First, put what you have learned on the map.
Some junior high school students haven't developed the good habit of reading maps when they are studying geography. They just memorized the text. As a result, they memorized their textbooks well and their exam results were not satisfactory. The reason is that they neglected to read pictures. 60% of junior high school geography exam content comes from maps. Therefore, when studying, we should read more maps, put rivers, cities and minerals on the map, and find their positions from the map. Facts have proved that it is better to look at the maps of provinces than at the maps of districts and the whole country. For example, when studying China's geography "five provinces and two cities in North China", you can save one province in learning. Take Shanxi Province as an example, its shape is like a flat quadrangle. The main rivers are the Yellow River, Fenhe River and Taiyuan, the provincial capital, Datong in the north, Yangquan in the middle and east, Inner Mongolia in the north, Shaanxi in the west, Hebei in the east and Henan in the south. We can learn from other provinces in the same way. As long as you master the geographical knowledge of the provinces, you will learn the geography of China and the study of world geography.
Second, self-edited jingle memory
Geographical knowledge is rich in content and lacks coherence. When studying, it is often slow to remember and fast to forget. You make up a jingle to remember, remember quickly and forget slowly. For example, in Geography of South Asia, India's products include cotton, jute, sugar cane, peanuts and tea, which can be compiled as "cotton and hemp scented tea" and (referring to sugar cane). The provinces where the Yellow River flows can be classified as "Qingchuan, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Yulu" or "Qingchuan, Gansu, Ningmengshan, West and East". "Wei" is an additional word, "Mountain" refers to Shanxi, "West" refers to Shaanxi, and "He" refers to Henan. It should be noted that some place names should be compiled in order, such as the countries where the Danube River and Mekong River flow, and the provinces where the Yellow River and Yangtze River flow.
Third, learn to focus.
Some chapters are rich in content, but few in emphasis. When studying, as long as you grasp the key points, you can get twice the result with half the effort. For example, the terrain in Southeast Asia is complex, which can be summarized in eight words, that is, "mountains and rivers alternate with each other and are distributed in columns". The climate of the three northeastern provinces can be summarized in four words, namely, "winter is long and summer is short".
Fourth, pay attention to the "shape characteristics" of the map.
For example, Hunan and Jiangxi provinces are like a pair of brothers and sisters, and Vietnam is like a pole carrying two baskets. In the exam, some students can't see clearly which country and province the map was drawn, because they usually don't pay attention to the shape and characteristics of the map and lose points.
Learning the above memory methods will improve junior high school students' learning interest and efficiency, learn more content in less time, turn weak subjects into dominant subjects, and make more time to study other courses.
The quality of biology learning methods is the key to learning success. In order to achieve the ideal learning effect, we must master scientific and efficient learning methods. Learning methods closely related to learning biology include observation, taking notes, thinking and memory.
1 observation method
The learning process is essentially a cognitive process. The cognitive process begins with perceptual knowledge, which is mainly obtained through observation, so observation is the primary learning method. Observation methods mainly include sequential observation, comparative observation, dynamic observation and observation while thinking.
(1) sequential observation sequential observation has two meanings. Generally speaking, the observation method is to use the naked eye first, then the magnifying glass, and finally the microscope. Microscopic observation is also low power first, then high power. For example, observing the root tip of a plant means observing the young root with naked eyes, distinguishing the four parts of the root tip according to color and transparency, then observing the root hair of the root tip with a magnifying glass, and finally observing the longitudinal section of the root tip with a microscope to understand the cell characteristics of each area of the root tip. Generally speaking, from the observation direction, the whole is first followed by the part, from outside to inside, from left to right and so on. For example, to observe a flower, we should first observe the shape and color of the flower as a whole, and then observe the flower, corolla, stamen and pistil in turn from outside to inside.
