The narration of ancient sages, from the beginning of Yao Dian to the end of Spring and Autumn Annals, either used words to arrange historical events; Or it means to communicate the past and the present and understand the past. Xia Zi said: "History books discuss historical events aboveboard, just like the sun and the moon." Yang Xiong said: "Things are not as clear as history books; The reason is not as thorough as Spring and Autumn Annals. "
This shows that the significance of Shangshu is tortuous and profound, and it embodies profound significance in Xunhao. "Spring and Autumn Annals" clarified the implied meaning and wrote articles in euphemistic language.
Although the methods are different, they have their own advantages, and they should indeed be used as models and role models for future generations, as writing leaders and turtles. Later, Sima Qian's Historical Records and Ban Gu's Hanshu were all written by saints, second only to their works. Therefore, scholars all over the world say the Five Classics first, and then the Three History. The names of classics and history are all separated from here.
I tried to say that classics are like the sun and history is like stars. When the bright sun shines, the stars will lose their light; The stars will be bright when the sun goes down.
Therefore, the words in Historical Records and Hanshu are superficial in language and involve trivial matters, just like birds with drooping wings, which can't fly high. Like a dissonant bird, it can't make a sound. Only after the Warring States period, when we are getting farther and farther away from the sage era, can we show our sharpness and be prominent and lively.
It can be seen that people's talents are different, far from each other, and the advantages and disadvantages are not the same. Since the Han Dynasty, there has been more than one historian for nearly a thousand years.
Very few of them can find good ones. Both Sima Qian and Ban Gu have written books, and they are already sinners who have corrupted the tradition of the Five Classics, and the history books published since the Jin and Song Dynasties are even worse than the Three Histories. This is Ye, who thought of everything. One is pure beauty, the other is complex, and the difference is very wide. Talent is rare, how hard is it to get!
However, although people's words are written by the same person, there are also cases of uneven quality and rough quality. For example, the biographies of Su Qin, Zhang Yi and Cai Ze in Historical Records are among the best. Biographies such as Biography of Huang San, Biography of Five Emperors, Japanese, Taicanggong, Tortoise, etc. There's really nothing to recommend it.
There are biographies of Hanshuji, Chen Sheng and Xiang Yu, which are the most serious. As for the biographies of Chu Huaiwang, Sima Xiangru and Dong Fangshuo, what is worth talking about? Perhaps it is because painting must have a foundation to be beautiful, and Kyoto, where the emperor is located, must be set off by mountains and rivers to be spectacular.
Therefore, the language is not beautiful and the historical works are poor; Beautiful deeds, historical works will do. If there are no unusual rumors or strange things in an era, no heroes, no sages, no trivial matters, no mediocre people and no common sense, it is probably difficult to ask historians to show the fairness and truth of historical works and the author's exquisite and beautiful ability to write history.
Therefore, Yang Xiong said: Xia Yu's book is extensive and profound, Shang Dynasty's book is vast and distant, Zhou Dynasty's book is serious and meticulous, and it languishes under Zhou Dynasty. Looking at Zuo Qiuming's notes, we can see that when Jin and Chu took the lead in succession, they could modify the words and form an elegant style of writing.
By the end of the Zhou Dynasty, the royal family was in extreme decline, and the history was more chaotic, and the exquisite words in Spring and Autumn Annals almost disappeared. Let's look at Sima Qian's narrative again. Before the Zhou Dynasty, the notes were incomplete and the words were sketchy. From the Qin and Han dynasties, it is crystal clear and radiant, which is very valuable.
As for Xun Yue's "Han Ji", his talent is only shown in the Ten Emperors of the Western Han Dynasty and Chen Shou's "The History of the Three Kingdoms"? The beauty of Wei Zhi lies only in the first three ancestors. By analogy, everything else is similar. Few people can understand babies, and probably not many people can understand friends. Recently, Pei wrote Song Lulue and Wang Yun wrote Enlightenment.
Both of them are good at narration, not inferior to the ancients. However, when the world talks about it, people praise Pei and belittle Wang Yun. Because Jiangnan fashion is elegant, Pei's writing style is exquisite; The deeds of the Central Plains are mixed, so Wang Yun's words often appear vulgar. Pei Jiyuan pursues the modification of words, while Wang pays attention to the true record of things, which leads to the difference between praise and criticism.
If Zuo Qiuming reappears and Sima Qian reincarnates to record the words and deeds of Beiqi, I'm afraid it's hard to write and they can't give full play to their wonderful words and deeds. So how can the authors of later generations summarize the gains and losses compared with ancient times? There are many narrative styles, which cannot be discussed in detail in short space.
