Basic Introduction Chinese Name: Southeast Asian Buddhism mbth: Buddhi *** Spread in Southeast Asia: Khmer, Thailand, Myanmar and Indonesia Historical Records: Zhou Nan Foreign Bodies? "Taiping Yulan" School: The time when Southern Buddhism spread to the throne: the general situation of Buddhism in Southeast Asia around A.D., the Buddhism in Southeast Asia lived, Laos, Khmer, Thailand, Myanmar, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines and Vietnam, and the Buddhism in Southeast Asia spread to the throne mainly in the south. Mainly distributed in Laos, Khmer, Thailand, Myanmar, Indonesia and parts of central and southern Vietnam. According to relevant historical records, Buddhism was popular in Southeast Asia around the Gregorian calendar era. "Taiping Yulan" quoted Wan Zhen from "Foreign Objects in Zhou Nan" as saying: "Linyang is more than 7,000 miles west of Funan, and the ground is flat. There are more than 100,000 people, men and women who are benevolent and worship Buddha. " There is also a description in Fu Nan that "Fu Nan Guo works as a Buddha", which Zhu Xi quoted in Shui Jing Zhu. Funan is an ancient name in Khmer. From the 2nd century to the 6th century, Buddhism flourished in Southeast Asia. Brahmanism, which was introduced earlier than Buddhism, has been replaced by Buddhism after experiencing the stage of coexistence and integration with Buddhist figures, but its influence on Buddhism still exists. Temple buildings such as Borobudur, Angkor Wat Temple, Pagoda Temple of Bogan Dynasty, Buddha statues and Buddhist ceremonies all have a certain Brahmanism color. After the tenth century, the Buddhism of Seating was respected and advocated by feudal lords in most countries, and it strengthened its ties with Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and sent monks to study abroad. According to the phonetic order of Pali, he created his own national characters to write the transliteration of Pali Sanzang classics, and established the system of Mahaniyah and Damoyot monks. Buddhism is regarded as the state religion and has a far-reaching influence on the public. From18th century to modern times, the transliteration of barris Sanzang in Thai, Burmese, Khmer and Lao was gradually completed, and some scriptures were further translated into local languages, which made the upper-left Buddhism spread more widely. Southeast Asian Buddhism Laos/KLOC-At the beginning of the 0 th century, Mahayana Buddhism and Brahmanism were popular in the southern region. /kloc-In the middle of the 4th century, Buddhism was introduced to the throne from Khmer, respected as the state religion, and the system of Dharma and Mahayana Buddhist monks and kings was established. From 16 to 17 century, it once became the Buddhist center of Southeast Asia, built many pagodas, carved Buddha statues, founded Bali Buddhist College, and implemented the monk examination system. /kloc-at the end of 0/9, after becoming a French colony, Buddhism was severely hit, the temple tower was destroyed and the robbed monks were killed. With the upsurge of the national liberation movement in the 20th century, Buddhism was revived. Buddhist organizations were established in the national unification, three Tibetan classics in Lao and Pali were compiled and published, and the educational center system of Pali language teaching with monasteries as the main body was restored. Laos: Buddhist beliefs in Laos' history began with the establishment of the French king in Nanzhang (14 century). /kloc-At the beginning of the 5th century, King Pattaya built a temple to advocate Buddhism, and cast a huge bronze Buddha statue in Wat Manorom for worship. Now the temple has been destroyed, leaving only the head and chest. King Siddhartha Tulang built Datulang in 1566, which is called Liao Tower in Lao. It is the greatest building in Laos. /kloc-was destroyed by bandits at the end of 0/9th century, and was rebuilt in 0/930. 1959, Laos promulgated the Laos Sangha Law, stipulating that monks and nuns must obey the monk king. Today, there are more than 1000 Buddhist temples in China, with as many as 12000 monks. Fuji Temple near Luang Prabang, the ancient capital, is the center of Buddhism, where the 478kg golden Buddha statue cast by Ceylon in15th century is enshrined. 