After the Opium War, foreign businessmen set up factories privately at trading ports. Stimulated by the rich profits of foreign enterprises and induced by the Westernization School's introduction of western advanced production technology, some bureaucrats, landlords and businessmen began to invest in establishing modern enterprises, and Chinese national capitalism was born. National capitalist enterprises are mainly distributed in the southeast coastal areas, such as Shanghai Changfa Machine Factory, Guangdong Nanhai Jichanglong Silk Reeling Factory, Tianjin Yilaimou Machine Factory, etc. Their appearance shows that the capitalist mode of production came into being in the process of the disintegration of China's feudal economy.
2. The tortuous development of Chinese national capitalism.
(1) The initial development of state capitalism: After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the great powers rushed to export capital to China, further disintegrating China's natural economy. In order to expand the tax source and solve the financial crisis, the Qing government relaxed the restrictions on private factories. By the end of 19, China's national capitalism had a preliminary development. The development of national capitalism in this period is not only manifested in the increase of the number and scale of commercial enterprises, but also in the expansion from the coast to the mainland. As a new political force, the national bourgeoisie began to step onto the historical stage.
(2) Short spring: The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty and established the Republic of China, which cleared some obstacles for the development of national capitalism. The provisional government of the Republic of China encouraged the development of industry and encouraged the national bourgeoisie to invest in modern enterprises. Various industrial groups such as Industrial Construction Association of the Republic of China and China Industrial Group have sprung up like mushrooms after rain. Overseas Chinese are also competing to invest in domestic industry and commerce. At that time, the mass anti-imperialist and patriotic movements broke out one after another, which effectively promoted the development of national capitalism. After the outbreak of World War I, European powers temporarily relaxed their economic aggression against China, which objectively provided favorable external conditions for the development of Chinese national capitalism. These factors have enabled China's national industry to gain a short and rapid development spring. Among them, flour industry and textile industry have developed the fastest. However, after World War I, European powers made a comeback, and China's national industry was rapidly depressed.
(3) tortuous development: After the establishment of Nanjing National Government, the national economic construction movement was launched to encourage the development of industry, agriculture and transportation. From 1927 to 1936, the national industry developed rapidly and the gross national product increased year by year. 1937, the Japanese army launched a full-scale war of aggression against China, and China's national enterprises suffered an unprecedented cruel blow. In enemy-occupied areas, national enterprises that had no time to move inward were either destroyed or annexed by the Japanese army. In North China, the Japanese adopted the method of "militarized management" and completely annexed China's national enterprises. In the Kuomintang-controlled areas, the national government implemented the wartime system and strengthened its overall control over the economy. Kuomintang bureaucrats took the opportunity to control the economic lifeline and squeeze national enterprises, which led to the rapid expansion of bureaucratic capital and the shrinking of national capital. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek launched a civil war in order to obtain American aid, and betrayed national sovereignty at will. The National Government signed the Sino-US Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation with the United States, and the United States gained political and economic privileges in China. American goods flooded into the China market, crowding out domestic products. Bureaucratic capital also monopolizes the economy and squeezes national enterprises. China's state capitalism has been hit both internally and externally. The national government has also been increasing exorbitant taxes and excessive issuance of paper money, which has led to rapid inflation, expensive raw materials, unsalable products and desperate national industries.
3. The transformation of 1953~ 1956 three state-owned enterprises was completed.
From 1953 to 1956, China * * * adopted a redemption policy for national enterprises. By the end of 1956, the national enterprises that have implemented public-private partnership accounted for 99% of the total number of households and employees in the original capitalist industries, accounting for 99.6% of the GDP.