It generally refers to the history of the occurrence, development and decline of the ancient slave society from the Iranian plateau in the east to the eastern Mediterranean (including the small peninsula) in the west, the Black Sea and Caucasus mountains in the north and the Arabian Peninsula in the south. Its age range is from the end of 4000 BC to the 5th century AD. Ancient West Asia was different from ancient Egypt. It has a large population, vast territory and unbalanced historical development. Generally speaking, there are three kinds of people: Sumerians, Guti people, Gassett people and primitive Hittites, and their language families are still unclear. 2. Akkadians, Assyrians, Amorites, Canaanites (Phoenicians), Hebrews (Israelis, Jews) and Chaldeans all belong to the Semite family. 3. Hittites, Medes and Persians belonging to Indo-European languages. Among them, Sumerians in the south of the two river basins first entered the history of civilization, and they were one of the earliest nations in human society to enter civilization and produce a country. After that, other ethnic groups in West Asia gradually formed their own class society in different regions. Throughout the history of ancient Asia, the two river basins have always been the central stage of historical activities of ancient Asians because of their superior natural and geographical conditions. As early as the late 4000 BC, that is, the bronze age, there appeared about 17 small countries in Sumer area of the two river basins, which were centered on cities and combined with surrounding rural areas. The famous ones are uruk, Uma, lagache and Kish. The country implemented an early monarchy transformed from primitive military democracy. Although the king (called "En", "Sean" and "Lugal" by Sumerians) is the king of a country, his power is more or less restricted by the aristocratic parliament and the citizens' assembly. The relations of production are also in a dual form, with developing private ownership and incomplete public ownership coexisting. The earliest cuneiform characters appeared in the world. Sumerian countries constantly waged wars of aggression or defense for land, property and hegemony, but at home they developed private ownership and exploited their own freemen and slaves, thus weakening their viability in internal and external contradictions. The army of Akkad Kingdom (237 1-2 19 1) in the north flew south, and its king Sargon I unified the southern part of the two river basins (Babylonia) and its adjacent areas, and the monarchy began to be established. About 2 190 BC, the ancients in the eastern mountainous areas destroyed Akkad and established a new dynasty. At the end of the 22nd century BC, Ur and uruk rose up and drove away the ancient people. Then, Ur defeated uruk and established a new unified country-the 3rd Ur Dynasty in Babylonia (about 2 1 13-2006), which led to the first climax of slavery economic development in West Asia, formed royal real estate using a large number of slave labor, firmly established the absolute monarchy, and produced the earliest written code "Ullner Code" to safeguard the interests of the ruling class in West Asia. Later, Elam and Amorites invaded the two river basins, the Third Ur Dynasty perished, Sumerians and their languages gradually disappeared, royal estates collapsed, and the Babylonian kingdom (about 1894- 1595 BC) rose. During the reign of Hammurabi (about 1792- 1750), the two river basins were generally unified, and the first relatively complete written code in the world was promulgated. Later the kingdom of Babylon was destroyed by the Hittites. 400 years later, Gassett established its own country with Babylon as the center, but left little trace of history until the Assyrian Empire (about 65438 BC+early 0000 BC-605 BC) unified the two river basins and even most parts of West Asia and Egypt. Assyrian rulers established a huge state machine, plundered conquered areas crazily, and slavery developed greatly. The empire finally perished under the joint attack of Medes and Chaldeans, and a new Babylonian kingdom (626-538 BC) rose on the ruins, which contributed to the high prosperity of slavery, with a wide range of slave labor, various forms and a large number of slaves. In 550 BC, the Persians rose on the Iranian plateau, overthrew the rule of the Medes and established the Ahmenid dynasty. Then it crossed the plateau, destroyed the new kingdom of Babylon, and entered Egypt, the northwest of the Indus Valley, Central Asia and other vast areas, becoming the first huge empire across Asia, Africa and Europe in ancient history. King Darius I's reform shaped the administrative and financial system of the empire. In the 5th century BC, there was a long-term war between the empire and the Greek city-states. In 334 BC, King Alexander of Macedonia (336-323 BC) invaded the east, destroying the Persian Empire and replacing it with Alexander Empire. Subsequently, the empire was divided into several kingdoms, ruled by the Greeks, and West Asia was controlled by the Seleucid Kingdom (translated as a branch in ancient China, 305-64 BC). Afterward, he rested (247-226 BC) and rose, occupying the western plateau of Iran, the two river basins and southern Central Asia, forming a new empire. In 1 century BC, Rome destroyed the kingdom of Seleucus and kept peace in the Euphrates River and Syria. In 226, Persians overthrew Rest, established Sassanian Persian Dynasty (226-652) and embarked on the road of feudalism. Some domestic scholars regard the Mazdak Uprising in the 5th century as a sign of the end of ancient Asian history. Ancient West Asians created splendid culture. Sumerians invented cuneiform characters popular in West Asia, Phoenicians created convenient letters, and Hebrew Judaism gave birth to Christianity, which was popular all over the world. As for the achievements of ancient West Asians in science, literature, architecture and art, they also have an important influence on later generations. Scientific research on ancient Asian history appeared in the middle of19th century. With the deciphering of cuneiform, a new branch of history, Assyrian Studies, was formed, which mainly studied the history and culture of ancient Asians who used cuneiform. At present, a large number of ancient urban and rural sites have been excavated, and about 400,000 clay tablets have been found. The social and economic history, political history and ideological and cultural history of ancient West Asia have been extensively and deeply studied. In the west, it is generally believed that there was a feudal society in ancient Asia, and many Marxist historians believe that there was no socio-economic form of slavery there.