(2) Comparative observation Comparative observation is conducive to quickly grasping the commonness and individuality of things, so as to grasp the essence of things. For example, to observe the structure of mitochondria and chloroplasts, we must first seek common ground while reserving differences: they all have double-layer membranes, which contain granules, matrix, enzymes, a small amount of DNA and RNA. Then seek differences from the same: the mitochondrial inner membrane folds into a cell, while the chloroplast inner membrane does not fold inward; Mitochondria have enzymes related to respiration, which are distributed in intima, granules and matrix. However, there are enzymes related to photosynthesis in chloroplasts, which are distributed in grana layer and matrix. Chlorophyll exists in chloroplasts, but not in mitochondria.
(3) Dynamic observation The observation of living habits, growth process and reproductive development of organisms belongs to dynamic observation. The key to dynamic observation is to grasp the development and change of the observed object. For example, observing the growth of roots, in the process of continuous culture after drawing equidistant ink lines on young roots, the key point is to observe the change of the distance between each ink line, so as to draw the conclusion that roots grow by the apex.
(4) Thinking while observing is the basis of thinking, and thinking can promote the in-depth observation, and the two are inseparable. Therefore, we should observe with questions, while thinking and observing.
2. Method of taking notes
Mr. Lu Xun said: "In any case, as long as you continue to collect information and accumulate it for ten years, you can always become a scholar." Summarizing the experience of many scholars at home and abroad, it can be said that taking notes is a way to become a talent. There are many ways to take notes. In biology learning, there are mainly three kinds: reading notes, listening notes and observation notes.
(1) Reading Notes
If you want to store what you have learned for a long time, extract it at any time and use it freely, you should take reading notes at any time when you are reading. There are mainly the following kinds of reading notes. (1) Copying notes is divided into full copying and excerpting. When making such notes, you should pay attention to proofreading after copying to avoid mistakes, and then indicate the source for future reference. (2) Card comments, the content of the card is not limited, and varies from person to person, but generally it should have information category, number, source, author's name, text and other contents. It should be noted that each card should write a content, which should be classified and filed in time or bound into a book. 3 comment notes, that is, in the margin of the page, write down your personal views and experiences on the original text. (4) Symbol notes, that is, symbols are marked between the original texts to deepen the understanding of the original texts. Common symbols are black dot, circle, straight line, curve, double line, dotted line, arrow, box, triangle, exclamation mark, question mark and so on. Two points should be paid attention to when taking notes on symbols: First, the meaning of symbols must be clear and consistent; Second, symbols should not be too dense, otherwise it is difficult to highlight the key points. (5) Summarize notes, that is, summarize and write the key contents of a book or an article in your own language.
(2) Listening notes
That is, listening to reports, lectures and lectures. The prominent contradiction in taking such notes is that the speed of taking notes can't keep up with the speed of speaking. Therefore, it is necessary to make "three notes and three no notes", that is, notes with key issues and difficulties that are not in the book; Small problems, understandable points, some of which are not remembered in the book.
(3) Observation records
That is, the records made when observing biological forms and life phenomena inside and outside biology classes. When making such notes, we should pay attention to details, contrast, process changes and grasp the characteristics.
3. Thinking method
Thinking ability is the core of all kinds of abilities, and thinking method is the key to thinking ability, so thinking method occupies a core position in learning methods. The common thinking methods in biology learning include analysis and synthesis, comparison and classification, systematization and concretization, abstraction and generalization.
(1) analytical synthesis method
Analysis is a way of thinking that decomposes a whole knowledge into various parts for investigation, while synthesis is a way of thinking that combines all parts of knowledge into a whole for investigation. Analysis and synthesis are important methods often used in biology learning, and they are closely related and inseparable. If the analysis is not comprehensive, you will only see the trees but not the forest; If we only make a comprehensive analysis, we will see the trees but not the forest. In practical application, we can analyze first and then synthesize, analyze first and then analyze, and synthesize while analyzing.
(2) methods of comparison and classification
Comparison is a way of thinking that compares related knowledge to determine their similarities and differences. Comparison generally follows two ways: one is to find out the similarities between knowledge, that is, to seek common ground in differences; The second is to find out the differences on the basis of finding out the similarities of things, that is, to seek differences from the same.
