russia, which supported Cixi. Kang Youwei and others also advocated contacting Britain, the United States and Japan to control Russia's foreign policy. With the development of the Reform Movement, British, American and Japanese imperialists found that neither the imperialists nor the reformists had the strength, and thought that the reform of the reformists was "too eager for success" and "unrealistic". In fact, I was afraid that the Reform Movement would "embarrass China" and hinder their aggressive interests in China, so I praised "The Empress Dowager is the only sober person in the imperial court", and her intervention was "beneficial to the current situation" and she didn't want to give practical help to the Reformists. The second is to use Yuan Shikai's military power to launch an armed coup to overthrow Empress Dowager Cixi. That evening, Tan Sitong went to Yuan Shikai's residence in Huokeji, and said to his face that Yuan was a diligent king. He asked Yuan Xian to kill Rong Lu in Tianjin, and then he led his troops to Beijing, surrounded the Summer Palace by half and hijacked the Western Empress Dowager. Half of them guarded the palace and protected Emperor Guangxu, "restoring power, clearing the monarch's side and destroying the palace". Yuan pretends to answer, only excuses that Rong Lu has the gun and bullets, and he is not ready at the moment. It can only be carried out when Guangxu proposed to Cixi for a military parade in Tianjin in September (Cixi issued an imperial edict on April 27, and was scheduled to go to Tianjin for a military parade in September), so Tan had to agree. He didn't know that the arrow of the coup was on the string. On the fourth day, Cixi suddenly returned to the palace from the Summer Palace and reprimanded Guangxu: "I have raised you for more than 20 years, but I listened to the words of the villain and asked me?" It took Guangxu a long time to say, "I didn't mean to." Cixi spat: "Idiot, if there is no me today, will there be you tomorrow?" ! "He ordered Guangxu to be placed under house arrest in Hanyuantang, Yuantai, Nanhai, and sent eunuchs to closely monitor and cut off all contact with the outside world. As the highest decision-maker of the Hundred Days Reform, Emperor Guangxu's imprisonment meant the de facto end of the Hundred Days Reform. Therefore, the fourth day of August is the day when Cixi staged a coup (the third, fifth and sixth days). On the fifth day, under the close surveillance of Cixi, Guangxu finally handled two scheduled government affairs. One is to summon Yuan Shikai to "train"; The second is to summon Ito Bowen. On the sixth day of the sixth lunar month, Cixi resigned from Guangxu's illness and announced that she would go to the DPRK for the third "political training". On the same day, Kang Youwei and his younger brother Kang Renguang were ordered to be arrested on charges of "forming a party for selfish ends, using foul language and disturbing politics". Kang Youwei left Beijing for the south according to the secret edict issued by Emperor Guangxu the day before, and then fled to Japan by English ship. Yuan Shikai immediately returned to Tianjin after the fifth day of training and went straight to Zhili to report to Rong Lu the "conspiracy" of Tan Sitong and others to "kill Lugu". Rong Lu was surprised, but did not immediately tell Cixi that he was afraid that the reformist "conspiracy" would involve Emperor Guangxu. Once it is uncovered, Guangxu will be abolished, which will easily lead to external interference and endanger the post-party regime. So, I thought about it for a long time. It was not until Yang Chongyi came to Tianjin from Beijing on the sixth night that he reported that the coup had "started from the inside" that he planned to close the case. The next day, Yang Chongyi turned the game. , reported to Cixi. Cixi was furious and immediately wrote to Guangxu on the eighth day of the eighth day about seeking to contain the Summer Palace. Guangxu said he didn't know. On the ninth day of September, Cixi ordered the arrest of Tan Sitong, Yang Rui, Liu Guangdi, Xu Lin and Yang Shenxiu. /kloc-on 0/3, five people were beheaded in Beijing food market together with Kang, who was first arrested, and was known as the "Six Gentlemen of the Hundred Days of Reform" in history. On August 10, Liang Qichao fled to Japan by Japanese ship. There are also many reformists and party officials in the imperial court, who either left their jobs and returned to Li, or were dismissed for interrogation, or sent to the frontier. 1898 The reform movement failed.

After the Empress Dowager Cixi lectured, she asked the Minister of Military Affairs to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the new law and the old law to decide whether to abolish the new and restore the ancient ways. The new Minister of Military Affairs Kai Xiu (? -190 1) said, "If you don't abolish the new law, you will learn nothing." Resolutely, you said that Kang Youwei invented all the new laws. "If the new law is used today, it will be used wisely, and traitors will be in power, which has never existed since ancient times." Cixi then decided to restore the old system. Since August 1 1, Zhan Shifu and other government offices have been restored one after another, and the governors of Guangdong, Hubei and Yunnan provinces have also been re-established. Stop ordinary officials and ordinary people from saying things; Cancel the official Times, all newspapers in the country stopped publishing, and the main writers of each newspaper were arrested; Restore the stereotyped writing system of scholars; Stop specialized courses in economics, resume Wu Ke's bow, arrow, knife and stone experiments, and so on. However, the westernization, such as "trading, benefiting workers, attaching importance to agriculture, cultivating talents, repairing soldiers and benefiting resources", which has been implemented all along, should not be abolished, but should be "effectively held". So there was the so-called "New Deal in the Late Qing Dynasty" in the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu.

et.com:8090/xuezhu/tuqiang/content.jsp? No. = 592 & pageno = 4