With the appearance of the Five Mountains, the Yue God is brilliant.
Historians believe that the worship of five mountains and five mountains originated from the worship of heaven and earth, the sun and mountains and rivers in primitive times. Shan Hai Jing describes all the mountains as places where gods and monsters live. "Book of Rites" also thinks that mountain peaks can make clouds and rain, and worships them as the god of seeking rain and controlling water. According to ancient legends, from Emperor Yandi Shennong's visit to water curtain cave, Nanyue, to Emperor Huangdi's visit to Nanyue, the hero visited Kyushu and drank five mountains to win over Zhu Rong, and later, leaders such as Zhu Rong, Yao Shun and Yu visited Hengshan Mountain and held a ceremony of "looking at the mountains and rivers and visiting many gods", which basically formed the concept of "mountains enrich the people and worship them". This primitive religious spirit of respecting nature in modern language has always been the essence of China's sacrificial culture. In the worship of 44 gods such as land, famous mountains and rivers, rivers, lakes and seas, Wuyue Mountain God ranks first. Emperors of past dynasties did not dare to neglect the sacrifice of the Five Mountains, and regarded it as a symbol of showing and exercising state power. Hengshan Mountain in Nanyue ranks second in the sacrificial order of Wuyue, second only to Mount Tai in Dongyue. Han Yu, a writer in the Tang Dynasty, believes that Hengshan Mountain in Nanyue is the farthest from the capital and the only one dedicated to it, and its spirit must be spiritual. That's true. The sacrificial ceremony in Nanyue Mountain lasted longer than that in Linping Four Mountains.
With the development of social productive forces and culture, Hengshan Mountain in Nanyue, located in Xiangjiang River basin near Dongting Lake, has provided a rich material and cultural foundation for human social practice, especially agriculture and medicine, and constantly produced various legends. Mount Hengshan, the object of nature worship, is gradually endowed with aura and sanctified. Therefore, Nanyue God was born out of people's yearning for and worship of Hengshan Mountain in Nanyue.
In the primitive worship stage, Nanyue God was attached to Nanyue. Sacrificial activities are to set up an altar or altar at the top of the mountain, and sacrificial ceremonies are firewood and hope. The so-called firewood is a kind of firewood that sacrifices to heaven; The so-called hope is to worship mountains and rivers. After such a long time of preparation, as a symbol of Nanyue God, Nanyue Bodhisattva did not appear, but it has fully possessed all the objective conditions to produce God. People's worship of Nanyue is established by objective factors: first, superior geographical location, beautiful mountains and rivers, fantastic mountains and rivers; Second, the climate phenomenon with obvious seasonal changes and prominent vertical differentiation; Third, rich products, endless resources and ideal ecological environment; Fourth, a solid humanistic foundation and profound historical background. Without these material bases and objective conditions, the South Vietnamese God could not have come into being, and the South Vietnamese civilization could not be called "Austria".
Idol bodhisattva is just a cultural handicraft after the deification of the object of worship. Nanyue Bodhisattva is no exception. I don't know which generation of handicrafts I am seeing now. At first, after the gods of Nanyue were enshrined, with the development of religion, the gods of Nanyue were put on the altar as a figure, and the place for sacrificial activities moved from the wild to the indoor, and the sacrificial ceremony was changed from Chai Wang to a temple. Nanyue Temple, where the King and Bodhisattva of Nanyue lived, is said to have existed in the Qin and Han Dynasties. According to relevant information, it should be at the top of Zhurong Peak, and people still call it the old temple. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty moved Nanyue to the buried hill because of inconvenient transportation. However, in people's habitual life and in the eyes of literati, Hengshan has always been the yearning and worship for Nanyue. Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty renamed Hengshan Mountain in the south of the Yangtze River as Nanyue Mountain, and Nanyue began to build a new temple at the foot of the mountain. It was originally located in the northeast of the present temple site, that is, under Wanshou Dading. When Wanshou Square was built, the ruins of Yuemiao at that time were also dug up. Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, adopted Sima Chengzhen's suggestion and called the God of the Five Mountains the True King. According to Taoist norms, he built the Zhennan Yuewang Temple at the foot of the mountain, which is now the Nanyue Temple. From the poem of Han Yu, a great writer in the Tang Dynasty, there is "moved by this token, I dismounted to thank you, and the pine and cypress led the temple." The vivid description of "vermilion with pink walls, brilliant dynamics, ghosts and gods everywhere alternating red and blue" shows the grandeur and grandeur of Nanyue Temple at that time.
