First, the development history of railway transportation
On September 27th, 1825, the stockton-Darlington railway, the world's first permanent public transport facility for steam locomotives, was officially opened to traffic. The official opening of stockton-Darlington Railway marks the beginning of modern railway transportation. People attach great importance to railway because of its advantages of speed, convenience and economy. Needless to say, in Britain, the birthplace of railways, building railways has become the hottest and most fashionable thing. /kloc-in the 0/9th century, western European countries and the United States entered the climax of railway construction, during which the Trans-American Railway was built. By the second half of the19th century, the railway craze had spread to Africa, South America and Asian countries. With the rapid development of railway, high-speed rail has also begun its development.
1964, Japan built the world's first high-speed railway with a speed of over 200km/h-Tokushima Shinkansen. Subsequently, various countries also started the development of high-speed rail in their respective countries. China Railway has a history of 100 years. It has been 65,438 years since its first railway, Tang Xu Railway, was opened to traffic.
In the past 100 years, the railway industry in China has experienced two fundamentally different societies, the old society and the new society. Whether politically or economically, this determines that it will inevitably encounter two completely different fates and futures in the process of development. Although the railway industry in new China is based on the railway equipment in old China, under the leadership of the people's government, it has always adhered to the policy of self-reliance, hard work and building the country through thrift.
Since the end of 1970s, the reform and opening-up policy has not only changed the semi-feudal and semi-colonial nature of the old railway rapidly and thoroughly, but also made unprecedented brilliant achievements.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, China Railway entered a new period of reform and opening up. Under the guidance of the new route, new principles and new policies, the railway industry has made rapid development.
Second, the development history of waterway transportation
Waterway transportation has a long history. When people were still in the Stone Age, they used wooden boats to sail on the water, and later they had their own boats and boats. Since ancient times, human beings have used natural waterways for transportation. Waterway transportation has become one of the important modes of domestic and international transportation in some countries because of its large carrying capacity, low cost, low energy consumption and low investment.
China is one of the countries with early development of waterway transportation in the world. In 2500 BC, the Shang Dynasty built ships and sailboats.
Around 500 BC, China began to dig canals. In the Tang Dynasty, ships carrying silk and other goods went directly to the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, and their route was called the Maritime Silk Road. Zheng He, a navigator in the Ming Dynasty, led a huge fleet of seven voyages to the West, passing through more than 30 countries and regions in Asia and Africa.
1807, American Fulton put a steam engine on the ship "clermont" and sailed between new york and Albany at a speed of 6.4 kilometers per hour, becoming the first motorboat. /kloc-after the appearance of ships driven by steam engines in the 0 th and 9 th centuries, water transport has made a leap. 1872, China's self-made steam engine ship began to sail at sea and inland rivers. The development of waterway transportation has been very rapid, and the waterway transportation in all countries in today's society is developing towards modernization. In terms of ships, it is mainly manifested in the large-scale, specialization and generalization of ships, as well as the high-speed and automation of ships. In terms of ports, it is mainly manifested in deep-water berthing, specialization of bow, mechanization and automation of loading and unloading.
Third, the development history of highway transportation
Nowadays, road transportation is a mode of transportation to transport passengers and goods on the road. It is one of the components of the transportation system. Mainly responsible for short-distance passenger and cargo transportation. The main means of transportation used in modern times is cars. So highway transportation generally refers to automobile transportation. In remote and economically backward areas with rugged terrain, sparse population and underdeveloped railways and waterways, highway is the main mode of transportation.
It acts as a transportation trunk line.
Road transportation came into being with the birth of modern automobiles 19. At the beginning, it mainly undertook short-distance transportation business. After World War I, based on the development of automobile industry and the increase of highway mileage, highway transportation has entered a development stage, which is not only the main force of short-distance transportation, but also the field of long-distance transportation. After World War II, road transportation developed rapidly. Europe, the United States, Japan and many other countries have built relatively developed road networks, and the automobile industry has provided a solid material foundation, which has promoted road transportation to occupy a leading position in the transportation industry.
Highway transportation has the following characteristics:
1, flexible and adaptable.
2. Direct door-to-door transportation can be realized.
3. In short and medium distance transportation, the transportation speed is faster.
4. Less initial investment and quick capital turnover.
5. Quickly master driving skills.
6. The traffic volume is small and the transportation cost is high.
7. Poor business continuity
8. Low safety and environmental pollution.
Fourthly, the history of air transport development.
The air transportation starts at 187 1. At that time, the French in the Franco-Prussian War used balloons to transport government officials, materials and mail out of Paris, which was besieged by Pu Jun.. 1965438+On May 5, 2008, air transportation appeared for the first time, and the route was new york-Washington-Chicago.
With the appearance of civil transport aircraft in 1930s, various technical performances have been continuously improved, and the development of aviation industry has promoted the development of air transport.
After the end of World War II, airline networks have been gradually established all over the world, and the world airline networks with major cities in various countries as the starting point and the end point are spread all over the continents.
At the end of 1960s, air transportation entered the modern era of world air transportation.
At present, the world air transport industry has developed into a large-scale industry. The world aviation network, which starts and ends in major cities in the world, covers all continents.
The earliest civil aviation route in China was from Beijing to Tianjin, with trial flight in April of 1920, carrying passengers and mail. Officially set sail in May of the same year. In July, 192 1, the section from Beijing to Jinan was opened, and air mail was also opened.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), especially since the reform and opening up, the air transport industry has developed rapidly. At present, China has various types of aircraft and supporting fleets, and has built a number of international airports such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. China's current international air traffic volume ranks second in the world, second only to the United States.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) pipeline transportation development history
Modern pipeline transportation began in the middle of19th century, and the first crude oil pipeline was built in Pennsylvania in 1865. However, its further development began in the 20th century. With the development of petroleum industry after World War II, pipeline construction has entered a new stage, and oil-producing countries are competing to start building a large number of oil and gas pipelines.
Pipeline transportation is not only large-scale, continuous, fast, economical, safe, reliable and stable, but also has less investment, less land occupation and low cost, and can realize automatic control. Besides being widely used for long-distance transportation of oil and natural gas, it can also transport minerals, coal, building materials, chemicals and grain. Pipeline transportation can save the transit of waterway or land transportation, shorten the transportation cycle, reduce the transportation cost and improve the transportation efficiency.
At present, the development trend of pipeline transportation is: the diameter of pipeline is getting bigger and bigger, and the transportation capacity is greatly improved; The transportation distance of the pipeline increases rapidly; Transportation materials gradually expand from fluids such as oil, natural gas and chemical products to non-fluids such as coal and ore. In recent years, pipeline transportation has also been further studied to solve the transportation of bulk materials, finished products and container materials and develop container pipeline transportation system. At present, many crude oil pipelines have been built in China, such as Daqing-Qinhuangdao and Shengli Oilfield-Nanjing.