20 kilometers north of the ancient capital, there is Beixu Cave, which is called' Ten Thousand Buddha Cave'. Every year on Buddha's Birthday, the old king will personally hold a Buddha washing ceremony. In Yongzhen, the capital, there is a Zhongliao Buddhist Society founded by overseas Chinese. (See' Lao Buddhism '5975) In addition to primitive fetishism and elf worship, the early religious beliefs of Khmer were deeply influenced by Brahmanism and Buddhism around the Gregorian era. In the 5th and 6th centuries, Mahayana Buddhism began to spread. Due to the frequent trade with China and India, Mahayana Buddhism has been greatly developed. Meanwhile, monks appeared one after another. There are many people in China who learn from shamans to preach and translate scriptures. For example, in the first half of the 6th century, there were Sinhala and Datura languages. After the 9th century, it has become the center of Buddhism in Southeast Asia, but Hinduism has also flourished in parallel, including Angkor Wat, which was founded at the end of the 9th century and completed in12nd century, and Angkor Wat in Galand, which was later established. That is, the reflection of the mixture of two religions in temple architecture. Since then, Mahayana Buddhism and Hinduism have tended to decline due to the influence of foreigners. /kloc-after the middle of the 0/4th century, Khmer, the successor of Buddhism in Thailand, gradually implemented the system of two factions of monks and kings and made it the state religion. The king is the natural guardian of Buddhism. At the beginning of the 20th century, in the national liberation struggle against French colonialism, although many Buddhist temples were destroyed, Buddhism still developed to a certain extent. Many monks took part in the struggle against colonialism, founded Pali School, Sihanoukville University and Buddhist College, and published some Pali Sanzang classics in Khmer and some Buddhist scriptures translated in Khmer. Khmer: Formerly known as Funan, Zhenla and Cambodia, it is a small country with Indian culture as the main body, located at the southern tip of Indochina Peninsula. Its language is transformed from Sanskrit and Pali. Buddhism was introduced into China at the latest in the Funan period in the 3rd century BC, when the most Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures were translated. After the sixth century, Brahmanism and Buddhism went hand in hand; /kloc-At the end of 0/2 century, Buddhism reached its peak in the era of Jaya Varman VII. In13rd century and 4th century, Southern Buddhism introduced it. Thailand was called Siam in ancient times. Judging from the Buddhist cultural relics and pagoda sites excavated in Nakong Batong Temple, as early as BC, there were descendants of Hinayana Buddhism. Later, Brahmanism and Mahayana Buddhism spread from India to South Siam and its coastal neighbors. 1 1 century, the Anurotuo dynasty in Myanmar rose, and its influence extended to many areas in northern and central Siam. King Anurotuo believed in Hinayana Buddhism and strongly supported its development and spread. Therefore, Hinayana Buddhism was once popular in Siam, especially in the northern region. /kloc-In the middle of the third century, the Thais established an independent tribal country in Sukhothai, and their power gradually expanded to the south, bringing South Siam under their rule and accepting the Mahayana Buddhism popular in this area. At the same time, the religious ceremony of Mahayana Buddhism with the color of Brahmanism is gradually accepted by the followers of Mahayana Buddhism in Thailand. Previously, Ceylon held the seventh gathering of Buddhism in the12nd century, reorganized the organization of monks, strictly observed the precepts, and made Ceylon's Buddhism flourish. At that time, some tribal countries in northern Siam sent monks to study and inherit the ceremony of wearing anklets. In the early days of Sukhothai dynasty, the influence of Ceylon Sect had spread to South Siam, and the Ceylon missionary center was established in Litamaroto. Rama Kangheng, the third monarch of Sukhothai Dynasty, once welcomed the Ceylon monks to the capital to carry forward their teachings, which made the Ceylon Sect popular, but Mahayana Buddhism took a back seat. Since then, under the protection of feudal monarchs, Buddhism has gradually formed a monk-king system, and almost all people believe in Buddhism, which has penetrated into daily life customs. King Lee Tae, the fourth monarch of Sukhothai Dynasty, was a devout Buddhist and once became a monk, which set a precedent for King Thai to become a monk in a certain period. 136 1 welcomed the eminent monks in Ceylon, and unified the religion and Buddhism in the country. 1767, when Ayutthaya of Dacheng Dynasty captured Myanmar, all the ancient books and cultural relics in palaces and temples were destroyed by fire. After the establishment of the Wu Dynasty, King Zheng Zhaoguo ordered the collection of Buddhist documents and collected, sorted out and preserved them, but soon Zheng Zhao was killed and his work came to a standstill. After the establishment of Bangkok dynasty, Rama I inherited Zheng Zhao's unfinished business. 