Many Mongolian tribes on the Mongolian Plateau were originally vassal minorities of the Jin Dynasty. With the gradual decline of the Jin dynasty, Mongolia's power began to grow and gradually broke away from the rule of the Jin dynasty. In the fourth year of Jintaihe (1204), Temujin, the leader of Mongolia, unified the Mongolian tribes on the Mongolian Plateau through a brutal war. In the sixth year of Taihe (AD 1206), Temujin was elected as? Genghis Khan? The establishment of Mobei regime, title? Great Mongolia? (YekeMonggholUlus), that is, the Great Mongolian Empire. After the establishment of Great Mongolia, it launched a war of conquest and expanded its territory. 12 17 years, destroyed the western Liao, 12 19, attacked the Volga river basin. /kloc-0 returned to the east in 225, and/kloc-0 destroyed Xixia in 227. Genghis Khan also died in the expedition to Xixia. The foreign war of Mongolian army has the nature of conquest. In order to reduce the casualties of the Mongolian army and speed up the process of the war, the Mongolian army adopted a cruel and barbaric policy towards the enemy during the war. The areas that surrendered to the Mongolian army suffered relatively small losses, while a large number of areas that dared to resist bravely were slaughtered and enslaved after the city was broken, and countless properties were looted and destroyed. As a result of the war, a huge empire with unprecedented territory and the largest population and economic aggregate in the world was established, and its influence was extremely prosperous. Basically realized the pattern of world unification and world harmony, which had a great influence on future generations. It should be noted, however, that this series of wars of conquest brought great damage to many ancient civilizations in Eurasia, including China. Many ethnic groups have been brutally and unjustly oppressed, and countless people and property have been lost in the war and subsequent plagues, famines and natural disasters. This is also a rare dark period in war-torn areas. The duration of the entire Mongolian empire ranged from 1206 to 1635. 1259 After Meng Ge, the king of Khan, died in Sichuan, his brothers Kublai Khan and Ali Buge began to compete for the position of Khan. 1March, 260, Alibaba Buge passed in Hala and Horinger, the capital of Mongolian Empire, and was supported by most Mongolian orthodox factions such as King Azutai. Khuriletai？ The conference was a big sweat. At the same time, Kublai Khan returned to Kaiping (now Duolun, Inner Mongolia) after making peace with the Southern Song Dynasty. With the support of Confucian officials in the Central Plains and some Mongolian kings, * * * claimed to be sweating. 1260 April, Kublai Khan established Zhongshu Province, in charge of state affairs. 1260 in may, Kublai Khan issued a decree of "imperial edict" to establish the unification of the yuan dynasty (yuan dynasty history). Because Kublai Khan claimed to be Khan in the Central Plains and promoted the Han method, which obviously violated the Mongolian tradition and caused strong dissatisfaction between Alibaba Brother and Mongolian Orthodox School, Kublai Khan and Alibaba Brother immediately launched the Khan War for four years. Until 1264, Alibaba was defeated and surrendered, and Kublai Khan was designated as a statue, but he publicized it? Chinese method? However, many Mongolian nobles were dissatisfied and refused to join Kublai Khan. As a result, several other Mongolian khanates were hostile, and Kublai Khan's regime only included? China? (Not exactly China in today's sense) and the Mongolian Plateau, and the Mongolian Empire ceased to exist. In the eighth year of Zhiyuan (A.D. 127 1), Kublai Khan issued the decree "Imperial edict of People's Republic of China (PRC)", which was taken from the Book of Changes? Great Gan Yuan? What is the official number of Jianguo? Yuan? . This is the watershed of the Mongolian regime's transformation from the world empire to the Central Plains dynasty. Prior to this, the Mongolian regime plundered the Central Plains, which was only a part of its territory. Only Kublai Khan transformed into a dynasty with China as the main body, and before that? Yuan? The name hasn't come up yet, so? Yuan dynasty? The establishment of should be counted from this. In the ninth year of Zhiyuan (AD 1272), it was built in the capital of Central Plains (now Beijing) under the planning of Liu. In the 13th year of Zhiyuan (A.D. 1276), the Yuan army captured Lin 'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang), the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, and captured the five-year-old Empress Hexie. In the 16th year of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1279), the Yuan army wiped out the last resistance of the Southern Song Dynasty in the sea battle of Yashan, and Lu Xiufu plunged into the sea with his 8-year-old emperor Zhao Min on his back, and the Southern Song Dynasty perished. After that, the Yuan army attacked some surrounding areas, such as Vietnam and Japan, among which the most famous war was trying to conquer Japan, which was generally considered to be a typhoon (the Japanese called it? Kamikaze special forces? ) is the biggest reason for the failure of the yuan army. However, the latest scientific findings deny this reason. A new archaeological discovery recently published by the British weekly New Scientist pointed out that the Korean people who built warships for Kublai Khan deliberately built and designed ships with poor quality, which was the main reason why Kublai Khan's Mongolian fleet was buried in the belly of fish. The Yuan Dynasty made great achievements in culture, art and science and technology. Astronomy was in the most advanced position in the world at that time, and mathematics and medicine were also among the advanced in the world. Guo Shoujing, a scientist, revised the new calendar in 1276, which lasted four years and worked out the chronograph calendar, which was the most advanced calendar in the world at that time. He also served as the water supervisor, responsible for repairing the canal from Dadu to Tongzhou (later named by Kublai Khan as? Tonghui River? ), together with several other major projects such as Jeju River and Huitong River, finally formed today's Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, with a total length of 1700 kilometers; Drama and novel creation have flourished, and a number of outstanding playwrights such as Guan Hanqing have emerged. Yuanqu has become China's outstanding literary heritage, which is equal to Tang poetry and Song poetry. China culture is the crystallization of the wisdom of people of all ethnic groups in China. The collision of grassland culture with Yellow River culture and Yangtze River culture has aroused countless brilliant sparks and provided inexhaustible motive force for the continuous development of Chinese culture. China has been a multi-ethnic country since ancient times, and all ethnic groups have contributed to the progress and development of Chinese civilization in different historical periods. Yuan Dynasty refers to the feudal regime established by Mongolian rulers from 1206 to 1368. In the dynastic sequence of China, although this regime existed for a short time, its influence on the historical development of China was extremely important.