Classification is a way of thinking that classifies knowledge according to certain standards. There are two kinds of classification methods commonly used in biology learning: one is scientific classification method, that is, from a scientific point of view, according to the essential characteristics of biology; The second is practical classification, that is, from a practical point of view, according to the non-essential attributes of organisms to classify.
Comparison and classification are prerequisites. On the one hand, only by comparing and understanding the similarities and differences of organisms can we classify them. On the other hand, only by classifying organisms can we compare them. Therefore, we should organically combine the two in the process of biology learning.
(3) Specific methods of the system
Systematization is a way of thinking that arranges all kinds of related knowledge in a certain order or system. Systematization is not only the classification of knowledge, but also the systematic arrangement of knowledge, forming a relatively complete system. In the process of biology learning, we often use the methods of writing an outline, listing solutions and drawing charts to systematically sort out what we have learned.
Concretization is a way of thinking that applies theoretical knowledge to specific and individual occasions. In biology learning, there are two ways to apply concretization: one is to apply what you have learned to life and production practice, and to analyze and explain some life phenomena; The second is to illustrate the theoretical knowledge of biology with some concrete examples in life.
(4) Abstract and generalized methods
Abstraction is a way of thinking to extract the non-essential attribute or essential attribute of knowledge. Abstraction can be divided into two levels: one is the abstraction of non-essential attributes; The second is the abstraction of essential attributes.
Generalization is a way of thinking that links the non-essential attributes or essential attributes of related knowledge. It also has two levels: one is the generalization of non-essential attributes, which is called perceptual generalization; The other is the generalization of essential attributes, which is called rational generalization.
Abstraction and generalization are also prerequisites and complement each other. In the process of learning, we should consciously generalize abstractly, so as to achieve a correct and in-depth grasp of knowledge.
4. Memory method
Memory is the foundation of learning, the storehouse of knowledge, the companion of thinking and the premise of creation. Therefore, according to the characteristics of different knowledge, with appropriate memory methods, learning efficiency and quality can be effectively improved. There are many ways to remember. Here are only the most commonly used ones in biology learning.
(1) Simplified mnemonic method
That is, by analyzing the teaching materials, find out the main points and simplify the knowledge into regular words to help remember. For example, the molecular structure of DNA can be simplified as "5432 1", that is, five basic elements and four basic units, each unit has three basic substances, and many units form two deoxynucleic acid chains, which become a regular double helix structure.
(2) Associative memory method
That is, according to the content of the textbook, skillfully use association to help memory. For example, remember that the composition of plasma can be associated with food in the kitchen, just remember water, eggs, sugar and salt (water is water, eggs are protein, sugar refers to glucose, and salt represents inorganic salts).
(3) Comparative memory method
In biology learning, there are many similar nouns that are easily confused and difficult to remember. For such content, you can remember it by comparison. Comparative method is to list the relevant nouns, and then compare them from the scope, connotation, extension and even words to find out the differences. This contrast is sharp and easy to remember. For example, assimilation and alienation, aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration, hormone regulation and nerve regulation, material circulation and energy flow.
(4) contour memory method
There are many important and complicated contents in biology that are not easy to remember. The core content or key words of these knowledge can be extracted as the outline of knowledge, and grasping the outline is beneficial to the memory of knowledge. For example, the material metabolism of higher animals is very complicated, but there are certain rules to follow. No matter what kind of organic matter is metabolized, it usually goes through five processes: digestion, absorption, transportation, utilization and excretion. These ten words become the outline of memory knowledge.
(5) diffraction memory method
This method takes an important knowledge point as the core, and establishes as many connections as possible with other related knowledge through the divergent process of thinking. This method is mostly used to summarize or review chapter knowledge, and can also be used to link related knowledge scattered in various chapters. For example, taking cells as the core, we can diffract the concept, discovery, theory, type, composition, structure, function and division of cells.
Besides, we should pay attention to the combination of theory and practice. The theoretical knowledge of biology is closely related to nature, production and life. In biology learning, we should pay attention to combining these realities. First, we should contact nature and reality; Second, we should contact the actual production; Third, we should contact the reality of life. The combination of learning and application is not only conducive to a solid grasp of biological knowledge, but also conducive to improving their ability to solve problems.