Here, it is divided into three chapters and discussed as follows. (The above is the preface of the narrative. A good national history is mainly reflected in the perfection of narrative, which is mainly concise and of great significance.
Observing the normative books that can be used as historians since ancient times, starting with Shangshu, the pursuit of recording facts is reduced; The Spring and Autumn Annals changed its writing style, and its records focused on brevity. This is probably due to the different thickness of the times and the different styles before and after. But simple words and rich historical events are what they have in common, and it is a particularly good historical work.
From the Han Dynasty to the Three Kingdoms, the figures in national history became more and more complicated. After the Jin Dynasty, I walked further and further on this road. If you want to find redundant sentences and extract redundant words, then there must be several words added incorrectly in a line; Within an article, there must be lines that waste pen and ink.
The sound of swarms of mosquitoes will cause thunder and vibration, and the weight of many light objects will also break the axle. Besides, chapters and sentences are not saved, and there is no word limit. Even if it can hold several cars, what is commendable?
Narrative genres can be divided into four types: those that can directly record the behavior of characters; Some only record the deeds of people; There are words that can be understood; Some use praise to be natural and clear. For example, The History of Ancient Chinese Literature describes the virtue of Emperor Yao, which is manifested as "forbearance and forbearance"; Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period is about the shape of my great-uncle, which is expressed by "beauty and elegance".
There is no other way to say such a record. What can lead to conduct is the so-called direct record. Another example is Zuo Zhuan, which records that Shen Sheng was framed by Li Ji and hanged himself. Ban Gu's narrative letter in Hanshu was besieged by Xiang Yu and died instead of Emperor Gaozu. Not to mention their moral integrity, but the loyalty and filial piety of the characters are naturally displayed, so-called only recording deeds.
Another example is Shangshu, which records Zhou Wuwang's crime of sealing the king in Shang Dynasty. In the oath, he said: "barbecue loyalty and dig pregnant women." "Zuo Zhuan" records and describes Chu's participation in the meeting, saying: "Gege Lanlv, go to the forest." This is talent and conduct, which is not mentioned at all, but involves the language of the characters, and the deeds are expressed, which is what can be understood according to the language.
Another example is Historical Records? After the Biography of Wei Qing, Tai Shigong said: "Su Jian once accused the general of not recommending sages and being rude to scholars." Hanshu? At the end of the Book of Filial Piety, Ban Gu praised: "The prince of Wu pretended to be ill and didn't meet the son of heaven. Wendi gave him a few sticks. " These things are not recorded in biographies and biographies, but when Mitchell made comments, he said these things again, which is naturally clear with the help of so-called praise.
In this way, talent, deeds, words and praise are not based on each other. If you want to write all four aspects, then the amount of pen and ink will be much more special (in recent biographies of history books, if you want to describe the grief of people in mourning, you must first say that he is "the pure filial piety of silly boys"; If you want to describe a person who studies all night, you must first say that he is "determined to learn".
To describe a desperate person in a battle, first say that he is "excellent in martial arts"; If you want a narrator to write an article, you should first say that he writes quickly. This is not only describing his behavior, but also stating his behavior. For example, Gu Liangzhuan said, "Li Ji poisoned wine and meat. When Jin Xiangong came back from hunting, Li Ji said, "The prince has sacrificed, so I will bless you with the sacrificed wine and meat."
When Gong Xian was about to eat, Li Ji knelt down and said, "The food comes from outside, so we must try it." Pour the wine on the ground and swell a big bag on the ground; Give the dog meat and the dog will fall to the ground and die. Li Ji went to the classroom and cried, "Oh, my God! Oh, my God.
The country is your country, so why do you care about becoming a monarch in the future? "And the Book of Rites said," My husband in Songguoyangmen died, and 40% of the children cried very sadly. People sent by the State of Jin to spy on the State of Song went back to report to Duke Jin, saying, "My husband died in Yangmen, and Zi Han cried very sadly. People are in a good mood. I'm afraid we can't attack. "
This is not only writing deeds, but also recording words. There are all kinds of recent history books. One person's stories, good and bad, are recorded in detail in biographies, and later previous events are repeated, with comments and praises. This is the only way, and the deeds have been written in the biography.
But from ancient times to the present, most classics have such defects ((Biography of Ram, Biography of Gu Liang, Book of Rites, New Preface, Shuoyuan, Warring States Policy, Chu and Han Dynasties, Historical Records, Five Dynasties History compiled by the royal family). Only one tenth can be avoided (only Zuo Qiuming, Pei and Wang Yun have no such problems).
