First, the exclusion method. This is the first method used in solving problems, and generally 1-3 interference options can be excluded. There are three types of exclusions:
The statement of the (1) option itself is inconsistent or not completely consistent with historical facts, that is, it is wrong or partially wrong.
[Example 1] After World War II, the founding of the United Nations reflected the peaceful aspirations of people all over the world. The following statement is correct.
A. The United Nations is the first international organization in the world to declare the purpose of safeguarding world peace.
B. The United Nations Declaration put forward the idea of establishing the United Nations.
C the United Nations general assembly is the only body with the right to take action to maintain international peace and security.
D. Besides politics, the activities of the United Nations also include the economic and cultural fields.
The purpose of this question is to examine the examinee's mastery of this important knowledge point of the United Nations, which requires accuracy and is generally difficult. Item A itself is wrong, and it should be the League of Nations established after World War I; Item b itself is wrong, and the idea of the United Nations should have been put forward at the Yalta Conference; Item C itself is wrong, and it should be the United Nations Security Council that conforms to its characteristics. So d is the correct answer.
[Example 2] The following statements about the League of Nations and its activities are correct.
A. the United States is one of the permanent members.
B. Germany once became a member state.
C the league of nations investigation team openly supported the Japanese occupation of northeast China.
D. Italy invaded Ethiopia without sanctions.
The purpose of this question is to examine the examinee's accurate grasp of the important knowledge point of the League of Nations, which is not difficult. After the founding of the League of Nations, the United States did not join, that is, item A itself was wrong; On the surface, it is against the Japanese occupation of the Northeast, that is, item C itself is wrong; Italy, which invaded Ethiopia, was also sanctioned, that is, item D itself was wrong; With the support of Britain and America, Germany once became a member state. So the correct answer is B.
(2) The selected project is correctly stated, but it is inconsistent with the topic, which can be subdivided into time, place and nature. This kind of problem is not difficult in itself, but mistakes can be made with a little carelessness.
[Example 3], (2002 College Entrance Examination Shanghai Volume) Lenin Thought. Since Russia cannot directly transition to socialism, then "capitalism should be regarded as the intermediate link between small-scale production and socialism", and the policy adopted for this is
A. New economic policy
B. wartime communist policy
C. Industrialization policy
D. Agricultural collectivization policy
This question is a multiple-choice material question. Look at the materials first, and then make a comprehensive analysis. Since we want to take advantage of capitalism, B is obviously inconsistent (essentially inconsistent). C and D are Stalin's important policies for socialist transformation and construction, aiming at establishing socialist public ownership (inconsistent in time and nature). So only A is the correct answer.
(3) It is particularly worth mentioning that in the combination multiple-choice questions, the clever use of exclusion method can play a miraculous role with twice the result with half the effort.
[Example 4], (1999 National College Entrance Examination) Wadesi said, "No matter Europe, America and Japan, they don't have the brain power and strength to rule a quarter of the world." "So, dividing it is the best policy." This shows that big countries
(1) The plan to carve up China went bankrupt.
(2) The attempt to destroy China has been abandoned.
③ We should still support the Qing government to govern China with China.
(4) See the indomitable fighting spirit of China people.
A.①④ B.①②③ C.①③④ D.①②③④
As can be seen from the analysis, the expression of ② is obviously wrong, and imperialism has always wanted to destroy China. Then rule out b and d first. (3) is correct. Governing China with China is a common means used by aggressors, so the correct answer is C.
[Example 5], (1999 National College Entrance Examination) * * * Declaration points out: "The bourgeoisie has played a role in the Philippine revolution in history", including: "manufacturing the means of production, thus manufacturing the relations of production, thus constantly revolutionizing all social relations"; "Opened the world market. Make the production and consumption of all countries in the world "; "making rural areas subordinate to cities"; "make underdeveloped and semi-developed countries subordinate to civilized countries", and so on. The facts on which these conclusions are based include:
① primitive accumulation of capital ② bourgeois revolution ③ overseas expansion ④ industrial revolution.
A.①②③ B. ①②④ C. ②③④ D.①②③④
According to Marx's theoretical analysis of the role of "dual mission" of colonists, the industrial revolution and overseas expansion must have the positive effects mentioned in the title, so A and B are excluded, while primitive accumulation of capital has a very important positive effect despite its bloody and cruel side, so the correct answer is D. 。
2. Transformation or translation. This method introduces mathematical thinking, which is intended to turn music into straightness and turbidity into clarity, thus making it difficult and easy, and is especially suitable for those topics that have little or no connection with the learned knowledge at first glance. The operating procedure is as follows: first, grasp the key words, carefully analyze the information given by the stem and limb, and understand the general meaning it wants to express. Then quickly search for relevant information in your own knowledge base and turn the unknown into the known. Finally, lock the relevant knowledge points and get the correct answer through comprehensive judgment. The essence of this law is the transfer of knowledge, that is, the flexible use of learned knowledge. Because the college entrance examination questions, whether objective or subjective, are necessarily the explicit reflection or implicit refraction of a certain historical period and a specific event in the teaching materials.
