The first dynasty recorded in China's history books. According to historical records, the Xia Dynasty was the first country in China's history where Qi, the son of Yu, abolished the system of abdication of traditional tribes and killed foreigners to become king. Yu Xia changed from him to the hereditary system of the throne through his son, not the previous abdication system. Biography of Xia Dynasty 13 generation, 16 king. The center of Xia Dynasty is in the west of Henan and the south of Shanxi. It is said that after the death of Qi, Taikang ascended the throne and there was a temporary regime change, which was called "mourning the country". After the revival of Shao Kang, the Xia Dynasty was rebuilt. During the reign of Confucius, the Xia Dynasty declined. After that, the three spread to Valerian and the Xia Dynasty perished. About 400 years later, it was destroyed by the Shang Dynasty.
Because there are no written words handed down directly in the Xia Dynasty, the understanding of the Xia Dynasty has long relied mainly on the records of ancient documents, including the kings, officials, troops and prisons of the Xia Dynasty. Since modern times, the excavation of large palaces, tombs and numerous bronzes in Erlitou Village site in Yanshi County, Henan Province has revealed the politics, economy, society, culture and life of Xia Dynasty as slavery.
Xia family
In ancient books, the monarch of Xia was called Hou, Zhou, Zhou, and some were called emperors. From Kai to, there was a biography of 13 generations 16, which lasted 472 years (say 432 years). For example, from the beginning of the Xia Dynasty, from Yu to Jie, fourteen generations and seventeen kings, it took more than 400 years.
1, Kai -2, Taikang -3, Zhongkang -4, Xiang -5, Shaokang -6, Yu -7, Sophora japonica (powder) -8, Mang (yellow) -9, Xie (stone)-10.
The establishment of Xia dynasty
It marks that the long primitive society has been replaced by the private ownership society, which is a historic progress. However, the establishment of the new system is bound to be opposed by conservative forces. After Xia Qi acceded to the throne, he hosted a banquet in Juntai to confirm his position. Youhu's family was very dissatisfied with the practice of breaking the abdication system and refused to join Juntai. Xia Qi sent his army to attack the Youhu family. The war hit Gansu, and the Youhu family was defeated and destroyed. The victory of this war initially consolidated the new regime.
The establishment of the new system has a process of gradual improvement; The emergence of the new regime also faces the problem of insufficient ruling experience. The regime based on private ownership, even in the rising stage, cannot change the nature of exploitation, plunder and enjoyment of rulers, and the struggle for power and interests within the ruling group becomes inevitable. Therefore, after Xia Qi's death, there was a power struggle between the five sons. After Taikang acceded to the throne, he was not solid in political affairs and indulged in debauchery. The leader of the poor family seized power. Until Hou Yi was killed by his minister Han Zhuo, Xiang's son Shao Kang fled to You's family, and with the help of You's family, he organized Xia's aides to accumulate strength. Taking advantage of the internal chaos of Han Biao, he sent troops to defeat the forces of Han Biao and his son and regained power, thus restoring the rule of Xia Dynasty. These are the events in the history of Xia Dynasty, such as "Taikang lost his country", "Houyi replaced Xia" and "Shao Kang revived".
At the end of the Xia Dynasty, the internal affairs of the Xia royal family were not repaired, foreign invasion continued, and class contradictions became increasingly acute. After Xia Jie acceded to the throne, he didn't consider reform. He is arrogant and extravagant, building palaces and decorating Yao Tai. He likes drinking and having fun with his sister day and night, regardless of people's sufferings. They point to the sun and curse Xia Jie. The minister was loyal to the proposal, but he was imprisoned and killed. The governors of the four sides also betrayed each other, and Xia Jie fell into an isolated situation of internal troubles and foreign invasion. Seeing that the time is ripe to attack valerian, Shang Tang wrote "Destiny", saying that "Xia Duo's crimes are determined by Destiny", asking everyone to attack with all their strength and carry out God's will. In the Battle of Mingtiao, Shang Tang's army defeated the other army, and Jie escaped and died in the South Nest, and the Xia Dynasty perished. A powerful country has experienced more than 400 years of history, but it was destroyed by a small country, which caused people's shock and thinking. Therefore, there is a warning that "Yin Jian is not far away, but in the world of Xia Hou".
Due to the lack of historical materials of the Xia Dynasty, many people doubt whether there was a Xia Dynasty in history. However, the lineage of Xia Dynasty recorded in Historical Records Xia Benji is as clear as that of Shang Dynasty recorded in this book Yin Benji, and the Oracle bones unearthed in Anyang Yin Ruins also confirm the lineage of Shang Dynasty. Therefore, most scholars believe that the lineage of Xia Dynasty recorded in Historical Records Xia Benji is credible. In this way, on the basis of archaeologists' further understanding of the material and cultural remains of Shang Dynasty, such as Yin Ruins in Anyang and Zhengzhou Shopping Mall, etc. Put forward the research topic of Xia culture exploration, hoping to find the material and cultural remains of Xia dynasty through archaeological means, and then restore the history of Xia dynasty.