1788, he called 230 Buddhist monks and 30 royal scholars to sort out and compile the Three Tibetan Classics, which is the ninth collection in the history of Buddhism in Thailand. The compiled Sanzang is named "Assembled Sanzang" or "Royal Sanzang", with a total of 288 pieces. During the reign of Rama IV (185 1 ~ 1868), Buddhism was reformed, and a Sect called "Orthodox Sect" appeared in Upaya, and traditional Buddhism was called "Dazhong Sect". There is no significant difference between the two schools in teaching, but they are lenient and strict in observing precepts. At present, Buddhism in Thailand mainly belongs to these two schools. During the reign of King Rama V Chulalongkorn (1868- 19 10), he put forward the plan of printing all the Sanzang. Before going to press, the Thai version was not only revised in detail, but also compared with Khmer, Sinhalam and Bengali. Published in 1893, 39 volumes in total, 1000 volumes. This time, there are still 8 Tibetan scriptures in Thai that have not been compiled. 1925, Rama VII succeeded to the throne. According to the will of his brother Rama VI, three Tibetan scriptures were compiled in Thai, including the missing Sutra, into 45 volumes, all of which were published in 1928. At present, 90% people in Thailand are Buddhist believers. (3) Thailand: Buddhism was introduced into Thailand, which can be traced back to the time of Ashoka. At that time, Buddhism spread in the seat, and the recipients were Khmer ancestors rather than modern Thais. In the 8th century BC, Mahayana Buddhism was introduced from Indonesia and Khmer. The existing Chaiya Pagoda, the original stone pagoda in Liu Kun (later rebuilt in Ceylon style) and the statue of Guanyin Bodhisattva cast with mixed metals were all great buildings at that time. 1 1 century, influenced by Bagan Buddhism in Myanmar, northern Thailand believed in the throne, and since the south of Sukhothai, it still believes in Mahayana Buddhism. The stupa was built during the reign of Rama IV (185 1 ~ 1868) and was not built until Rama VI, with a height of about120m and a perimeter of about 240m. It is the largest stupa in Thailand today. Today, there are about 2 1000 Buddhist temples in Thailand, more than 400 Bali Buddhist colleges, and nearly 6,000 Buddhist colleges in Thailand, with students180,000. 99% of Thais are Buddhists, and there are only a few Muslims in the border area between southern Thailand and Malaysia. There are three Buddhist memorial days every year, namely Vesak Day in June, Moga Day in March and settlement day in early July. These three days are national holidays. There are also 15 overseas Chinese Buddhist associations engaged in Buddhist undertakings and practices in China. (See' Thai Buddhism' 4 146) Buddhism in Myanmar spread earlier. According to the island history, in the 3rd century BC, Indian Ashoka sent two elders, Xu Na and Yudoro, to preach in Jindi. Some people think that Di Chin is the Datong area in Myanmar today, but this statement cannot be regarded as a conclusive historical fact. Before and after the Gregorian calendar, there was an air route from southeast India to Myanmar, and the traffic between Ceylon and Myanmar developed around southeast India, so Buddhism in Ceylon probably spread by sea. According to the inscriptions found in the ancient capital of Yi nationality (a branch of Myanmar nationality), Buddhism in Ceylon was very popular in the 5th century. In the late 6th century, Amitabha, a tantric Buddha, spread to Bagan, Myanmar. 1 1 In the middle of the century, King Anatola of Bagan dynasty unified the whole territory of Myanmar. He rejected Aryan religion, established Buddhism as the state religion, and respected elder Arhat as the national teacher. 1058 founded the Burmese alphabet, transliterated three Tibetan scriptures of upper-left Buddhism, and laid the foundation for upper-left Buddhism in Myanmar. 4 tear? Bitch? What's the matter with you? At the end of the 3rd century, the Bagan Dynasty collapsed, and there was a split between North and South in Myanmar. But both the Northern and Southern Dynasties believed in Buddhism, and Buddhist temples and pagodas were built in Awa in the north, and the Shwedagon Pagoda was also built in the south. Since then, kings of all dynasties have raised the Shwedagon Pagoda, covered it with gold foil, and traced it back, forming a modern form. /kloc-In the mid-8th century, the northern and southern dynasties of Myanmar were unified by the Yongji Dynasty, and Buddhism flourished. Meng of this dynasty built the world's largest brick tower and a big clock in 1 1. 12 ~ 19 At the end of the year, the Sinhalese Sect and the Mormon Sangha Sect gradually split, forming the Sanfa Sect, the Qin Rui Sect, and the Benpai Sect. 187 1 year, the king of the kingdom of minton called 2400 elders to hold the fifth gathering in Mahdri, and re-edited the Balinese Sanzang in Myanmar. Later, all the classics were engraved on 729 marble tablets and preserved forever. With the development of the national liberation movement in the 20th century, Burmese monks established Buddhist organizations to participate in the struggle against British colonialism. After Myanmar's independence, on the occasion of the 2,500th anniversary of 1956 Sakyamuni's nirvana, representatives of Buddhist circles from all over the world were invited to hold the sixth collection, with 2,500 participants, to sort out the eight-mile Sanzang in Burmese and publish the version 5 1 volume. 