(2) Development stage: The initial stage of China's navigation industry is mainly the navigation in primitive society and the navigation in slavery period. Period and prosperity stage
(3) Stagnation: During the Three Kingdoms, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, China's navigation industry developed to a prosperous stage, and navigation knowledge and technology were further improved.
(4) The heyday of victory: 1405 ~ 1433, which is called "the early Ming Dynasty" in history. During this period, the national strength was strong and the economy was prosperous. Driven by the rich maritime heritage and historical inertia in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the rulers of the Ming Dynasty, in order to consolidate their position, expand their international influence and meet the needs of material enjoyment, once concentrated national resources and sent Zheng He, the eunuch, to lead the world's largest official ocean-going fleet to the Western Ocean for seven times and visit Asian and African countries, thus pushing China's ancient maritime career to an unprecedented peak.
In the early Ming Dynasty, the shipbuilding industry was very developed, and the manufacturing technology and ship output were at the forefront of all countries in the world at that time. This is a highly developed handicraft sector. The types of shipbuilding include large sea-going ships that sail long distances at sea.
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Warships used in sea or river operations, shallow boats carrying grain, speedboats sailing in rivers, etc. In the early Ming Dynasty, the largest official shipbuilding industry was Longjiang Shipyard in Nanjing, and there was also Longjiang Bao Shipyard, which specially made large-scale advanced seagoing ships for Zheng He's voyages to the West. Fujian Fuzhou Shipyard specializes in producing anti-Japanese ships. Guangdong Xinhui Dongguan Shipyard specializes in manufacturing maritime warships.
In July 1405, 1 1, Zheng He and others were sent to large-scale overseas missions, not only for political purposes, but also to expand overseas trade. Zheng He made his first mission, leading 27,800 soldiers and building 62 large ships. He was both the envoy of the Ming Dynasty and the commander-in-chief of the fleet. They traveled westward through the South China Sea, passing through Sumatra, Aru (Yalu River), Jiugang (Three Buddhas), Malaga (Malacca) and Little Gulen (Keelung), and reached Guri on the west coast of the Indian Peninsula. Since then, during the reign of Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty, Zheng He has made six expeditions with the fleet to western countries as far away as West Asia and East Africa, with more than 30 countries recorded in historical materials. Zheng He's voyage to the Western Seas was a rare feat in China's ancient history of foreign relations and navigation. At the same time, it also made Zheng He realize the importance of ocean and sea power. He once said to Ming Renzong: "If the country wants to be rich and strong, we can't ignore the ocean. Wealth comes from the sea, and danger comes from the sea. " "Once other monarchs win Nanyang, China will be in danger". At the same time, he also pointed out that at present, China's fleet is invincible and can be used to expand its business and subdue foreign countries so that they dare not covet Nanyang. Zheng He's ocean view and ocean thought, even from the perspective of modern political history, should be said to be correct, but unfortunately it did not attract the attention of the rulers of the Ming Dynasty.
(5) Decline period: From the middle of15th century to the middle of19th century, it was an important period in the world history when feudalism began to collapse and capitalism came into being and developed. However, the Qing dynasty was conservative, opposed to change and moved against the trend of the times. Faced with the rise of capitalism in Western Europe and its century expansion, the feudal rulers in China stubbornly maintained the late feudal rule politically, economically and ideologically, and suppressed it desperately in China.
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When capitalism sprouted, it vigorously pursued the backward policy of closing the country to the outside world, and missed the great opportunity of historical development again and again. Under such circumstances, China's maritime industry gradually declined.
2. After the Opium War, China lost its maritime sovereignty, and the western invaders gained the trade privileges of five ports along the coast of China. However, it was soon discovered that if they could not invade the inland river, they would still be unable to occupy the vast inland market of China and achieve the purpose of dumping goods and plundering raw materials. Therefore, in 1854, Britain first proposed to the Qing government to amend the Old Testament, open more trading ports, allow foreign ships to enter inland rivers, and exempt inland taxes. France, the United States and Russia followed closely. The Qing government thought that "it was the intention of spying on occupation outside the five mouths" and sternly refused. On the pretext of "Yarrow Incident" and "Father Ma's Teaching Plan", Britain and France launched the Second Opium War in 1856 10, occupied Guangzhou by force, and then went north to capture Tianjin and Beijing. The note sent by Britain to the ambassadors of various countries in China said: The purpose of this war is to "insist that British subjects freely return to the major rivers in China and go to the major commercial cities on both sides of them". France said, "Our businessmen must sail along the big river and set up enterprises in big consumption centers." . Obviously, the British and French invaders occupied Guangzhou and captured Beijing and Tianjin as a means to seize China's sovereignty over inland navigation by force. During the war, the Qing government panicked and surrendered. On June 1858 and 13, Gui Liang, a college student, and Hua Shanna, an official, signed the Tianjin Treaty with Britain, France, the United States and Russia respectively. Britain has won the privilege of being accessible to everyone along the Yangtze River. The other three countries were granted the right to send warships to cruise the Yangtze River, jointly manage Chinese and foreign waterway facilities, help foreigners clear customs, exempt foreign goods from entering the mainland, and allow opium to be imported openly. 186 1 On March 25th, the Qing government appointed Zhang He, a military envoy from Jiangxi Province, and British Counsellor to implement the provisions of the Tianjin Treaty on allowing British ships to sail on the Yangtze River, and then signed the Provisional Regulations on Trade among Ports in the Yangtze River in Jiujiang, 10. Due to unfinished business, it was concluded in 65438. On the same day, it also signed a charter on trade and communication with non-belligerent countries. 1862 1 1: 00 redraft the chapter of the Yangtze River trade system.
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Cheng ". At this point, foreign consuls and foreigners were given the privilege of manipulating customs and managing the navigation of the Yangtze River, which gave a green light for foreign ships to invade the Yangtze River, forming a situation in which the aggressors jointly managed the Yangtze River, and the sovereignty of inland navigation was completely lost. At the same time, it also informed the ports that "all measures should be taken according to the Yangtze River". Promote the Yangtze River model of humiliating the country to the rivers and seas of the whole country.
3. Development of marine industry in China.
The development of China's shipping industry has experienced from the initial stage of economic construction to the shipping industry during the Great Leap Forward, and then to the shipping industry during the Cultural Revolution and the shipping industry after the reform and opening up.