According to documents, ancient historians suggest that Xia people may have lived in two areas: one is Dengfeng, Yuxian and Luoyang Plain near Songshan Mountain in western Henan; One is the lower reaches of Fenshui River in the south of Shanxi. Because the legendary capital of Xia Dynasty and some important historical events are mostly related to these two regions. From 65438 to 0959, the investigation of "Xia ruins" began, which opened the prelude to the exploration of Xia culture. In recent 40 years, a series of archaeological investigations and excavations have been carried out in western Henan and southern Shanxi, which gradually narrowed the goal of exploring Xia culture. At present, most scholars believe that Erlitou culture named after Erlitou site in Yanshi (including Erlitou type and Dongxia peak type) and Longshan culture in western Henan are the main exploration objects of Xia culture, and have expressed various views on Xia culture. However, due to the lack of direct evidence such as words, the academic community has not yet formed a * * * understanding of which remains are Xia culture. However, both "Longshan Culture" and "Erlitou Culture" in western Henan have accumulated quite rich materials, which have created good conditions for finally solving this problem.
The territory of Xia dynasty
The territory of Xia Dynasty started from the west of Henan Province and the south of Shanxi Province. East to the junction of Henan, Shandong and Hebei provinces; From Hubei province in the south to Hebei province in the north. At that time, Xia's influence extended to the north and south of the Yellow River and even to the Yangtze River basin. The Xia Dynasty established Yangcheng (now Dengfeng East of Henan Province), Zhuo Zhi (now Dengfeng Northwest of Henan Province) and Anyi (northwest of Xiaxian County of Shanxi Province).
Science and technology in Xia dynasty
In the Xia Dynasty, agricultural civilization reached a high level. According to legend, Yi Di, the minister of Yu Dynasty, began to make wine, and Shao Kang invented the method of making wine. In order to meet the needs of agricultural production and explore the laws of agricultural time, the lunar calendar, sometimes called the summer calendar, was invented at that time and is still popular in modern times.
Animal husbandry has developed. There are a large number of slaves engaged in animal husbandry, and some clan tribes specializing in animal husbandry. The breeding of horses has received great attention. In addition, the pottery industry may have become an independent and extremely important industry in the Xia Dynasty. As for bronzes, China has discovered bronze knives of Erlitou culture. If Erlitou culture is regarded as Xia Dynasty culture, then this bronze ware belongs to Xia Dynasty. The tools used by Xia people are mainly stone tools. There are cars in the capital of Xia Dynasty, but it is impossible to confirm whether it is a rickshaw or a carriage, because the rut is only 1 meter wide, which is different from the rut of Shang Dynasty, which is 2 meters wide. Shang Dynasty has confirmed the use of carriages.
The earliest slave country-Xia Dynasty
1, the establishment of Xia Dynasty
According to legend, when Yao, Shun and Yu were in power, the tribal alliance adopted the method of "abdication" to "choose the best and appoint the best" and elected the master of the world. Yao was old and gave the throne to Saint Shun. Shun was old and gave the throne to Yu, who was old and passed it on to his son Qi. Since then, abdication system has been replaced by hereditary system. Yu is the leader of the Xia tribe alliance in the Central Plains. After he became the "Lord of * * *" in the world, he established an army, conquered the three southern Miao people, built a city, and formulated a criminal law, thus establishing the first slave country in China's history-the Xia Dynasty.
2. Consolidation of Xia Dynasty
Shortly after the establishment of the Xia Dynasty, Taikang lost his country and was captured by foreigners. I trusted Han Zhuo, and he killed me. For more than forty years, the political situation has been turbulent. Xiangzi Shao Kang went through all kinds of hardships. With the help of Yu Yu and other ministries, he attacked and killed Han Zhuo and revived the Xia Dynasty. Since then, through the efforts of several generations, the Xia Dynasty has become increasingly powerful, with the Central Plains as the center, and its territory extends to the sea in the east, Xihe in the west, Yanshan in the north and Changhuai in the south.
3. The demise of the Xia Dynasty
There was chaos in the Confucius family, and the Xia Dynasty went from bad to worse. Jie Shi's ruling class was decadent, built palaces and palaces, pampered young girls, listened to advice without asking about political affairs, squandered money, and people complained everywhere. Shang Tang crusaded, and Jie fled to the South Nest and died. Valerian in the summer solstice was once inhabited by kings of 14 and 17 generations, and existed for nearly 500 years.