The deified bodhisattva is omnipotent and omnipotent. Therefore, the origin of Nanyue Bodhisattva is too colorful. According to legend, there was a mountain shrine on the top of Zhurong Peak before Emperor Wen renamed Hengshan Mountain in the south of the Yangtze River as Nanyue Mountain. At that time, the Nanyue Bodhisattva should only represent the local governor God of the south, and it is said that it is called the Temple of the Four Days Fire King. In ancient times, Heng could read Huo, and King Huo was King Hengshan. Until the Tang Dynasty, the Imperial Capital of Tang Ming did not know who the God of the Five Mountains was. He asked Sima Cheng, who is the God of the Five Mountains? Yes, he said, "Yue is a great mountain city. Sex is the hope of the country. However, Lingshan lives in seclusion and there is no fairy official. " So he wrote a letter to build the Zhenjun Temple, and then named Nanyue God as the king of Si (Dongyue is the king of Qi, Xiyue is the king of Jin, Beiyue is the king of An, and Zhongyue is the king of Zhong). Since then, the moon god has been endowed with the immortal spirit of Taoism and regarded as the true king while being the king of the five mountains.
26 1 year later, four years later, Song Zhenzong Jingdezhen, because the other four mountains fell into the hands of real people, the court paid more attention to Nanyue. He promoted the God of Five Mountains from Wang Jin to the Holy Emperor, and the God of Nanyue was named Si Shengdi [Dongyue was Qi Shengdi, Xiyue was Jin Tianshun Shengdi, Beiyue was An Tianyuan Shengdi, and Zhongyue was Zhongtian Shengdi]. At the same time, the Yuedian was expanded according to the residence of the emperor, and the regulation of Yuedian was initially established. The only shrine in the main hall, the prison hall and the ceremonial officer burn incense every day. More than 280 years later, in order to show respect for gods and Han culture, in January of the 28th year of Zhiyuan, Yuan Shizu added Nanyue God as heir to Tianhua and Emperor Zhao. He believes that only famous mountains and rivers are the rank of the country. Since I am the head of a country, in order to protect people's wealth and national security, I should seal the Yue God in the enclosure. At the same time, it is worth mentioning that although the Yuan Dynasty was ruled by Mongols, it still attached great importance to the cultural customs of China. Shun Di, the last emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, also ordered a large-scale expansion and repair of Nanyue Temple. In order to commemorate arslan, the Mongolian Tongzhi, who made great contributions to the temple construction at that time, people set up a throne for him to govern the gods and put it in the temple at the back door of the temple, which has been enshrined to this day.
After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang thought that the God of Five Mountains was unpredictable. "Is it possible to add a country number?" All Yue, Zhen, Hai and Du are named after this name. Therefore, in the third year of Hongwu [1370], the holy emperor of Nanyue was renamed "Hengshan God of Nanyue". This is not to say that he doesn't value the God of the Five Mountains, but that he thinks he is only a personal monarch and is not qualified to give God a title. In fact, Nanyue Temple was expanded and repaired many times in the Ming Dynasty, making it more majestic, spectacular and rigorous. The main buildings near the central axis, Dongba Palace and west eight Temple, were gradually completed, and the surrounding environment of the temple was thoroughly rectified, which made Nanyue Temple form a perfect ancient architectural complex, known as the Little Forbidden City in the south of the Yangtze River. In fact, in the Zhu Dynasty, the South Vietnamese bodhisattva enjoyed more treatment than the emperor.
Although the Qing Dynasty was the great cause of the unification of Manchu brothers, politics, economy and culture did not exclude civilized Han Chinese. Since Kangxi, special attention has been paid to the five mountains, especially Nanyue. From 1705 to 1879, Nanyue Temple was overhauled six times, of which Guangxu spent1200 million taels of silver once, which was the most expensive one in the history of temple repair. Although the Qing emperor didn't seal the Yue God, before and after the Qin Dynasty, seven imperial tablets were presented to Nanyue Temple, namely, the imperial books of Kangxi, Guangfu Chenzi, Yongzhi Nanwei, Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Tongzhi and Guangxu. These are enough to prove that the Qing Dynasty attached importance to Nanyue and worshipped the holy emperor of Nanyue.