[Example 6], (2002 College Entrance Examination Shanghai Volume)/kloc-0 In the middle of the 9th century, the Germans completed what the French had done from the bottom up. The essence of this matter is
A. establish a joint dictatorship of the landlord and the bourgeoisie
B. Clear the way for modernization
C. foreign colonization has achieved considerable success.
D. Meeting farmers' land needs
There are two steps to solve this problem. First of all, translating the meaning of "thing" is the key. What the Germans accomplished from top to bottom in the middle of19th century must be the unification of the country. The "bottom-up thing" of France in the same period must be the French bourgeois revolution. Their "things" all belong to the bourgeois revolution, but in different forms. The second step is just to "sit in the right place" and find its essence. The essence of bourgeois revolution is to remove obstacles for the development of capitalism, only item B meets the requirements, and the rest are phenomena.
[Example 7], (Shanghai College Entrance Examination Volume) The following four books record that "where sweet potatoes are located, residents have food for half a year, and the people are gradually planting", which can only be
A, stone chicken stone Huo Zhi B, Meng Qian Bitan
C, "Qi Yao Min Shu" D, "Agricultural Administration"
According to analysis, sweet potato was introduced from foreign countries in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, so it can only be recorded in relevant works in the Ming Dynasty and later. The title is equivalent to "Which of the following four books is a work of Ming Dynasty or later", so the answer is readily solved (D).
[Example 8] Today, the waterway traffic between Guilin and Changsha was opened for the first time in history.
A, the result of the war B, Qin C, Western D, Sui Dynasty
This question not only examines the integration of history and geography, but also uses migration thinking, which is difficult. First of all, "turning the present into the past"-the waterway traffic between Guilin and Changsha must pass through Xiangjiang River and Lijiang River, which were called Xiangshui and Lishui respectively in ancient times. When was the first water conservancy project connecting Hunan and Lishui opened? The answer is obviously the Lingqu built in the Qin Dynasty.
Third, the inclusion method. This method introduces mathematical thinking. But two conditions must be met at the same time, that is, all the candidates meet the meaning of the question, and there is a relationship between inclusion and inclusion with multiple candidates, then the candidate containing other candidates must be the best answer. If this method is used properly, it can greatly improve the efficiency of solving problems.
[Example 9] (2002 College Entrance Examination Shanghai Volume) Britain and France, two former allies on the battlefield, glared at the Paris Peace Conference and even threatened to withdraw from the conference. The focus of the contradiction between the two countries is
A. the conflict of interests between the Far East and the Pacific Ocean
B. the organization of the league of nations and the dispute over control rights
C. naval equipment and its proportion dispute
D. The Continent's Debate on Balance of Power and Hegemony Policy
Comprehensive analysis shows that the four options were all contradictions between Britain and France at that time. However, the dispute between European continental hegemony and world colonial hegemony is its core contradiction, which determines and contains the other three pairs of contradictions. So choose D.
[Example: 10] The anti-British struggle in British North America 13 colony turned into the United States War of Independence by the end of 18. This change is mainly due to
A. British oppression intensified, and North American people's awareness of resistance increased.
B. Rapid development of colonial capitalist economy
C. the initial formation of a unified market among colonies
D. a unified American country began to take shape
From the analysis, we can see that all four options are the reasons for the change, but "the United States of America began to form" obviously contains three other reasons, so D is the correct answer.
[Example 1 1] After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the fundamental purpose of China's opening to the outside world is
A. Establish and improve the socialist market economic system
B. Expanding foreign trade and attracting foreign investment
C. Developing China's socialist economy
D. Join the World Trade Organization as soon as possible.
From the analysis, we can see that the four options are all the purposes of China's opening to the outside world, but "developing China's socialist economy" obviously includes the other three purposes, thus determining C as the correct answer.
Fourth, reduce to absurdity. This method introduces mathematical thinking, and is often used for one or several options that cannot be judged by conventional methods. That is, when positive thinking cannot make a breakthrough, reverse thinking and "doing the opposite" often have unexpected effects. This method is especially suitable for negative multiple-choice questions.
[Example 12], (National College Entrance Examination in 2000) When the Eurasian Eastern Group was formed, all the countries in it
A. the dictatorship of the proletariat was established.
B. a relatively complete industrial system has been established.
C. facing the task of economic recovery and development
D. the socialist transformation in rural areas has been completed.
If you choose this question directly, it is easy for students to choose A intuitively. Because the textbook doesn't explain whether other Eastern bloc countries except the Soviet Union and China were proletarian dictatorships at that time (in fact, many Eastern European countries were in power by multiple parties at that time-this investigation was obviously beyond the outline). However, if you think about it in reverse, you can easily answer it by excluding the nonconformities first. First of all, it is easy to exclude b and d, and item a is difficult to judge, so skip it first. A careful analysis of item C accords with the historical facts of all 12 socialist countries at that time. Is the correct answer.