(1) "Pollution first, then treatment" and "Destruction first, then recovery" mode: Since the industrial revolution, countries all over the world have generally experienced the process of "pollution first, then treatment", and mining development has caused a series of environmental hazards. For example, at the end of19th century, Tennessee Copper Smelter was located in Gastes Town, USA. Due to waste gas pollution, the trees on the surrounding mountains gradually withered and died. The waste water from the copper mine polluted the river and made the fish extinct. The residents of the town gradually left, and finally the copper mine closed down and became a ruin. In the lower reaches of Shentongchuan, Toyama Prefecture, Japan, a zinc smelter discharged cadmium-containing wastewater in the 1950s, which induced a famous bone pain incident in Toyama, resulting in more than 280 patients with bone cancer and 43 deaths. Over-extraction of groundwater and exploitation of mineral resources such as oil, natural gas and coal in the western United States have caused compaction and contraction of strata and large-scale land subsidence in some areas. The profound historical lessons and heavy environmental costs deserve our vigilance. The main reason is that limited by the level of scientific and technological development at that time, enterprises pursued profit maximization, and the government was weak in environmental protection consciousness at that time, and exchanged economic development at the expense of ecological environment. Since the founding of New China 50 years ago, China's mining development has basically followed this mining development model, which is the historical reason why serious mine environmental geological problems generally exist in old state-owned mines today.
(2) Mineral resources development mode under strict environmental restrictions: this is a mining development mode in the post-industrial era. Although it effectively protects the environment, it restricts the development of mining industry in some aspects and makes the mining market depressed. Some developed countries have adopted the policy of strictly restricting the development of mining industry for the sake of national defense and mineral security. Develop overseas mineral resources to meet domestic demand, while transferring environmental damage to other countries. Since the 1960s, especially after the idea of sustainable development was put forward, the rational development of mineral resources and environmental protection have attracted the attention of all countries in the world. Different levels of economic development and social systems determine the differences in the degree of protection and policies of mineral resources in countries around the world. Developed industrialized countries, represented by the United States, have higher production levels and earlier mining legislation. For the sake of its own economic and environmental interests, mining development at this stage is not limited to domestic, but to develop foreign mineral resources through capital export. In this way, it not only obtains high mining profits, but also stores domestic mineral resources, and at the same time transfers the environmental geological problems brought about by mining development. At present, China has increased the protection of mine geological environment and started to attach importance to "two resources and two markets". However, due to the national conditions and ensuring national mineral security, "mining development under strict environmental conditions" is not suitable for the current national conditions of China.
(3) Green mining: "Developing in protection and protecting in development" is the principle of mineral resources development in China at present, that is, taking the road of green mining that combines rational development and utilization of mineral resources with ecological environment protection in mining areas is the only way to reasonably solve the main contradiction between resource development and ecological environment protection and realize the "win-win" goal of resource development and ecological environment protection under dynamic conditions.