196 1 declared Buddhism as the state religion, and then abolished the status of the state religion and implemented the policy of freedom of religious belief. At present, Buddhists in Myanmar account for more than 80% of the total population. Myanmar: Buddhism was introduced into Myanmar with a history of belief, about after the fifth century BC. 1 1 century, King Anulutuo was located in Bagan, which created the golden age of Buddhism. At that time, there was a pagoda in Ruixi Palace, which contained the Buddha's teeth ushered in from Ceylon, as well as the forehead and collarbone of the Buddha who was invited in because of inferiority, so the incense has been extremely strong so far. /kloc-In the 8th century, King Meng Yan of Myanmar built the largest Gongmin Buddha Pagoda in the world at that time, and today it still enshrines a Buddhist relic presented by Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty. /kloc-From the end of 0/9 to the middle of the 20th century, Myanmar was ruled by the British, and Buddhism was ignored. However, the Myanmar Youth Buddhist Association was founded in 1906, calling for independence. Today, Buddhists in Myanmar account for 90% of the national population, Islam and Hinduism each account for 3%, Christianity accounts for 2%, and others account for 2%. Buddhists only have monks, Misha, believers, men and women, but there are no monks, Misha and Orthodox women. There are more than 20,000 Buddhist temples in China. (See' Myanmar Buddhism' 6 120) Indonesia was a hub of maritime transportation around the Gregorian calendar, and its residents were all Indians, mainly believing in Brahmanism. At the beginning of the 5th century, when Fa Xian visited Yepoti (now Sumatra and Java), according to his Buddhist Records, Brahmanism prevailed there, but there was also a small amount of Buddhism. Later, when an Indian monk asked Bona Mo to go to China, he saw that Buddhism was very popular. According to China's historical records Song Shu, Heather and Liang Shu, from the middle of the 5th century to the first half of the 6th century, Sumatra, Java, Bali and other places widely believed in Buddhism and praised the Three Treasures. At the end of the 7th century, the Kingdom of Sri Lanka was established in Sumatra. I Ching, a monk from China, stayed here when he traveled to and from India. According to him, both land and Hinayana were used. However, from the unearthed cultural relics, the belief in Guanyin Bodhisattva and Doro Bodhisattva in Tantric Buddhism is also very common. In the early 8th century, an Indian monk, King Kong Zhi, who went to China, died and stayed in Sri Lanka. He is not empty, but worships King Kong as his teacher in Gaopo. It can be seen that Mahayana Buddhism, especially tantric Buddhism, was very popular in Sri Lanka around the 8th century. After the 8th century, Buddhism developed from Sri Lanka to the Malay Peninsula. The local royal family believes in esoteric Buddhism, and a large number of esoteric temples have been established in Malay Peninsula, with a large number of folk believers. After the 5th century, Buddhism spread widely in Java. In the 8th and 9th centuries, the kings of Xia Lian Terra Dynasty established in Central Java believed in Mahayana Buddhism and Tantric Hinduism, and established many monasteries, such as the world-famous Borobudur Temple, which was as high as 10 floor, representing the top ten dharma circles. The stone cloisters are all carved with exquisite reliefs, which are magnificent wonders in the world art history./kloc-At the beginning of the 20th century, the monk who died in Sri Lanka compiled the famous Buddhist work Mahayana. The New Dashali Dynasty established by Geng Anlu in East Java in the13rd century and the Manchu Dynasty in White established by Wei in the14th century all believed in Buddhism. Javanese Buddhism is a mixture of Mahayana tantra and Hindu Shiva. They regard Buddha and Shiva as a whole, and there are many Hindu gods among the objects of worship. /kloc-After Islam spread to Java in the 5th century, the beliefs of Buddhism and Shiva gradually declined and disappeared. Indonesia: There were many Buddhists in Java in the early 5th century BC. When Fa Xian visited the island (4 14), Brahmanism was in full swing and Buddhism was in the ascendant. In the 6th century, Buddhism was officially introduced into Sumatra and Pakistan, which is an important town for studying Buddhism in small island countries in Southeast Asia. There are 1000 monks living there, comparable to the Nalanda Temple in India. At that time, all countries in the South China Sea believed in being seated, but there was only a little Mahayana here. In the seventh century, the Buddhist empire in Sri Lanka perished, and the whole country generally believed in Buddhism. In the eighth century, Buddhists in Bangladesh also introduced Tantric Buddhism, and it was not until the twelfth century that Tantric Buddhism began to decline. /kloc-after the Dutch invasion in the 0 th and 5 th centuries, Buddhism suffered a devastating blow, and only temples built by overseas Chinese maintained their vitality. After World War II, Buddhism revived. 