Biology subjects not only need to learn what teachers say in class, but also need to supplement their knowledge after class, read more extracurricular books, expand their knowledge and do appropriate exercises. But the most important thing is to master the basic knowledge and understand the basic concepts. Memory is the most effective. Generally speaking, the knowledge you understand is deeper and clearer. Doing the problem is to consolidate the concept, deepen your image and make your knowledge more reliable. Generally speaking, there are many things worth remembering in the biology class of Grade Two last semester, which are the most basic knowledge. You just need to understand the basic concepts. There are many theoretical things in the second half of the semester, which require not only rote memorization, but also an appropriate number of exercises, especially the topic of calculating probability and the chapter of DNA replication, which need to be used as exercises to help understand. Senior three should pay special attention to the experiment, pay attention to the general research angle and starting method of the experiment, analyze the conventional method of error, do the problem properly, be more proficient in the experiment and understand the type of the experiment, but the teaching material is very important, so we should return to the teaching material. In a word, the learning method is summed up by oneself and is suitable for everyone. Biology is actually very simple. The important thing is that you study hard, and you will learn well. Come on, I wish you success!
history
First, read.
Reading is the basis of understanding, memorizing and using, which is also the basis of learning history well. How can we make reading fast and effective?
First of all, there must be a purpose and a problem. For example, reading the catalogue of teaching materials and grasping the overall knowledge framework are the prerequisites for grasping history macroscopically; Read the text of the textbook and master basic historical knowledge: time, place, people, events, laws and regulations, historical concepts and historical conclusions. , that is, grasping history at the micro level; Reading the small words, notes and charts in the text is helpful to understand and know the main knowledge. This last point is most easily overlooked. Looking at the college entrance examination questions in recent years, the fine print in the textbook is a nominal reading textbook, and there is no test requirement. The actual college entrance examination syllabus emphasizes the grasp of the knowledge system, which means that all the contents in the knowledge system are under examination, so there are always small print parts in the college entrance examination questions for many years. Therefore, when reading textbooks, fine print, notes and charts should be included in the knowledge system, so as to comprehensively review and master historical knowledge. For example, in the lessons of World War I in modern world history, the article points out that "with the intensification of contradictions on colonial issues, the contradictions between Britain and Germany began to intensify and gradually became the main contradiction between imperialist countries." More than 300 words are used in the small print, plus two pictures and a material to supplement the reasons for the intensification of the conflict between Britain and Germany and the performance of the conflict. Another example is "the development of the imperial examination system in the Northern Song Dynasty" in the ancient history of China. The text only discusses its positive role, and the fine print supplements the negative influence of "too many officials" caused by too many imperial examinations in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Secondly, we should master the correct reading methods. In reading, we should grasp the key words and understand the relationship between the degree of historical development and historical events: for example, in the French bourgeois revolution, social transformation experienced three stages: "preliminary", "further" and "thorough"; For example, the signing of the Nine-Nation Convention "aims to return China to a situation where several imperialist countries jointly dominate". Grasping the word "you" can reveal the stage and relationship of the invasion of China by modern powers. From the middle of 19 century to the 1920s, it experienced the process of "mutual struggle-common rule-Japanese monopoly-common rule". Master comparative vocabulary to master the personality and commonness of similar events, such as
1In the 1960s and 1970s, the bourgeois revolution and reform movement were launched in many parts of the world, and the United States, Germany, Italy, Russia and Japan embarked on the road of rapid development of capitalism in different ways. Grasping the "different ways" in the sentence, we can understand that these countries have different ways to embark on the capitalist road, but the final result is the same. So what's the difference? Why is there such a difference? From this, we can grasp the characteristics of each country; The results are the same, and they all embarked on the road of developing capitalism, from which we can grasp the basic characteristics of historical development in this period. In reading, we should make clear the logical relationship between the points in the historical conclusion. For example, there are many contents in the evaluation of the significance of the imperial examination system in the ancient history of China. The correct understanding is: first, it has changed the nine-product system monopolized by the previous generation of gate valves, so it has the function of "making gate valves"; Secondly, compared with the nine-grade system, landlords and intellectuals with lower ranks can also become officials, "expanding the source of officials"; The difference between the three-subject system and the nine-grade system lies in the close connection between reading, examination and being an official, "thus improving the cultural quality of officials"; Fourth, because the central government is in charge of the imperial examination, it has changed the situation that the right to select talents and appoint officials in the nine-product system is in the hands of Zhong Zheng officials, and most of the selected people are talented, so "centralization is greatly strengthened, which is conducive to political stability"; Fifth, this system is "used by all previous dynasties and has far-reaching influence"; The sixth imperial examination system also caused scholars to concentrate on exams and ignore practical knowledge. In this way, the source (the first two points), the selection method (the third and fourth points) and the influence (the fifth and sixth points) of officials can be closely linked.
