First industrial revolution
time
65438+ Since the 1960s, 08
background condition
Political Foundation-Establishing Bourgeois Rule (Premise)
Economic base-obtaining capital through overseas trade, slave trade and colonial plunder.
Labor-enclosure movement (a large number of farmers went bankrupt and became free workers with nothing)
Technical knowledge accumulation in the period of workshop handicraft industry
Resources-the continuous expansion of foreign markets
Market (Necessity)-It has successively defeated Spain, the Netherlands and France, and the foreign market has been expanding.
Major achievements
Cotton Textile Department-Jenny Spinning Machine (Hargreaves,1765); Mule machine (1779, klomp); Hydraulic Loom (Cartwright, 1785)
Steam Engine with Improved Power (Watt, 1785)
Transportation-Ships (Fulton, USA, 1807)
Steam locomotive (Stephenson, 18 14)
trait
1, first occurred in Britain, from the invention and use of machines to the production of machines.
2. Starting from the light industry (cotton textile) sector, most people who invented machines were workers and technicians with practical experience.
3. Large-scale machine production has replaced, for example, workshops and handicrafts, and human beings have entered the "age of steam".
affect
1, which greatly improved the productivity and consolidated and widely established the capitalist system.
2. Great changes have taken place in the social structure, and society is increasingly divided into two opposing classes.
3. Great changes have taken place in the economic structure, and the process of urbanization has begun.
The world pattern has changed, and the East is subordinate to the West.
5. With the development of liberal capitalism, colonial aggression entered a period of mainly exporting commodities.
the second industrial revolution
time
65438+ Since 1970s, 2009
background condition
Political guarantee-the capitalist system is established in the world.
Production technology-a breakthrough in natural science
Capital-the accumulation of capital and the plunder of colonies
Market-the unification of Germany, Italy and Japan opened the domestic market; The emergence of the world market and the formation of the capitalist world system have further expanded the demand for commodities.
Major achievements
Wide application of electric power (Siemens-generator; Gram-motor)
The creation of internal combustion engines and new vehicles (karl benz-cars driven by internal combustion engines; Wright brothers plane)
The development of telecommunications (Bell telephone, Marconi wireless telegraph)
trait
1, with a solid scientific foundation, science is closely integrated with industrial production and technology, which promotes the development of productive forces.
2. Several countries happen at the same time, with a large scale and rapid development.
Many countries experienced the first industrial revolution.
affect
1, rapid development of productivity
2. Monopolies and monopoly organizations were formed, and major capitalist countries entered the stage of imperialism.
3. The imperialist powers stepped up their efforts to carve up the world, and colonial aggression entered a period dominated by capital export.
4. The imbalance between political and economic development has intensified, and the contrast system of world power has changed.
The third industrial revolution (scientific and technological revolution)
time
Since the second world war.
background condition
1, political guarantee-the development of capitalism is relatively stable and the state monopolizes the development of capitalism.
2, the prerequisite-a major breakthrough in scientific theory
3. Necessary means-scientific and technological development has a certain material and technical foundation.
4, the driving force-social demand (World War II military demand, post-war arms race and economic development requirements. )
Major achievements
Atomic energy (1945, USA, the first atomic bomb; 1954, the first nuclear power plant in the Soviet Union)
Space technology (1957, Soviet Union, the first artificial earth satellite; 198 1 year, the first space shuttle in the United States)
Electronic computer (1946, USA)
Synthetic materials; Molecular biology; Genetic engineering (1973, USA, the first successful recombinant DNA biological genetic engineering)
trait
1, the transformation of science and technology into direct productivity has accelerated.
2. Science and technology are closely integrated and promote each other.
3. The fields of science and technology are mutually infiltrated, highly differentiated and integrated.
affect
1 has greatly promoted the development of social productive forces.
2. It promotes the changes of social economic structure and social life structure.
3. It promotes the adjustment of international economic separatism.