According to the incomplete statistics in the annals of Nanyue, the imperial court frequently offered sacrifices to the holy emperor of Nanyue, including 29 in the Song Dynasty, 8 in the Yuan Dynasty, 33 in the Ming Dynasty and 42 in the Qing Dynasty, which shows how prominent the position of the holy emperor of Nanyue is! However, what best illustrates the status and role of the holy emperor of Nanyue is the sentence written by Tang Zhongzong and Li Zhe for Nanyue in Jade Butterfly: "Ning Xun's surname is Wan, and Peach Blossom has eight arms". This is the position and function of the Five Mountains in the hearts of rulers, and this is the great power of South Vietnamese culture. Jiang Youyuan, a Qing dynasty man, also had a saying about the holy emperor of South Vietnam, which said, "All gods are lost, and all ages are in the mountains", but it has some flavor of historical materialism. After all, there are mountains to have temples. Famous mountains are the body, the holy emperor is the soul, and mountains are the foundation of God.
There are two different opinions about the origin of the holy emperor of South Vietnam. One thinks that the holy emperor of Nanyue is derived from mountain gods and has no specific original body. Another view is that the holy emperor of South Vietnam has a concrete original body. But who is the original body, opinions are also inconsistent.
Geographers believe that Hengshan Mountain is an important town in the south of the Yangtze River, so it is the sacred place of Nanyue Mountain, and the Bodhisattva is the local god in charge of the south. Astrologers believe that "the town of Nanyue is called Heng", "Stay as a wing, and the degree should be balanced", and there is a small star next to it, named Changsha Star, which pays attention to life and death, so the holy emperor of Nanyue is a god sent by heaven to dominate human life and death. According to legend, Shoubi Nanshan is not the Mount Zhongnan in Shaanxi, but the Mount Hengshan in Nanyue. The above statement claims that the Bodhisattva has no self.
Legend has it that the Holy Emperor of South Vietnam was sealed by Jiang Ziya and was originally rushed to Hei Hu. This is based on the novel Romance of Gods, but it is a bit far-fetched.
Scholars and sociologists who study history believe that gods are all interpreted by people, and the holy emperor of South Vietnam should be a great man or a big clan who has made outstanding contributions to mankind in history. Who is this great man or family? Existing data is also difficult to identify.
There is a view that the original body of the holy emperor of South Vietnam is Yandi Shennong [whether it is a clan leader or a clan tribe, I think it is a clan tribe]. According to the Five Elements of the Book of Changes, the south belongs to fire, and Emperor Yan ruled the country by fire. He is the largest and strongest clan tribe in the south, that is, the leader of the ancient Lishan country [now Hunan belongs to it]. According to the present statement, he was the first chief executive of the south, so he was called Lishan. His contribution to mankind is beyond doubt. Shennong, who tasted a hundred herbs and taught Lei Geng, should be regarded as the founder of agriculture in China and the inventor of rice cultivation and Chinese herbal medicine. Although buried in the Yanling Mausoleum in Changsha, the imperial capital, his resting place and main activities are in Hengshan Mountain in Nanyue. At that time, the concept of Da Nanyue also included Changsha, Yanling and even the whole land of Jingchu. From ancient times to the present, folk sacrifices in Nanyue have flourished, with a wide range of believers, and the origin is beyond the reach of other four mountains. This historical and cultural phenomenon can hardly be explained by any religious belief. Tracing back to the source, I think this cannot rule out people's memory and commemoration of their ancestor Emperor Yan throughout history.
Another view is that the original body of the Holy Emperor of South Vietnam is Zhu Rong. But Zhu Rong also has many different concepts: one is Zhu Rong family, and the other is Zhu Rongjun, both of whom should be local officials under the jurisdiction of Emperor Yan.
Zhu Rongjia said that fire is [in fact, the original intention of officials in the Southern Dynasties], which can melt the world, reveal the light of heaven and earth, and thus produce soft and beautiful substances. Di Ku is called Zhu Rong. Peter said that he was the king of ancient times, good at music and distinguishing the south, and was made Stuart by Huang Di. "History of Tao" contains: Zhu Rong's family said that he was harmonious, without lust and affectation. Learn to live a long life, cultivate its virtue, and persuade the people not to punish. The three cardinal guides, the five permanents and the nine-domain order are based on harmony between heaven and earth and everything is salty. Therefore, listening to birdsong in a niche state thinks that music is a kind of music, a continuation of harmony, a harmony with gods and voices, and is based on smart eyes and ears, peaceful blood and long life [this is the cultural and scientific root of Nanyue as Shouyue-author's note], changing customs and ruling the world, then singing and music are also a festival. With fire, fame, so the fire officials of later generations thought that the number was like a million, so Zheng was the market of Zhurong, which was buried in the grandson of Hengshan for a hundred years, so it was called Zhurong Peak. Zhunanzi contains: The Antarctic, from the northern boundary to the wild land, is divided between Chi Di and Zhu Rong. Chronology of Bamboo Books: The God of Zhu Rong descended to worship the mountain and was subjected to Shunchan, that is, the throne of the son of heaven. In this view, he is worthy of being the holy emperor of Nanyue.