Second, memory.
History is a memory-based subject. How can we firmly and accurately remember the basic knowledge of history so as to reproduce and use it smoothly?
First, we should understand memory, not just mechanical memory. The history of senior high school is theoretical, and there are many abstract concepts, so we need to carefully understand the inner meaning of each sentence in the historical conclusion and the logical relationship between each level in the learning process. For example, the evaluation of the "capitalist world colonial system" in modern world history can be divided into four short conclusions: ① status is an important part of the capitalist world system; Its symbol "marks the final establishment of the capitalist world system", including the establishment of the capitalist system in major European and American countries, the establishment of the capitalist world colonial system and the establishment of the capitalist world market. The capitalist world market also includes trade relations between capitalist countries and between capitalist countries and colonial and semi-colonial countries. ③ It plays an active role in "the world becomes an inseparable whole", which is conducive to the economic and cultural ties and mutual promotion among regions in the world. (4) Negative effects "Colonial and semi-colonial countries and regions have become raw material producing areas, commodity shopping malls and capital exporting places of capitalist countries, and capitalist countries have controlled the economic lifelines of these countries and regions and brutally exploited and plundered them", which means that the capitalist world market is finally formed, but the relationship between the two sides of trade is not equal, which will inevitably deepen the contradictions between the two sides.
Second, we should remember in the connection of the whole knowledge, not in isolation. Historical knowledge is interrelated, such as causality, juxtaposition and contrast. Classify and summarize historical knowledge together to form a knowledge chain, which makes the memory more profound and firm. For example, the content of unequal treaties in China's modern history is complicated, which is easy to be confused and mistaken. However, it is very different to divide them into cession, compensation, trade, tariff, military and religious categories.
Third, we should advocate skillful memorization and avoid rote memorization. Clever memorization refers to the use of some methods that can improve learning interest and memory effect to help flexibly remember knowledge, such as formula memory, homophonic memory, associative memory and so on.
Third, understanding
Understanding is the basis of memory and an important prerequisite for correctly using knowledge to answer historical questions.
First, we should correctly analyze historical conclusions. As mentioned earlier.
Second, we should correctly understand historical issues. For example, the evaluation of the role of autocratic centralization in the ancient history of China is not clearly stated in textbooks, but in the process of realizing and consolidating the unification of Qin and Han Dynasties, in the economic and cultural development of Qin and Han Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, and in ethnic relations and foreign exchanges, every analysis of its reasons should mention that national unity is strong, and strong centralization undoubtedly played a positive role, so the positive role of this system in the early feudal society is greater than the negative role; In the later period, especially in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, commodity economy and capitalism sprouted slowly, culture was autocratic, intellectuals were divorced from reality, and science and technology lagged behind the West. Obviously, autocratic centralization hinders the progress of the whole society, and its negative effect is greater than its positive effect.