197 1 year, the number of followers 1000 million, and more than 300 monasteries. (See' Indonesian Buddhism '2204) Malaysia, Malaysia and Buddhism were introduced to Malaysia in the second century BC, and flourished with Brahmanism in the 15th century. Since the15th century, the Malacca dynasty advocated Islamic belief, and Buddhism declined gradually. In the past century, Buddhism has a tendency of revival due to the re-migration of overseas Chinese Buddhists and Christians in Southern Buddhism. 1959, the Buddhist Association of Malaysia (later renamed the Buddhist Association of Malaysia) was established in Penang, and the monthly magazine Endless Light was published, trying to explain Buddhism. In addition, Bodhi primary schools, middle schools and Buddhist schools have been set up to educate young Buddhists. In China, teachers such as Yuan Ying, Hui Quan, Hui Ji and Fa Fang successively taught Buddhism in Ipoh Buddhist College. In addition to China Daily and Star Endless Lights, there are China Daily and GuangPenang Daily, which issue a special issue of Buddhism every month to promote Buddhism. (See' Malaysian Buddhism '4343) Singapore Singapore, 1959 Independent China with a population of over two million. Master Taixu founded the Chinese Buddhist Association here in the 15th year of the Republic of China (1926). At present, the most popular Dojo is Pujue Temple in Guangming Mountain, with thousands of participants each time. The largest jungle is Shuanglin Temple, with the wind of Chinese mainland jungle. In addition, a women's Buddhist college was founded, and its life and ideological education were independent of the temple, which was quite different from the Buddhist college in Taiwan Province Province. (See' Singapore Buddhism '5466) The Philippines is the only Catholic country in the Far East. However, from the eighth century to the thirteenth century, Buddhism was introduced here under the influence of the Indonesian Sri Lankan Empire. It can be proved that there are still some Sanskrit elements in the local language of Filipinos. Regrettably, except for a few unearthed Buddha statues, Buddhism has not had any influence on Philippine culture. In the 20th year of the Republic of China, overseas Chinese organized the China Buddhist Research Association to go to the Philippines, which was the earliest Buddhist group in the Philippines. It published only one issue of "Good News of the Sea Country" and built Mahayana Belief Temple to promote Buddhism. In addition to Xinyuan Temple, there are Putuo Temple and Suyan Temple in downtown Manila, both branches of China Temple. Modern Philippine Buddhism came with overseas Chinese, so it is mostly popular among overseas Chinese so far. (See' Philippine Buddhism '5259) Vietnamese Buddhism was introduced to Vietnam in the second century BC at the latest. From that time to the first half of the tenth century, Buddhism was introduced to China. The development period is from the second half of the tenth century to the end of the fourteenth century, and the peak period is 200 years from the eleventh century to the beginning of the thirteenth century. Vietnamese Buddhism has always relied on the protection and promotion of the royal family. Although influenced by China, the orthodox theory failed to take root. Therefore, the characteristics of Vietnamese Buddhism are limited to the Zen branch prevailing in southern China, and there is no grand display and performance in theory. /kloc-After the 5th century, Ming culture was transplanted, Confucianism and literature flourished, Taoism and Lamaism went hand in hand, and Buddhism declined alone. Since then, Buddhism has integrated Confucianism and Taoism. Temple buildings look like China. There are five or six altars in the center of the hall. The front row is usually dedicated to the birth statue of Buddha, with Ananda and Mu Yulian around, and others dedicated to Confucian saints and Taoist immortals. Most of them spread to the north, and most of the classics were written in China, except that the south was influenced by Buddhism. 1963, the Wu Tingyan regime in South Vietnam attempted to persecute Buddhism by taking advantage of the regime, which led to the self-immolation and martyrdom of seven monks and nuns, including Guangde. Later, it was ruled by Yang, Ruan and Ruan Wenshao. 1975, with the withdrawal of American troops, Vietnam also fell. (See "Vietnamese Buddhism" 5278)