Also, narrative ellipsis can be divided into two categories: one is sentence-saving, the other is word-saving. For example, Zuo Zhuan recorded that Song Guohua was in trouble with the alliance of Lu, saying that his ancestors had sinned against Song, and fools thought he was clever. Stupid people praise smart people (Lu people, meaning stupid people). The Book of Rites is annotated), then it is understood as a wise man's ridicule, in order to save sentences.
"Spring and Autumn Annals" said: "Fall in the Song Dynasty." It means that you hear something falling from the sky and see that it is a stone. Let's make it five dollars. Adding a word is too detailed, subtracting a word is too brief, and finding the most appropriate point in the details is concise but reasonable. This is called saving words. On the contrary, for example, Biography of the Ram says that it is one-eyed, Ji's father is bald, and Sun Man is full of postscript.
After the state of Qi, remember to meet the foot, the bald will meet the bald, and the one-eyed will meet the one-eyed. We should probably delete the words under "postscript" and just say "hello to the same kind of people" If everything has to be recounted, it will take a lot of words, which is the so-called annoying sentence. Hanshu? Zhang Changchuan said: "The old man has no teeth in his mouth."
Probably in this sentence, just remove the words "year" and "mouth". In such a six-character sentence, three words are randomly added, which are called annoying words. In this way, it is easier to save sentences than words. Only by deeply understanding this point can we talk about history. If sentences are redundant and words are repeated, then history books are complicated and messy for this reason.
People who catch big fish lose thousands of lines and get only one fish; He who catches tall birds opens his net and catches birds only in one eye. The narrator sometimes expands idle words in vain and adds a lot of irrelevant statements. If you get the point out, it's just a sentence.
If we can put away all the fishing lines and nets after catching fish and birds, all that remains is a sign. Maybe we can get rid of all the old thick cocoons and completely remove the dirt under the knife. Flowers drop fruit, dregs drain juice. Alas! It's mysterious and mysterious to be able to simplify and then simplify.
Lunping can't tell the ingenuity of using an axe, and Zhi Yi can't tell the endless change of taste in the soup pot. ) Modifiers become words, and permutation words become sentences. Sentences add up to chapters, and chapters add up to titles. As soon as the topic is divided, the words of one family will be completed.
Ancient messengers sent missions to other countries according to written orders; Doctors' response in diplomatic situations is mainly in language. Besides, if we want to organize them into chapters and sentences, how can we not try our best to carve them and pass them on to readers? Since the sage began to describe it, it has been called a classic. Every sentence is like the joy of Shao and Xia, and every word is as beautiful as a flower. The language is clear and refreshing, wonderful and rich.
For example, people who swim in the sea marvel at its vastness; Those who climb Mount Tai can only sigh that it is high and steep. Choose the most outstanding, I don't know where to choose. But the words in chapters and sentences are obvious and vague. Obviously, there are many lines between the lines, and the truth has been said in the article; Obscure, simple words, more than words.
Therefore, the advantages and disadvantages of the obscure and the obvious are different, which can be clearly seen. Being able to omit small things and keep big things, quoting important things can understand unimportant things, one sentence can summarize big things and small things, and a few words can keep important and unimportant things from being omitted. These are subtle methods.
In ancient articles, ambiguous words must be removed. Yu Shu said: "Yao is dead and people are like cicadas." "Xia Shu" said, "Kay croakes, I can't raise him." "Zhou Shu" said: "The soldiers on the front line defected" and "the blood shed floated on all the spring teeth". Yu Shu said, "If you punish four people, the world will take them."
These words seem rough, but in fact they are rich and complete. So people who just started reading it suspect that it is very simple, but it is difficult to write it out. Of course, it is not something that can be blamed with "small moves".
Later, Zuo Qiuming was taught by Chunqiu Jing and took Confucius as an example. This meaning is contained in a few words in Chunqiu Jing, and it is clearly expressed in a sentence in Zuo Zhuan. Although there are differences in the complexity and simplicity of the text, they are completely consistent in obvious or subtle processing.
Therefore, if the outline of the territory tells the customs of the country, that is to say, scholars are in power and thieves from the state of Jin fled to the state of Qin; After Xing moved, it was like going home, and wei ren forgot the pain of national subjugation.