Third, we should combine macro and micro, and combine horizontal correlation with vertical classification. In recent years, there is a historical material question in the comprehensive history test questions of liberal arts, sometimes involving thousands of years from ancient times to the present, such as the 37th question in the comprehensive literature of the college entrance examination in 2003, from the Qin and Han Dynasties to War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression during the National Government period, and now to the evaluation of the role of the Great Wall, which has a very large historical span. For another example, the 37th question of the college entrance examination in the spring of 2004 investigated the separation of powers theory of British enlightenment thinker Locke and French thinker Montesquieu and its application in the United States. The time span of this topic is not long, and it is within the scope of17-18th century, but it involves three countries. This is a horizontal related topic. At the same time, around the separation of powers, I asked every thinker's views and the implementation of the separation of powers system in the United States. Every knowledge point must be clearly understood before you can answer correctly. This problem embodies the characteristics of combining horizontal macro with single knowledge point micro. This requires us to learn to connect and classify historical knowledge horizontally and vertically from a macro perspective in the process of learning history, and to combine the overall macro and fine micro to understand history. A correct understanding of historical knowledge also needs the guidance of correct theories, such as dialectical viewpoint, contact viewpoint, development viewpoint, class viewpoint and seeking truth from facts viewpoint (also called historical viewpoint).
Fourth, use
With a certain reading ability and understanding ability, and accurate historical knowledge, we must learn to use the existing knowledge correctly when doing problems.
Some students think they have read the book well, but they have made many mistakes in making multiple-choice questions. This is not only because they don't really have knowledge, but also because they don't carefully examine the questions and can't use relevant knowledge to identify and judge numbers. To do a good job in multiple-choice questions, we must first understand the requirements of every sentence and every keyword in the question during the examination, and then judge the options one by one in order to find the correct answer smoothly.
More students are afraid to do non-multiple choice questions. At present, among the non-multiple choice questions in the college entrance examination, the most important is the material analysis question, followed by the short answer question. In the process of doing material questions, students are advised to start with reading the college entrance examination questions, take the answers of the college entrance examination questions as a model, learn the concise characteristics of the answers of the college entrance examination questions, and then do the material questions independently. In order to save time, it is best to take the following steps: first, browse the outline of the material and determine the center and theme of the problem, so as to focus on the center of the problem as soon as possible. Second, carefully examine the questions, read the materials with questions, and make clear what useful information is in the materials and what knowledge you need to find and learn from the textbooks; The third step is to sort out the answers, which is also the most common mistake that students make when answering questions. After reading the questions, they wrote them down in a hurry according to the knowledge of materials and textbooks. At this time, because of anxiety and unclear thinking, there will be problems of forgetting things. So in the third step, you must remember to clear your mind first, what to answer first, what to answer later, and how to make the answer language more concise. As the saying goes, people who think clearly can make it clear, and people who think clearly can write clearly. Think clearly before you answer. As the saying goes, writing is like its spirit. It goes without saying that the answering process of short answer questions is similar to that of material questions.
Politics must first be familiar with the content, key points and sub-key points of textbooks. Read the catalogue of all the teaching materials first, and know what each one is about. Then divide it into blocks. There are several questions under each heading, some of which are very important. Mark it with special marks and read it several times when you have time. In this way, if you are proficient in the exam, you will not be flustered and the accuracy will be high. Then we should keep up with the practice. In the first round, we usually do special questions and answers. This question generally only tests a single knowledge point. This link should be done well, because it is the foundation, and there is still room for improvement in our later synthesis. These foundations can only be comprehensive after doing something that feels good, that is, a big topic reflects the knowledge points of many different books. After doing this, you will open your mind, consider everything in the exam and find books quickly. The point is not to write as much as possible, but to write key points and points to score and analyze the keywords of topics and materials. Finally, what the teacher usually does is the key hot topic, so be sure to copy it down, then read it several times, and then read the corresponding topic if you have time. Politics is actually not difficult. You should give it a little time every day, even if it is only a little, it will improve your familiarity with textbooks and your mastery of knowledge points. The big questions are generally about meaning and how to do it. How to do it depends mainly on the country. Society. School. Personal point of view, don't miss it, it's easy to lose points. I hope my answer can help you.