Besides, Zhu Rongjun .. "Emperor Century" contains: Zhu Rongjun, that is, Zhu Ronghou. The Record of Places of Interest contains: Zhurong Peak is the highest, located far from the palace, and is Zhu Rong's residence. "Chu Bao" contains: Zhu Rong, the great-grandson of Emperor Li after Emperor Yan Shennong.
Others think that Zhu Rong is just a position, or an administrative division, or an official position, not a specific person. Therefore, Zhu Rongshi or Zhu Rong Jun is an official who holds the post of Zhu Rong. But according to historical records, no matter who Zhu Rong is, he is a great man or a great clan tribe who has made outstanding contributions to human civilization.
In fact, both gods and bodhisattvas are masterpieces of human beings and cultural products created by people according to their own social and spiritual needs. It can also be said that it is the sustenance and accumulation of social beliefs and a cultural phenomenon. Of course, the emergence of this cultural phenomenon is inseparable from certain social existence and objective material basis. Because in the long history of mankind, Wu Yue culture condensed the essence of national culture, and wuyue civilization represented national civilization. The world is at peace, people's hearts are at peace, and the flag of wuyue will be played. For the ruling class, in order to enrich the people and strengthen the country, it is also a political need to sacrifice, publicize and build the Five Mountains. The common people's belief in and worship of Yueshen and Bodhisattva are their own spiritual needs. In the complicated social life and production, people will inevitably encounter all kinds of difficulties or puzzles, and it is impossible to have no hope or hope for the future. So they will think that only the famous Emperor of Nanyue can bless themselves. Although this is only a kind of spiritual comfort, this kind of spiritual comfort is precisely the satisfaction of people's desires. It can still be predicted that fewer and fewer people will come to Nanyue for pilgrimage because of the development of science. Because human beings are monsters themselves, the older the culture, the more interesting it is. It's just that the purpose and way of pilgrimage to worship ancestors will be different, which may be civilized and simple, and it will be studied and appreciated from the perspective of scientific and environmental protection.
The higher the status of the Holy Emperor of South Vietnam, the closer the political, cultural groups and civil organizations in the society are to him and play his banner. Among them, Buddhism and Taoism are more closely combined with them, and the legends about their ancestors and saints are one example.
In Taoist classics, the holy emperor is a disciple of the Taoist ancestor Taishang Laojun. In Jiu Zhuan Jing, Lao Zi, as the son of Guang Shou, took Zhu Rongjun, the original body of the Holy Emperor, as a disciple and gave him the Tao Te Ching and other cheats. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, due to the remonstrance of Sima, the Taoist priest, the court established a temple for Zhenjun in South Vietnam, offering sacrifices to the king and sending officials to worship him. There are also literati in Taoism in past dynasties, such as Li Bai, Xu Lingfu, Li Bi, Li, Xuanyuan Miming, Chen Tianfu and Li Changgeng. It has left a valuable cultural heritage for carrying forward the holy emperor of South Vietnam and the culture of Wu and Yue.
Buddhism was introduced to Nanyue from the west, nearly two centuries later than Taoism, but it also attached great importance to it and treated the Bodhisattva with great wisdom. In history, the story of its founder, the great monk Huisi, gambling with the holy emperor and bodhisattva to build the Prajna Dojo was sorted out and explained. And in the first ancient temple of Nanyue built by Whistler, there is the Temple of the Holy Emperor of Nanyue to show that it is true. It not only shows their respect for local religious gods, but also shows their humble spirit of garden integration.
No matter Taoism or Buddhism, it is clear that if you want to survive and develop in China, you can't succumb to the dominant Confucianism; In order to gain a foothold in the famous mountain of Nanyue, we have to play the banner of the holy emperor and bodhisattva. Therefore, among the five mountains, only Nanyue and Nanyue Temple gradually formed the cultural wonders of the three religions. The history of Nanyue for thousands of years proves that the Bodhisattva, the holy emperor of Nanyue, is already the ancestor of Nanyue culture, and all activities related to his sacrifice have long been the main content of Nanyue culture. Nanyue is like this, and so are the other four mountains. The Five Mountains in China have always been a symbol of the country and a political position. Wu Yue culture should also be a political culture. It is logical that the holy emperor of South Vietnam gradually moved from mountain gods, folk gods and local gods to "official gods", "imperial gods" and "omnipotent gods".