If the personnel are detailed, the woman will persuade Nangong Changwan to drink and then wrap him in rhinoceros skin. By the time Song arrived, his hands and feet had been exposed. Pulling the rafters of the temple and shaking the beams of the roof; Most people in the army are cold. The king of Chu visited the three armed forces, and all the soldiers of the three armed forces were covered with silk cotton.
These are all simple but profound words. Although the words are over, the meaning is still unfinished. Let readers see the surface to understand the inside, touch the fur to identify the bones, see one thing in the sentence, and draw inferences from the outside. Obscure means, isn't it great?
In the two historical books of Sima Qian and Ban Gu, although they are much inferior to the Five Classics, if we look for their strengths, we will often encounter this language. For example, when Emperor Gaozu heard that Xiao He had left, it was like losing his right hand. The Han soldiers were defeated, but the rivers and mountains stopped; Dong Zhongshu rode a horse and didn't know his mother or father for three years; You can put a net to catch birds in front of Zhai Gong's house, and so on, which is such an example.
Since then, the principle of writing history has gradually declined, and writers with complex words have emerged. In their works, words are generally not used as words, sentences should be paired, the length should be equal, and the parity should match. Therefore, what can be summarized in one word should also be combined into two words; What should be written in three sentences must be divided into four sentences. Loose overlap, I don't know how to cut it.
Therefore, Wang Chudao was accused by Pei (? "Biography of Deng" said that "the appearance is very beautiful". Pei Songzhi said: "It is also a narrative fault to divide a word into three words").
Wen Zi Sheng was sneered at by Wang Jun's vigilance (Qi Zhi of Wang Zhu said: "At that time, public opinion regretted that Xing Zicai could not be responsible for compiling the history of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and Wen Zi Sheng, who was frustrated and disappointed, was the same as him, so it was not unreasonable to compile Yong 'an Ji."
Although the historian's writing is short, the facts are all very important, so it can be omitted, frugality is not vacant, just like a person using a magic weapon to defeat the enemy.
If you don't have outstanding talent and quick thinking, then you will spend a lot of words and phrases to make a thorough narrative. Just like a person who sells iron money, he can meet the price of buying and selling. In this way, before Historical Records and Hanshu, it was so concise; Under Guo and Jin ((Guo refers to the annals of the Three Kingdoms and Jin refers to the Book of Jin), it is so complicated and trivial.
If you want to determine their beauty and ugliness, identify their quality, read ancient history books and understand its chapters and sentences, you can read and chew them repeatedly; If you read a book about modern history and like its words, you only need to know the meaning of the narrative. In this way, it is obvious that one is expensive and the other is cheap, so there is no need to discuss it. The truth has come out. (The above is obscure. )
After writing articles in ancient times, Bi Xing came into being. It has been completely said that birds and beasts are used to compare the virtuous and foolish, and plants are used to compare men and women, poets and poets. In the Middle Ages, the style changed slightly. In the past, some people used similar figures, and others said that things must be compared with ancient things.
When the Han emperor was in power, the monarch was actually called the emperor, which was different from the "king" of Shang and Zhou Dynasties. The emperor's son was made king, and his name was not Lu Wei in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. However, the author also called the central court the royal family and the court ministers the princes. If the vassal is enfeoffed, it will be as firm as a rock, and if the vassal is appointed, he will declare the oath of the Yellow River.
Mitchell's compilation into history books, like those articles, changed today's language under the guise of ancient characters. Abuse of embellishment, starting here. In modern times, the atmosphere has become more prosperous, so that short books and miscellaneous novels of various schools are called "winning the championship" when it comes to rebellious ministers, and "long whales" when it comes to giants. When the people's Republic of China was founded, it was said to be "grass ignorance"; When the emperor rises to the highest position, he will be called "dragonfly".
These words are full of satire, not direct accusation, which is different from the principle that Zi You and Xia Zi can't modify the words in Spring and Autumn Annals, and the principle that Heather and Dong Hu can't record historical events in obscurity.
For example, Wei Shou's Shu Wei and Wu Jun's Qi Chunqiu are all inclusive of a generation or a family. Of course, we can take the unchangeable words as the guidelines and carry forward the most just and upright statements. However, Wei Shou said that Liu Song in the Southern Dynasties paid tribute to Yuan Wei, but it was called "offering a hundred prisons"; Wujun relayed that the emperor received an audience on New Year's Day, and he insisted that "all nations would appear before him".
Take the past as the present, use the ancient Wu to tax Lu, and Dayu counted the allusions of princes in Tushan. You can put it in an article, but not in a history book.
There are also ancient figures of the same type as examples. For example, the Book of Jin said that Zhuge Liang challenged Sima Huo in the hope of obtaining "the benefits that Cao deserved"; Cui Hong's Spring and Autumn Annals of Sixteen Countries said that Mu Rongchong was favored by Fu Jian because of his "dragon posture". These things are consistent from ancient times to modern times, which is very correct.
Lu Sidao said that Xing Jie's dead son didn't cry, which has not been seen since Dongmen Wu. Li Baiyao said that Wang Lin won the hearts of the people, even though General Li was very kind to his subordinates and good at inducing them. This is a false reference to ancient things, making up a tune with vulgar tones, and showing off one's knowledge far-fetched. If you analyze it carefully, it will be inappropriate.
Rites of the ancients? Tan Gong is good at remembering things. Don't stick to the precedent of predecessors, first set new standards, which were recorded in previous history books and adopted by later history books. Therefore, the system of soldiers dying in the army was established as reputation in the early Han Dynasty, which was written by Sima Qian. Lu people began to get married in the funeral, which is recorded in Zuo Qiuming.
The pontoon bridge can be built, which Du Yuankai proved in Mao's poems. Men have raised money, and Liu Bowen quoted The Book of Rites from a distance? That's the case with Nezer. Cha Pei Ren Jing's "Ji Qin" said that Fu Jian was eating, "caressing the plate and scolding"; Wang Yun's "Enlightenment" said that he was grateful to Luo Gan and "took off his hat to thank him".
When Cui edited the Records of the New Sixteen Kingdoms, Li Chonggui deleted the old history of the Northern Qi Dynasty, so he changed "Fupan" to "Clouds" and "taking off his hat" to "bareheaded".
In modern times, people don't have to eat in a box, and the custom of Hu people is not to wear a crown on their heads. Just because they think the language of Pei and Wang is different from that of ancient books, they changed it into elegant characters. This allows learners to examine the differences between the customs of a generation and the differences between ancient and modern times. Also, since the half-blood impure races proclaimed themselves emperors and founded the country and spread all over the Central Plains, the customs and habits are different from those of the Chinese nation, and the language is mostly ugly and vulgar.
For example, "wing key" is a taboo of Emperor Zhao Chengdi, and "black otter" is the real name of Emperor Zhou Wendi. Wei changed another name, making his nest disappear and I can't remember it. Probably, the dragon fell, and the words were ugly; Zhong Er and black buttocks are considered vulgar. These ancient books are listed in the Three Histories and circulated in the Five Classics. I haven't heard of them, and then people discussed and revised them.
Moreover, some calves are clearly recorded in Shu language (Du Taiqing's Miracle records Russian saying: "The first cow enters the West Valley to welcome the calf"). Dogs along the river are recorded in folk songs (Wang Zhu's "Enlightenment" records that folk songs say: "The dogs in the river break your garden after the first round of irrigation"). As bright as the sun and the moon, it's hard to hide. If you don't write these, how can you tell future generations?
Some surnames are compound surnames, and they are all omitted as words. Either remove the word "Wan Niu" and leave only the word "Yu", or keep only the word "Di" and remove the word "". It's hard to hear such examples since ancient times.
Confucius once said, "Literati are better than simplicity, just like history." It can be seen that the writing of history books must rely on words. From the Five Classics to the Three History, it is worth talking about using literary narration.
Writing today is different. Some words in these books have been unrealistically modified and described very casually; Some styles are like fu, and words are similar to excellent words. Literature is not like literature and history is not like history. Just like King Wusun's palace, it is mixed with Han style, and the result is like a swan carving without success, but it is like a wild duck. (The above is a false decoration. )
Extended data:
Introduction to Shi Tong:
Shi Tong is the first systematic monograph on historical theory in China and the world, written by Liu Zhiji in Tang Dynasty. The content of the book is mainly to comment on the style and compilation method of history books, and to discuss the origin of history books and the gains and losses of previous compilation of history books.
Shi Tong covers a wide range, which can be basically classified into two categories: historical theory and historical criticism. Historical theory refers to the elaboration of historical style, compilation method and historian system; Historical criticism includes commenting on historical events, discussing the gains and losses of historical records, and examining the similarities and differences of historical events.
Because Shi Tong summed up all the problems of historiography before the Tang Dynasty, it has a very high historical position and has a far-reaching influence on later generations. The compilation of this book lasted nine years, starting in Chang 'an two years after the Wu Dynasty in the Tang Dynasty and ending in Jinglong, Tang Zhongzong four years later.
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